Public Access Research Articles

ScienceOpen

ScienceOpen is a free aggregator database for scientific literature, including open access and preprint publications. The inclusion of altmetrics and linked citations will be of interest to scholars tracking their own author impact and/or conducting systematic reviews. Additional levels of access, including peer reviews and commenting, are available to users who provide their ORCID ID and link publications.

Impact of pandemic-related movement restriction on public access defibrillation in Japan: a retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesTo analyse monthly changes in public access defibrillation (PAD) incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) during the 2020–2021 COVID-19 pandemic compared with those during the 2016–2019 prepandemic period...

Far Out: The Extended Denial of Public Access to Psychedelic Therapeutics

The United States patent regime is designed to promote dissemination of information that undergirds a particular innovation. To incentivize disclosure, inventors are granted a time-limited right to exclude others from practicing the invention, thereby affording the inventor a period in which to commercialize and financially benefit from their inventive contribution. The disclosure provides information sufficient for one of skill in the relevant art to make and use the invention, and the public may freely do so upon the patent’s expiry. Global advancement of human medicine is fundamentally intertwined with the United States patent system; medical progress largely depends upon the exclusionary protections United States patents confer. Ordinarily, the expiry of patents covering therapeutic products and methods yields substantial price reduction, as new market participants seek to establish market share by undercutting the expired patent holder and others. The patent system also yields to the public not only access to new and improved medical technology but also a delayed, unencumbered freedom to make and use the invention upon the patent’s exhaustion. Recently, psychoactive chemical compounds have garnered renewed and international attention. Although many psychedelic substances have had a long history of human use, including within therapeutic contexts, the Controlled Substances Act and related legislation significantly stifled research directed toward developing these substances for medical use. This “artificial” impediment to therapeutic innovation effectively delayed public access to the fruits of earlier innovation.

Управління публічністю геопросторових даних в Україні в умовах воєнного часу

The purpose of the article is to analyze the main security risks of geospatial data publicity in Ukraine in wartime conditions. The effectiveness of “cartographic censorship” was evaluated and the existing organizational and legal mechanisms for restricting access to geodata in Ukraine were investigated. Special attention is paid to the importance of unimpeded access to geospatial data in key areas. Methods. A comprehensive approach was used, including the analysis of national legislation and technical regulation of providing access to geospatial data within the framework of the National Infrastructure of Geospatial Data, a comparative analysis with international practices, as well as an assessment of real cases of application of “map censorship”. The evaluation of the regulatory and legal framework of Ukraine regarding the publicity of geospatial data in wartime conditions was analyzed on the basis of official documents published in the “Legislation of Ukraine” database of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Scientific novelty. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the current mechanisms of geospatial data management under martial law conditions is presented. The directions of application of new technologies of access regulation, which take into account both the needs of national security and the need for public access to geoinformation in certain areas, are substantiated. Practical significance. The presented recommendations can be used by government and military authorities to optimize access to geospatial data in wartime, ensuring a balance between security and openness of information.

Public Access Early Defibrillation – Past, Present, and Future

Public Access Early Defibrillation – Past, Present, and Future

Micro Level Analysis on Health Insurance Enrolment among Selected Women in Ghana: Barriers and Predictors

