Access To Green Space Research Articles

Measuring spatial inequality of urban park accessibility and utilisation: A case study of public housing developments in Auckland, New Zealand

Poor spatial accessibility of urban green spaces affects disadvantaged populations, who are at greater risk of socioeconomic related health inequalities. We analyse mobile phone locational data from the Auckland Region of New Zealand to connect a user's 'home' location to nearby urban parks, specifically focusing on public housing tenants - a highly vulnerable group at greater risk of health inequalities.We use a number of traditional accessibility measures and four new park utilisation analyses to explore the relationship between accessibility to urban parks, neighbourhood area deprivation, and user's patterns of actual park usage. We develop four new metrics to assist in understanding the actual utilisation of green spaces available to residents: distance between closest park available and visited (DAT), used park opportunities (UPO), locality of park visits (LPV), and nearest park visitation rate (NPVR).We found that neighbourhoods with the most public housing tend to have a lower number of parks accessible, and those that are accessible are smaller in size. Additionally, people living in these areas tend to travel farther to access urban parks compared to areas with no public housing. More deprived neighbourhoods were revealed to have lower accessibility to urban greens in Auckland, highlighting the urgency to address the emerging divisions in accessibility and opportunities for these neighbourhoods. Our findings have important implications for policy-makers and urban planners. Furthermore, the use of mobile phone locational data can reveal insights into the mobility behaviour of users and can be applied to other locations and population groups.

Associations between green space availability and youth’s physical activity in urban and rural areas across Germany

Green space may be an important physical activity facilitator for children and adolescents. However, to date, most studies focused on urban green space, and few studies investigated associations between green space and physical activity across urban and rural areas, which was the goal of this study. Data were obtained from a German cohort study, including 1,211 youth aged 6–17 years. Residential green space was assessed within a 1000 m street-network buffer using land cover and land use data and divided into quartiles, urbanicity using the European Urbanization Degree, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using accelerometers. Associations were investigated via linear regression analysis stratified by urbanicity degree, controlling for relevant confounders. We found that in rural areas, compared to youth in the bottom green quartile, those within the middle (2nd) and upper (3rd) green quartiles engaged in less MVPA. This relationship was not observed for youth in towns and cities. Interactions occurred between green space and socio-demographic characteristics for children and adolescents in cities: Compared to the bottom green quartile, boys or younger children within the middle green quartile engaged in more MVPA. However, socially disadvantaged children and adolescents in cities engaged in less MVPA in the upper compared to the bottom green quartile. Our results show that associations between green space and MVPA do not only differ between urban and rural areas but also among youth sub-populations. These findings are important to consider for planning policies to create inclusive active living environments across urban and rural areas.

Neighbourhood Walkability and Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This study investigated whether living in a walkable neighbourhood could mitigate the adverse effects of the lockdown and closure of public open spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity among adults in Bangkok, Thailand. We conducted a telephone survey with 579 respondents and collected information on their physical activity, access to green open spaces, neighbourhood walkability, and socioeconomic characteristics during the pandemic. Our study indicates that living in a walkable neighbourhood is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in sufficient physical activity during the pandemic. Furthermore, we confirm the influence of socioeconomic factors and health behaviours on physical activity levels, aligning with previous research. Notably, our study highlights the significant association between access to green open spaces during lockdown and increased physical activity. These results underscore the importance of promoting walkable neighbourhoods and ensuring accessible green spaces to enhance physical activity and improve health outcomes during and beyond the pandemic.

Individual and Neighborhood Level Predictors of Children’s Exposure to Residential Greenspace

Inequities in urban greenspace have been identified, though patterns by race and socioeconomic status vary across US settings. We estimated the magnitude of the relationship between a broad mixture of neighborhood-level factors and residential greenspace using weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and compared predictive models of greenspace using only neighborhood-level, only individual-level, or multi-level predictors. Greenspace measures included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), tree canopy, and proximity of the nearest park, for residential locations in Shelby County, Tennessee of children in the CANDLE cohort. Neighborhood measures include socioeconomic and education resources, as well as racial composition and racial residential segregation. In this sample of 1012 mother–child dyads, neighborhood factors were associated with higher NDVI and tree canopy (0.021 unit higher NDVI [95% CI: 0.014, 0.028] per quintile increase in WQS index); homeownership rate, proximity of and enrollment at early childhood education centers, and racial composition, were highly weighted in the WQS index. In models constrained in the opposite direction (0.028 unit lower NDVI [95% CI: − 0.036, − 0.020]), high school graduation rate and teacher experience were highly weighted. In prediction models, adding individual-level predictors to the suite of neighborhood characteristics did not meaningfully improve prediction accuracy for greenspace measures. Our findings highlight disparities in greenspace for families by neighborhood socioeconomic and early education factors, and by race, suggesting several neighborhood indicators for consideration both as potential confounders in studies of greenspace and pediatric health as well as in the development of policies and programs to improve equity in greenspace access.