Background: The enrolment onto a health insurance scheme is a viable means of improving access and utilisation of healthcare services which play critical roles in efforts to attain universal health coverage in most countries for which Ghana is inclusive. However, at the micro level, there appears to be inequitable patterns of health insurance enrolment based on gender, and contextual factors. To account for these disparities, the Micro Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2017/2018 was conducted to investigate, inter alia, women enrolment on national health insurance services, and the reasons behind non-enrolment of women in the reproductive ages on health insurance schemes. Thus, this paper explores the barriers and predictors of health insurance enrolment in Ghana using data obtained from a nationality representative micro indicator cluster survey. Methods: Based on health insurance enrolment trajectories, this paper comprehensively investigates the predictors of health insurance enrolment at the micro level among 9,533 women between the ages of 15 years to 49 years in Ghana using data from MICS 2017/2018 which was made available for public access in 2020. Specific items relating to health insurance enrolment which is the independent variable, and contextual and compositions factors were selected in line with relevant literature as predictors to conduct an ordinal logistic regression analysis. Findings: The findings revealed that lack of money or funds, perceived irrelevance of the scheme, relative far proximity to registration centres, and lack of confidence in the operation of health insurance services accounted for the major barriers to non-enrolment. In all, the parameters under wealth index quintile were the most significant predictors of health insurance enrolment in this study. The poorest wealth quintile exhibited the highest odd ratio of 4.655 with lower bound value of 3.873 and an upper bound of 5.595 at p value of <0.001. In sum, the higher odd ratios and statistically significant values in wealth quintile index, education, pregnancy status, and regional location demonstrate the spatial-demographic disparities in enrolment among respondents which lead to exclusion of the most vulnerable in health insurance coverage, and thus, limit the realization of its objective to provide pre-payment arrangement to cater for healthcare cost and reduce financial burden among individuals and households. Conclusion: It is concluded that at the micro level, access to health insurance services is likely to be impeded by system level factors and compositional attributes. There is the need for extensive subscriber segmentation and targeting to help address the challenges of people who are in most need of health insurance services. The national health insurance system should strengthen its pro-poor enrolment incentives and build synergies to derive support from relevant government and non-state actors to improve education and livelihood opportunities for women across the country.

Public access to services at the Kalembe Lembe Pediatric Hospital (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo) by the Population

Cette étude tente d’analyser l’accès aux services de l’Hôpital Pédiatrique de Kalembelembe afin d’identifier les facteurs qui prédisposent l’accès aux services de santé de cette formation. Il poursuit comme objectif d’identifier les facteurs de l’accès aux soins de santé offerts par les services de l’Hôpital Pédiatrique de Kalembelembe à la population de Kinshasa afin de contribuer à l’amélioration du rôle et de la place de cet établissement dans l’offre de soins de la ville de Kinshasa. Nous avons mené une enquête par échantillonnage aléatoire et stratifié, en ce qui concerne les facteurs prédisposant l’accès à l’hôpital. Les données ont été traitées suivant différentes techniques, à savoir : le système d’information géographique pour la production des cartes et l’analyse des corrélations. L’examen des indices relatifs à la fréquentation des malades par commune nous a édifiés sur les origines géographiques de recrutement, notamment les différentes zones de santé de la ville province de Kinshasa. Il ressort de nos investigations que les possibilités financières, la proximité de l’hôpital par rapport à la résidence, la qualité de soins due à la compétence du personnel soignant sont autant des facteurs qui prédisposent à l’accès aux soins de santé de l’Hôpital Pédiatrique de Kalembelembe. Le faible accès aux soins de santé pédiatrique constitue un problème majeur de santé publique. Pour y remédier, il revient au gouvernement central d’implanter des formations médicales pédiatriques basées sur les besoins plutôt que sur le revenu de façon à réduire les disparités d’utilisation, à assurer un accès juste afin d’aboutir à une répartition équitable, contraintes liées aux coûts des services médicaux sanitaires.

Pengembangan Perbankan Syariah Dalam Mendukung Inklusi Keuangan di Indonesia

The purpose of this journal is to examine the evolution of Islamic banking practices as a means of enhancing financial awareness in Indonesia. In order to increase the general public's access to products and financial services that are fair, affordable, and useful, they are referred to as financial inclusion. The Islamic banking system has become a crucial alternative in the Indonesian financial system. Deskriptif analysis is the research method used in this journal. Data are obtained through relevant secondary data sources and research studies. This analysis will show how Islamic banks operate in Indonesia, how Islamic banks maintain their financial integrity, and the problems that arise when they are expanding. Research indicates that the rise in Islamic banks has helped to increase awareness of money in Indonesia. However, numerous challenges are faced by the syariah banking sector. Several of these include inadequate infrastructure, inadequate knowledge about goods and services provided by Islamic banks, and regulations that have not yet fully addressed the root causes of the problem. Due to this, the journal also offers advice on how to resolve the issue and encourage the development of more sensitive Islamic banks in Indonesia.