Finding your way: exploring urban park users’ engagement with a wayfinding intervention through intercept go-along interviews

ABSTRACT This study explores urban park users’ engagement with a wayfinding intervention from a natural experimental study- The Delapré Walk Project. A qualitative approach was taken, with 16 intercept go-along interviews conducted with 28 local park users while they engaged with the greenspace. Barriers to greenspace access included a lack of seating and unfamiliarity with distances and footpath terrains. The inclusion of a walking route distance on wayfinding signage was valued by visitors, enabling them to make capability decisions about distances to be walked. The greenspace offered an escape from the urban environment, with some respondents explicitly stating that they did not want to see urban infrastructure within the park. This carries an important implication for wayfinding design to ensure the materials used are in-keeping with the surrounding environment. Frequent park users positively received the wayfinding intervention and whilst the main values were seen for infrequent visitors, those familiar with the park also reported increased engagement with the greenspace due to the intervention. Our research shows the value of low-cost and effective community-informed wayfinding interventions, which are essential for increasing recreational walking activity and community health within urban greenspaces. Importantly, our findings highlight wide-reaching benefits, particularly for infrequent greenspace users, older adults and those with mobility impairments, demonstrating how such interventions can help ensure equitable access to greenspace for everyone.

The inequity of urban green space availability between urban villages and residential quarters: An empirical study in Shenzhen, China

During the rapid urbanization process, the unequal distribution of green spaces (GS) has become a prominent topic in academic discussions due to its implications for social justice. Nonetheless, the equity of GS availability among different types of residential neighborhoods remains unclear, posing a challenge to achieving environmental justice in urban greening practices. This study, taking Shenzhen as a case study, examines the equity of GS availability between urban villages (UV) and residential quarters (RQ), two common residential neighborhood types in Chinese cities. We initially categorized both inner-GS and outer-GS based on their location inside or outside the boundary of residential neighborhoods and assessed GS availability at various accessible distances. Subsequently, the Theil index was applied to evaluate the inequity of GS availability, encompassing both the inequities within and between UV and RQ. Our findings reveal that UV exhibited higher GS inequity than RQ across all accessible distances. Furthermore, within UV, GS inequity decreased as the accessible distance increased, while the opposite trend was observed for RQ. Notably, although significant inequities existed in inner-GS availability between UV and RQ, outer-GS played a crucial role in mitigating this imbalance. These results provide valuable insights into GS equity across different residential neighborhood types and offer recommendations for enhancing/balancing the equity of GS availability in Shenzhen.

Reimagining Urban Spaces: Green Spaces, Obesity, and Health Resilience in an Era of Extreme Heat.

Record-breaking heat waves intensified by climate change pose both environmental and health threats, necessitating a balance between urban sustainability and well-being. Extreme heat and limited green space access are drivers of obesity prevalence, with decreased proximity to green spaces correlating with higher rates of obesity in nearby communities. In contrast, access to such green spaces fosters physical activity, well-being, and community cohesion, especially crucial in marginalized communities facing health disparities due to historical policies like redlining and underinvestment in social gathering spaces. Despite challenges, green space investment offers healthcare savings and environmental gains, necessitating a shift in perception towards viewing green spaces as essential for urban living. As heat waves persist, integrating health and sustainability in urban planning is paramount. Health and medical communities must play an active role in advocating for equitable access to urban green spaces, as they possess influential positions to address climate-related health disparities through localized advocacy.

Exposure to urban green spaces and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from two low and lower-middle-income countries.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on mental health globally, with limited access to mental health care affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) the most. In response, alternative strategies to support mental health have been necessary, with access to green spaces being a potential solution. While studies have highlighted the role of green spaces in promoting mental health during pandemic lockdowns, few studies have focused on the role of green spaces in mental health recovery after lockdowns. This study investigated changes in green space access and associations with mental health recovery in Bangladesh and Egypt across the pandemic. An online survey was conducted between January and April 2021 after the first lockdown was lifted in Bangladesh (n = 556) and Egypt (n = 660). We evaluated indoor and outdoor greenery, including the number of household plants, window views, and duration of outdoor visits. The quantity of greenness was estimated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). This index was estimated using satellite images with a resolution of 10x10m during the survey period (January-April 2021) with Sentinel-2 satellite in the Google Earth Engine platform. We calculated averages within 250m, 300m, 500m and 1000m buffers of the survey check-in locations using ArcGIS 10.3. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate relationships between changes in natural exposure and changes in mental health. The results showed that mental health improved in both countries after the lockdown period. People in both countries increased their time spent outdoors in green spaces after the lockdown period, and these increases in time outdoors were associated with improved mental health. Unexpectedly, changes in the number of indoor plants after the lockdown period were associated with contrasting mental health outcomes; more plants translated to increased anxiety and decreased depression. Refocusing lives after the pandemic on areas other than maintaining indoor plants may assist with worrying and feeling panicked. Still, indoor plants may assist with depressive symptoms for people remaining isolated. These findings have important implications for policymakers and urban planners in LMICs, highlighting the need to increase access to natural environments in urban areas to improve mental health and well-being in public health emergencies.

Investigating equitable access of children and seniors to urban green spaces and its relationship with neighborhood walkability: a case study of Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT This study investigates the distribution of urban green spaces for children and seniors in Tehran, delving into their connection with demographic attributes and the walkability of neighborhoods. The findings reveal an unequal distribution, confirmed by the Gini index for children (0.57) and seniors (0.62). Moreover, the Multiple Regression Analysis revealed that the apartment occupancy rate (r = –0.19) and migrant rate (r = –0.13) were inversely correlated with seniors’ access to green spaces, whereas the employment rate (r = 0.16), intersection density (r = 0.27), and land use mix (r = 0.20) exhibited positive associations. Additionally, concerning children, the findings indicated positive correlations between intersection density (r = 0.25) and land use mix (r = 0.12) and their access to green spaces. These findings underscore the importance of adopting a co-benefits strategy and taking into account demographic characteristics and neighborhood walkability in urban planning and decision-making to ensure fair access to urban green spaces for vulnerable populations. Implementing strategies like establishing green spaces in areas with lower walkability and improving neighborhood connectivity can greatly improve the accessibility of urban green spaces for both children and seniors.

Identification of urban green space availability and utilization in Semarang City

Background: Urban green space land a has been used differently because of Semarang City's rapid development in several sectors, including industry, transportation, and economics. Gajahmungkur Subdistrict determined that the minimum urban green space requirement of 30% had been reached. Methods: The method used in this research is quantitative method with remote sensing. Quantitative methods are used as systematic, rational, measurable, objective, and concrete methods. Findings: However, the identification results may not represent the total amount of urban green space in the village. Conclusion: Therefore, using remote sensing satellite image interpretation of Sampangan Village, the results of urban green space identification amounted to 22.97 ha or 22.6% of the 77.4% non-urban green space area with most of the land being urban green space of riparian type connected to Sampangan Park as a form of utilizing riparian urban green space which is frequently used by visitors to traders. In addition, Kelurahan Sampangan has urban green space utilization in the form of river borders, Sampangan Park, Sampangan Mitra Field, UNNES Labschool Elementary School sports field, Wotgaleh Cemetery, and parking lots. Sampangan Village only has 22.6% of the required minimum of 30% of urban green space, so it still falls short of the standard. Thus, efforts are needed to increase the provision of urban green space in Sampangan Village to become a residential area that is suitable for people to live in from an environmental aspect.