A comparative study on characteristics of retracted publications across different open access levels

Abstract Purpose Recently, global science has shown an increasing open trend, however, the characteristics of research integrity of open access (OA) publications have rarely been studied. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of retracted articles across different OA levels and discover whether OA level influences the characteristics of retracted articles. Design/methodology/approach The research conducted an analysis of 6,005 retracted publications between 2001 and 2020 from the Web of Science and Retraction Watch databases. These publications were categorized based on their OA levels, including Gold OA, Green OA, and non-OA. The study explored retraction rates, time lags and reasons within these categories. Findings The findings of this research revealed distinct patterns in retraction rates among different OA levels. Publications with Gold OA demonstrated the highest retraction rate, followed by Green OA and non-OA. A comparison of retraction reasons between Gold OA and non-OA categories indicated similar proportions, while Green OA exhibited a higher proportion due to falsification and manipulation issues, along with a lower occurrence of plagiarism and authorship issues. The retraction time lag was shortest for Gold OA, followed by non-OA, and longest for Green OA. The prolonged retraction time for Green OA could be attributed to an atypical distribution of retraction reasons. Research limitations There is no exploration of a wider range of OA levels, such as Hybrid OA and Bronze OA. Practical implications The outcomes of this study suggest the need for increased attention to research integrity within the OA publications. The occurrences of falsification, manipulation, and ethical concerns within Green OA publications warrant attention from the scientific community. Originality/value This study contributes to the understanding of research integrity in the realm of OA publications, shedding light on retraction patterns and reasons across different OA levels.

USE OF MACHINE LEARNING TOOLS AND PYTHON LIBRARIES FOR PREDICTION THROUGH REGRESSIONS

The purpose of this work is forecasting the average check amount depending on the time spent by customers in the retail area and forecasting the average check amount based on seasonal demand characteristics considering the constant annual price growth. Forecast methods were analysed. The use of Python libraries was considered. The code was developed for solving the above-mentioned forecasting tasks through linear, polynomial and random forest regressions, specifically, the search for the dependence of the average check amount on the time spent by customers in the retail area and the dependence of the average check amount on seasonal price fluctuations over several years. A comparison of the results of linear and polynomial regression was made under conditions of smaller or larger volumes of the input data, explanations were provided regarding the appropriateness of choosing one or the other when modelling non-cyclical processes and why the random forest model provides adequate results for cyclical processes. The source code and examples of input data were shared for public access. Scientific novelty lies in the ways of applying regressions for modelling and forecasting the average check amount depending on the time customers spend in the retail area as well as the average check amount depending on seasonal demand characteristics with consideration of constant price growth. The selected examples of cyclical and non-cyclical economic phenomena are the most common ones, and practitioners face similar tasks daily. Therefore, the results of this work provide them with ready-made solutions that require minimal adaptation to practical needs. Additionally, it demonstrates the feasibility of deploying them in the AWS cloud environment and the potential for integration with various data sources and other information systems.

Effectiveness of Using Jendela Pontianak Integrasi (JEPIN) Application toward Developing Smart City in Siantar Hilir North Pontianak District

This article analyzes the effectiveness of using the Pintu Pontianak integration application in realizing a Smart City in the Siantan Hilir Village area, North Pontianak District. Jendela Pontianak Integrasi (JEPIN) implements the Smart City concept adopted by the Pontianak City government to facilitate public access to information and public services. Even though it is aimed at people who actively use technology, several obstacles hinder the effectiveness and acceptance of this application. Among them are the complexity of features and terms in applications that still need to be fully understood by the public and a need for more awareness of the benefits of the innovative city concept. Socialization efforts carried out by the government have yet to fully increase public understanding and interest in the JEPIN application. Therefore, concrete steps such as simplifying the user interface, increasing socialization, and regular evaluation are needed to ensure the success and broader acceptance of the JEPIN application. In this way, JEPIN can be a more effective tool in supporting Pontianak City's Smart City vision and improving the quality of public services for the community.