Capturing residents’ perceptions of green spaces in densifying urban landscapes - The potentials of mental mapping

Understanding residents’ perceptions of green-blue infrastructure (GBI) is critical to ensure continued access to its associated benefits in growing and densifying urban landscapes. Physical availability and accessibility of green spaces alone do not directly translate to actual appreciation and use. Residents’ sense of place can determine if benefits from GBI are realized and how landscape changes may be perceived. In this study, set in sub-urban Stockholm, Sweden, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining mental mapping with follow-up interviews to investigate how such methodology can improve our understanding of residents’ perception of the recreational use of GBI. For the mental mapping exercise, participants drew, freehand, a map of appreciated neighborhood places for recreational purposes. Our results clearly show that mental mapping provides relevant information on individual and collective perceptions of recreational GBI, linkages between green-blue and gray infrastructure elements, and recreational hot-spots of importance to the local inhabitants. The unguided approach to welding local knowledge with spatial expressions makes the method well suited to contribute to a better understanding of plural senses of place with regards to the recreational use of GBI in rapidly urbanizing landscapes and an enhanced capacity to recognise locally appreciated recreational spaces in planning and practical management.

Evaluasi Kesesuaian RTH terhadap RTRW Kota Pariaman

This research is related to assessing the reasonableness of the area of green open space (RTH) towards the development strategy of Pariaman City as stated in the Regional Regulation (Perda) of the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) of Pariaman City for 2010-2030, namely 30% and aims to, 1) Find out distribution and extent of availability of green open space (RTH) in Pariaman City. 2) Knowing the suitability between green open space (RTH) and Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW). This research is a quantitative exploration using spatial methodology. Using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) identification method, the analysis used focuses on the distribution of green vegetation throughout Pariaman City. The vegetation distribution obtained was overlaid with shapefile data (SHP) obtained from the digitization of the Regional Regulations (Perda) of the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) of Pariaman City for 2010-2030, so that the area, distribution and suitability are known. The results of identifying 3946.09 Ha of green open space (RTH) from 4118.76 Ha which were planned in detail, namely; City Park RTH, planned area 3214.16 Ha and area in the field 3087.12 Ha, City Forest RTH, planned area 174.8 Ha and area in the field 174.23 Ha, Cemetery Open Space, planned area 4.72 Ha and area in field 4.67 Ha, RTH Road Route, planned area 504.14 Ha and area in the field 472.53 Ha and RTH Tourism Area, planned area 220.94 Ha and area in the field 207.54 Ha. The percentage of Pariaman City's green open space to the area is 59.57% and has fulfilled the provisions of the RTRW Regional Regulation, namely a minimum green open space of 30%.

Spatial Justice of Urban Park Green Space under Multiple Travel Modes and at Multiple Scales: A Case Study of Qingdao City Center, China

Improving the justice of public parks is of great significance to the well-being of residents, and it is also an important goal of green space planning. In this paper, the spatial justice of park green space under five travel modes and at three scales was analyzed using the travel-behavior-based Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method (TB-G2SFCA) and Gini coefficient method for Qingdao City Center. The main results are as follows: Under walking mode, walking–bus mode, and walking–subway mode, there were unserved areas in terms of urban park green space, while there were no unserved areas in the cases of cycling and driving. Residents’ choice of travel time and travel mode would affect the service scope of the park green space, and the increase in travel time would reduce the unserved areas in the urban park green space. The choice of travel time and travel mode affected the accessibility of urban park green space for residents in each residential patch, as well as the justice of the distribution of park green space resources at the scales of street blocks, districts, and the whole study area. The increase in residents’ travel speed and travel time could promote the equitable allocation of urban park green space to a certain extent. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the planning and construction of urban park green space in Qingdao City.

Ketersediaan ruang terbuka hijau di Kota Denpasar dan strategi pengelolaannya

Green open space (GOS) plays a very important role in realizing a sustainable city and has a balance of ecological and psychological functions for urban communities. Green open space (GOS) can be divided into two categories, namely public GOS and private GOS, but only public GOS can still be controlled directly by the government. Until now, there has been no study regarding the use of public green open spaces in Denpasar City. The aim of this research is to identify the availability of public green open space in Denpasar City, analyze the implications of using public green open space in Denpasar City, and formulate strategies and policies for managing public green open space in Denpasar City. Data collection techniques in this research were interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis techniques in this research are qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis techniques to determine the availability of public GOS, SWOT analysis for the use of public RTH, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine management strategies and policies. The availability of public green open space in 2011 was recorded at 2,341.48, or 18.32 percent. The availability of public green open space in 2019 was recorded at 1,572,990 hectares, or 12.49 percent. The difference between 2011 and 2019 was 768,490 ha, or 5.83 percent. The minimum area of public green open space in accordance with the regulations, namely 20 percent, was 1.68 percent in 2011 data and 7.51 percent in 2019 data. The implementation of the utilization of Denpasar City Public Green Open Space (GOS) based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out does not comply with the standards of Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 1 of 2007 concerning Arrangement of Green Open Space in Urban Areas and Minister of Public Works Regulation Number 5 of 2008 concerning Guidelines for Providing and Utilizing Green Open Space in Urban Areas. Management still needs to be improved both in terms of handling, security, and maintenance as well as maintaining the availability of existing public open space.