GLDL: Graph Label Distribution Learning

Label Distribution Learning (LDL), as a more general learning setting than generic single-label and multi-label learning, has been commonly used in computer vision and many other applications. To date, existing LDL approaches are designed and applied to data without considering the interdependence between instances. In this paper, we propose a Graph Label Distribution Learning (GLDL) framework, which explicitly models three types of relationships: instance-instance, label-label, and instance-label, to learn the label distribution for networked data. A label-label network is learned to capture label-to-label correlation, through which GLDL can accurately learn label distributions for nodes. Dual graph convolution network (GCN) Co-training with heterogeneous message passing ensures two GCNs, one focusing on instance-instance relationship and the other one targeting label-label correlation, are jointly trained such that instance-instance relationship can help induce label-label correlation and vice versa. Our theoretical study derives the error bound of GLDL. For verification, four benchmark datasets with label distributions for nodes are created using common graph benchmarks. The experiments show that considering dependency helps learn better label distributions for networked data, compared to state-of-the-art LDL baseline. In addition, GLDL not only outperforms simple GCN and graph attention networks (GAT) using distribution loss but is also superior to its variant considering label-label relationship as a static network. GLDL and its benchmarks are the first research endeavors to address LDL for graphs. Code and benchmark data are released for public access.

Impact of Penang South Reclamation Project on Fisherman Socio-economic Case Study: Southwest Penang

The Penang South Reclamation, proposed in 2015, aims to fund the Penang Transport Master Plan, which aims to improve public transport and access roads; however, it remains in the approval stage. Penang 2030 aims to improve traffic and public transport through the Penang Transport Master Plan but faces challenges like noise and air pollution. Aquaculture Industrial Zones and artificial reefs support housing. The study aims to evaluate the Penang South Reclamation project's impact on fishermen, particularly those in Southwest Penang, by assessing income, quality of living, and family education and well-being, focusing on house ownership. The survey reveals that most fishermen in the study area are sole income earners, with household incomes under RM2,500, making them vulnerable to economic changes and food inflation. Fishermen heavily depend on fishing for family survival, with 90% staying within a 5-kilometer radius from their source of income. Despite good infrastructure, they live in densely populated areas. The Social Impact Assessment report reveals that fishermen are the least educated, highlighting the need for improved education opportunities for future generations. They agree on adequate education but struggle with extra tuition fees and tertiary education.

Abstract 1303: Harness the power of data to improve cancer care - Understanding the complex landscape of health policies and regulations

Abstract In the era of big data and artificial intelligence, biomedical research and healthcare have been presented with unprecedented opportunities for improving the understanding of cancer biology. In addition, the Open Science Initiative aims to shift the current paradigm of research practice towards broad sharing and public access to research findings as the norm. Big data in oncology usually includes a combination of genomic sequencing, proteomics, medical imaging, electronic health records, payor records, and other data sources from pharmaceutical research, wearables, and medical devices. While combining, linking, and analyzing data from different sources across research and healthcare enterprises is key to realizing the promise of big data and a health learning system, it poses tremendous challenges for researchers and implementers to understand the nuances of relevant policies, laws, and regulations while striving for broad, equitable, timely and responsible data sharing, as well as tackling issues in data quality, harmonization, interoperability, and security. Herein, we aim to shine a light on the ever-evolving landscape of data privacy regulations, laws, and policies that govern different touch points of a patient's journey where data are collected for research and healthcare purposes throughout the lifecycle that would impact data-sharing outcomes. We hope the illumination of a complex landscape of data governance framework to consider for many data sources will facilitate broad community engagement including data scientists and technologists, patients and advocacy groups, and policymakers to maximize open data and science while protecting patient privacy and confidentiality. Citation Format: Ying Huang, Heather Basehore, Emily S. Boja, Jaime M. Guidry Auvil. Harness the power of data to improve cancer care - Understanding the complex landscape of health policies and regulations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1303.