Can green space exposure enhance the health of rural migrants in Wuhan, China? An exploration of the multidimensional roles of place attachment

Numerous studies have yielded evidence supporting the beneficial health effects of increased green space exposure (GSE), particularly for urban populations. Nevertheless, the specific impacts of GSE on the health of rural migrants, who are regarded as an environmentally vulnerable group, remain unclear. Taking Wuhan, China, as the typical case, this paper examines the nuanced relationship between the multi-facets of GSE and rural migrants’ physical and mental health and explores the mediating roles of multidimensional place attachment (P-AT), including place dependence (P-DE), place identity (P-ID), and place integration (P-IN), based on multisource data. The results are as follows: (1) Different attributes of GSE produced varying effects on rural migrants’ health. Positive correlations emerged between physical health and the availability and accessibility of green space (GS), while mental health exhibited positive associations with visibility and accessibility. (2) There is a complicated landscape in terms of the mediating effects of P-AT. Specifically, P-DE, P-ID, and P-IN acted as mediators between accessibility and the physical and mental health of rural migrants. Concerning availability's influence on physical health, P-ID, and P-IN served as mediators. P-ID mediated the visibility-mental health relationship. Our research underscores the significance of conceptually decomposing the GSE and P-AT in studies on the environment and the health of rural migrants and their diverse social functions in health promotion from GS. We advocate for tailored strategies by local authorities for the migrant population, including maximizing the opportunities of GSE, promoting the restoration and construction of wild GS, and facilitating the sociality of GS to enhance rural migrants’ place sentiment.

Unequal access to cultural ecosystem services of green spaces within the city of Rome – A spatial social media-based analysis

This groundbreaking study sheds new light on the unequal distribution of cultural ecosystem services (CES) within Rome's urban green spaces (UGS). Employing a novel methodology, we assess UGS quality through georeferenced social media data from Twitter, evaluate the green cover of UGS, and assess accessibility to these spaces using network analysis in a GIS environment. This unique methodology allows us to unveil marked disparities in both UGS accessibility and the provision of CES. Unlike traditional approaches, our analysis provides a more nuanced understanding of UGS quality and accessibility. Our findings reveal areas with high UGS accessibility, yet limited CES provision. These insights are crucial for targeted urban planning interventions, advocating for a more equitable distribution of UGS benefits. This research challenges traditional green space planning with a focus on green space availability. Importantly, our study goes further by identifying specific disadvantaged areas, offering valuable insights for promoting equity in urban areas, emphasizing the importance of UGS quality and accessibility. Thereby, this research provides a foundation for a more nuanced, equal, and quality-driven approach to UGS planning.

Exploring the provision, efficiency and improvements of urban green spaces on accessibility at the metropolitan scale

Accurately assessing urban green space (UGS) accessibility and proposing effective and specific proposals for UGS provision improvement accordingly is vital to urban development. Taking the metropolitan of Shanghai, China as the study site, this study first assessed its UGS provision by improved multiple step floating catchment area methods and multiple indexes, including UGS accessibility, theoretical capacity, potential demand, and traffic supply. Second, it investigated the impacts on citywide UGS accessibility justice for each UGS by comparing Gini index differences of citywide UGS accessibility between the conditions when exist and non-exist for each UGS. Third, it used ternary plots to explore the influence mechanism of the factors of UGS theoretical capacity, potential demand, and traffic supply on accessibility, and introduced an RGB color triangle to spatially and simultaneously display the effects of these three factors on accessibility for each UGS in Shanghai. Fourth, it assessed and classified the UGS provision efficiency for accessibility according to the relationships among the theoretical capacity, potential demand, and traffic supply factors by 3D scatter plot. Fifth, it proposed specific types and priorities of requirement for UGS improvement according to its impact on citywide UGS accessibility justice and the effect of its theoretical capacity factor on UGS accessibility. The findings showed that UGS accessibility and its three factors in Shanghai were correlative and had a spatial clustering trend in central city areas. The majority of UGSs showed positive impact on citywide accessibility justice, which went up with the values of accessibility and the three factors. Most UGSs were dominated by theoretical capacity power. The UGS provision efficiency was relatively good for most UGSs, which had relatively well-matched conditions and demands. The improvement requirements for UGSs on accessibility investigated in this study will improve UGS provision.

Research on optimization strategies for urban park green space planning in Nanjing based on GIS from the perspectives of network analysis and Thiessen polygon theory

Urban Park green space is an essential carrier and form of urban recreation space, playing an important role in improving the ecological environment and enhancing the image of the city. With the process of urbanization and the continuous improvement of residents’ living standards, urban park construction has become increasingly important to meet people’s growing needs for a better life. However, the evaluation indicators for urban park green space in China mostly consider macroscopic levels, such as the area, number and per capita green area of parks. This cannot fully reflect the level of park green space services. Accessibility can reflect the convenience of residents to reach the park, provide guidance for the reasonable layout of parks and have various evaluation methods relying on geographic information technology. Therefore, it is necessary to quantitatively study the layout and accessibility of park green space. Taking the central urban area of Nanjing as the research object, this paper summarizes existing research and focuses on evaluating the accessibility of park green space while analyzing the layout of parks from multiple perspectives, combined with the existing pressure appraisal of park green space services. Relevant data on Nanjing, including overall planning and statistical yearbooks, were collected and analyzed using geographic information system (GIS) tools, network analysis and Thiessen polygon theory to analyze the service pressure, demand and accessibility of park green space in the central urban area under different transportation methods. Based on the results, targeted optimization strategies are proposed.

Analysing access to parks and other green spaces on walking, biking, and driving networks through a socioeconomic lens

ABSTRACT Green spaces are important elements of cities due to their benefits to residents’ physical health, mental health and development, and social connections. Residents are more likely to experience green space benefits when they use them frequently and usage increases when amenities are accessible. Because lower-income households often have less reliable access to automobiles, examining access solely on the road network is inadequate. Do households across the socioeconomic spectrum have access to green space on pedestrian and bicycle networks? After estimating residential locations (origins) from U.S. Census data and park and other green space locations (destinations) from the City of Albuquerque data, we connect the two using service area network analyses in a geographic information system (GIS). Findings suggest that overall green space access is a concern since less than 50% of Albuquerque residents have access to a green space within 400 m, indicating levels below those recommended by the World Health Organization. Park accessibility is relatively equally distributed for low-, middle-, and high-income households across both pedestrian and road networks. Access to other green space is a source of possible inequity with high-income households having more than five times the access to non-park green spaces than low-income households. The bike network presents another source of possible inequity as 39% of high-income households have access to the bike network versus only 30% of low-income households and an expansion of the bike network is a primary recommendation for increasing access in an equitable fashion.

Impacts of sociodemographic factors, identities and neighbourhood safety on the relationship between urban green space and adolescent mental well-being: Findings from Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand

This study explored the relationship between green space accessibility (GSA) in residential area and adolescents’ mental well-being, and whether the relationship was moderated by sociodemographic factors (sex, ethnicity, neighbourhood deprivation), identities (gender and sexuality minority, disability) and perceived neighbourhood safety simultaneously. Data from 3813 adolescents who lived in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand were obtained from the Youth19 Rangatahi Smart Survey. A Gaussian-based two-step floating catchment area method was employed to measure the spatial accessibility to green space at the neighbourhood level. The World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index was used to assess emotional well-being (EW), and the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale-short form was employed to measure depressive symptoms (DS). Through moderation analyses, results showed that perceived neighbourhood safety plays a vital role in the GSA – mental well-being association, with a negative trend in adolescents who reported being less safe in neighbourhoods. Adverse associations of GSA were found in gender and sexuality minority, disabled, Asian and Pacific adolescents, under the condition of not feeling safe in neighbourhoods all the time. The results showed marginalised adolescents tended to feel less safe in neighbourhoods, have lower EW and a higher level of DS. Additionally, the results from bivariate correlations showed there were inequalities in GSA for adolescents who lived in most deprived neighbourhoods and adolescents of Māori ethnicity. This study provides novel evidence of the importance of safe and inclusive green space for effectively promoting mental health and mitigating health inequalities of adolescents in urban areas.