Credit Card Fraud Detection By IJISRt

While credit card fraud and abuse are the way becoming more common, the convenience using of there credit for the way online purchases has also improved. These fraudulent activities pose a severe financial danger to both credit the are card users and way they using it financial institutions. The first thinking aims to do of this research project is to recognize and put an end to these kinds of fraudulent activities. It addresses a broad range of subjects, including the frequency of false positives, imbalanced datasets, evolving fraud trends, and restricted public data access. The literature now under publication offers a range of machine learning-based methods, including logistic regression, decision trees, random the forests, support to the vector of the +machines, and XG Boost, with the purpose of identifying credit card fraud. However, these methods often exhibit lower accuracy rates, highlighting the need for more advanced deep learning algorithms in order to effectively lower fraud losses. Therefore, the of way they primary thinks objective of this is to improve fraud detection abilities through which the way this application most be of state- of-the-art deep learning algorithms. An assessment way it should be of the research project reveals better outcomes, including optimized AUC curves, precision, f1-score, and accuracy. The ultimate objective there are is to create models that will greatly improve credit card fraud detection and prevention. This research focuses on advanced deep learning techniques in to the way it is order they provide the to more reliable and accurate fraud detection mechanisms, enhance security for credit card users, and lower financial risks for financial institutions when conducting online transactions.

Mimicking clinical trials with synthetic acute myeloid leukemia patients using generative artificial intelligence

Clinical research relies on high-quality patient data, however, obtaining big data sets is costly and access to existing data is often hindered by privacy and regulatory concerns. Synthetic data generation holds the promise of effectively bypassing these boundaries allowing for simplified data accessibility and the prospect of synthetic control cohorts. We employed two different methodologies of generative artificial intelligence – CTAB-GAN+ and normalizing flows (NFlow) – to synthesize patient data derived from 1606 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, a heterogeneous hematological malignancy, that were treated within four multicenter clinical trials. Both generative models accurately captured distributions of demographic, laboratory, molecular and cytogenetic variables, as well as patient outcomes yielding high performance scores regarding fidelity and usability of both synthetic cohorts (n = 1606 each). Survival analysis demonstrated close resemblance of survival curves between original and synthetic cohorts. Inter-variable relationships were preserved in univariable outcome analysis enabling explorative analysis in our synthetic data. Additionally, training sample privacy is safeguarded mitigating possible patient re-identification, which we quantified using Hamming distances. We provide not only a proof-of-concept for synthetic data generation in multimodal clinical data for rare diseases, but also full public access to synthetic data sets to foster further research.

State and prospects of legal regulation of digitalization of public participation in environmental protection

Current issues of legal support for digitization of public participation in the process of making environmentally significant decisions in Ukraine are explored in the article. The significant potential of digital technologies to ensure environmental security and sustainable social development is emphasized. Digitization of relations in the field of ecology in Ukraine affects the determination of the main directions of the national environmental policy. Post-war recovery and development of the economy will require integration into the plans, programs and other documents of the state planning of the ecological block. This is connected with the restoration of the state. This actualizes scientific research on the legal basis of public participation in strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment procedures.
 Systematic analysis of legal norms, which are the basis of digitalization of strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment, is carried out in the article. The problems of legislative regulation of relations in the specified sphere are defined.
 The author notes the importance of broad public involvement in the process of making ecologically significant decisions, which is a guarantee of balance, and the effectiveness of decision-making and their further coordinated implementation in practice. Positive innovations are indicated. It is necessary to continue work on improving the procedure of strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment, the conclusion is drawn.
 Digitization, as one of the defining trends in the development of human civilization, forms an inclusive society and creates conditions for better management mechanisms, expands public access to the environmental sphere, increases the quality of the environment and the range of public services, expands the ways of cooperation of civil society with subjects of power and business, and also creates opportunities in the implementation of environmental rights and satisfaction of the environmental needs of citizens.

“What’s said and done in the mortuary stays in the mortuary”: secrecy and (in)visibility of the dead and data collection in South Australia

ABSTRACT This paper draws on original ethnographic research in Australia focussing on the handling, management, and conceptualisation of death and the dead human body in 2020–2021. Analysis produced themes of secrecy and (in)visibility regarding both death and the collection of data. Key findings discussed are the withdrawal of information and off-the-record comments from participants, controlling of public access to information, and the (in)visibility of death and the body in the context of the mortuary, viewings and identifications, and the presentation of the body in virtual spaces. The paper argues that those who work with death and the dead in this particular context have power to shield their work, the body, and their processes from the public. Future research exploring the attitudes held by the general public towards death and the body and whether they align or challenge the death industry is proposed.

Quality of Life Dependence on Public Transport Accessibility

Purpose. Article present the survey on dependency of quality-of-life indicators with transport accessibility. Specific focus is on rural areas. There was hypothesis to prove, that inhabitants of low population density rural areas are facing poor quality-of-life. Design/Methodology/Approach. A representative survey of the population was chosen as the research method. The study area was divided into transport districts, and the representativeness of the survey was ensured in each transport district. Transport districts are divided according to the criterion of travel time and public transport supply. The survey included questions that allowed checking whether and which quality of life parameters correlate with the quality of public services. Findings and implications. The research found that public transport accessibility is closely related with such attributes as education, employment rate and closely related to such attributes of life quality as change of clothes more often or having the proper shoes more often as well as having Internet access. Limitations. The study was conducted in just one country with a very high level of car ownership, which is still growing. Another limitation is that the public transport supply in this country is insufficient due to historical reasons. For a long time, public transport was unsubsidized or weakly subsidized in this country. Originality. The originality of the paper is based on a representative survey conducted by the authors, the results of which linked quality of life indicators with public transport availability indicators. The originality of the work is based on a representative survey conducted by the authors, the results of which linked quality of life indicators with public transport availability indicators.

Role of Socioeconomic Status in National Health Insurance Ownership in Indonesia's Rural Areas.

National Health Insurance (NHI) is one of the Indonesian Government's policies to increase public access to health services. The study analyzed the role of socioeconomic status in NHI ownership in rural Indonesia. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. The study population included residents of rural Indonesia. The study examined secondary data from the survey entitled "Abilities and Willingness to Pay, Fee, and Participant Satisfaction in Implementing National Health Insurance in Indonesia in 2019", involving 33225 respondents representing Indonesia's rural areas. The study was conducted from March to December 2019. The variables analyzed included NHI, socioeconomic level, age group, gender, education level, employment status, and marital status. In the final step, the study employed binary logistic regression to explain the relationship between socioeconomic status and NHI ownership. The results show that 63.8% of the population in rural Indonesia participated in the NHI. The poorer residents were 1.235 times more likely to have NHI than the most impoverished population (AOR 1.235; 95% CI 1.234-1.237). People with middle wealth status were 1.086 times more likely to have NHI than the poorest (AOR 1.086; 95% CI 1.085-1.087). The richer residents were 1.134 times more likely to have NHI than the poorest (AOR 1.134; 95% CI 1.133-1.136). The richest residents were 1.078 times more likely to have NHI than the poorest residents (AOR 1.078; 95% CI 1.077-1.079). The study concluded that socioeconomic status is related to NHI ownership in rural Indonesia. The analysis indicated that all socioeconomic categories were more likely to become NHI participants than the poorest in Indonesia.