Access To Knowledge Research Articles

Принцип предварительного обоснованного согласия на использование традиционных знаний

Corporations make huge profits from the use of traditional indigenous knowledge, but the owners of this knowledge often receive no compensation. This is illustrated by litigation on biopiracy widely discussed in the foreign media. The author argues that the classical mechanisms for protecting intellectual property, which have proven to be effective, are not suitable for protecting the traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples. Transnational companies take advantage of gaps in the legal protection of traditional knowledge, patenting both their own production methods and methods of using plants in medicine, and registering traditional images of tribal peoples as their own designs. Protecting traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples requires the creation of new models of protection, a key element of which is obtaining the prior informed consent of the indigenous community to access and use traditional knowledge.

A Critical Understanding of Inclusion in Oral Microbiome Research through the Lens of Racial Capitalism.

There are important calls for greater inclusion of Indigenous and racialised communities in oral microbiome research. This paper uses the concept of racial capitalism (the extractive continuity of colonialism) to critically examine this inclusion agenda. Racial capitalism explicitly links capitalist exploitations with wider social oppressions e.g., racisms, sexism, ableism. It is not confined to the commercial sector but pervades white institutions, including universities. By using the lens of racial capitalism, we find inclusion agendas allow white institutions to extract social and economic value from relations of race. Racially inclusive research is perceived as a social good, therefore, it attracts funding. Knowledge and treatments developed from research create immense value for universities and pharmaceutical companies with limited benefits for the communities themselves. Moreover, microbiome research tends to drift from conceptualisations that recognise it as something that is shaped by the social, including racisms, to one that is determined genetically and biologically. This location of problems within racialised bodies reinforces racial oppressions and allows companies to further profit from raciality. Inclusion in oral microbiome research must consider ways to mitigate racial capitalism. Researchers can be less extractive by using an anti-racism praxis framework. This includes working with communities to co-design studies, create safer spaces, giving marginalised communities the power to set and frame agendas, sharing research knowledges and treatments through accessible knowledge distributions, open publications, and open health technologies. Most importantly, inclusion agendas must not displace ambitions of the deeper anti-oppression social reforms needed to tackle health inequalities and create meaningful inclusion.

Increasing Teacher Retention and Supporting Students With Low-Incidence Disabilities Through University Partnership

The shortage of teachers is amplified in rural areas where educators work with students with low-incidence disabilities (LID; visual or hearing impairment; significant cognitive impairment; any impairment for which a small number of personnel with highly specialized skills and knowledge are needed for children to receive early intervention services). This scarcity is closely linked to the lack of accessible knowledge for these teachers. Both a high attrition rate and lack of expertise negatively affect the educational outcomes of students with LID. We propose school–university partnerships (SUPs) to alleviate these challenges. This position paper presents the critical elements of a comprehensive SUP by synthesizing programs reported in the literature, including the following elements (a) instructional, assessment, and online resources; (b) mentorship; and (c) professional development. We specifically identify how these elements can improve outcomes of students with LID and alleviate the rural special education teacher shortage. Finally, we discuss the implications of this proposed SUP and implications for practices, policy, and research.

Blockchain and Access Control Encryption-Empowered IoT Knowledge Sharing for Cloud-Edge Orchestrated Personalized Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning

Federated learning (FL) is emerging as a powerful paradigm for distributed data mining in the context of Internet of Things (IoT) big data. It addresses privacy concerns associated with data outsourcing by enabling local data training and knowledge (i.e., model) sharing. However, simplistic local knowledge sharing can inadvertently expose user privacy to advanced attacks, such as model inversion or gradient leakage. Furthermore, achieving fine-grained and personalized privacy protection for IoT users remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a novel solution called hierarchical blockchain-empowered cloud-edge orchestrated federated learning (HBCE-FL) to address these challenges. HBCE-FL is designed to provide secure, intelligent, and distributed data analysis for IoT users. To tackle FL’s privacy issues, we develop a multi-level access control encryption and blockchain-based approach for sharing IoT knowledge within the HBCE-FL framework. Our approach classifies IoT users into different levels based on their individual privacy requirements, enabling fine-grained privacy protection. The blockchain is employed for identity authentication, key management, and message sanitization. For scenarios involving IoT users with non-IID data, we integrate federated multi-task learning into HBCE-FL to ensure fairness, robustness, and privacy. Finally, we conduct experiments using classic MNIST and CIFAR10 datasets to validate our approach. The experimental results illustrate that HBCE-FL effectively achieves personalized privacy-preserving FL without losing IoT data availability. Regardless of whether IoT data are homogeneous or heterogeneous, our approach enhances model accuracy and convergence rates by enabling secure IoT knowledge access and sharing for IoT users.

Identifying Profiles of Support for Legal Abortion Services in Zambia: A Latent Class Analysis.

Relative to neighboring countries, Zambia has among the most progressive abortion policies, but numerous sociopolitical constraints inhibit knowledge of pregnancy termination rights and access to safe abortion services. Multistage cluster sampling was used to randomly select 1,486 women aged 15-44 years from households in three provinces. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to partition women into discrete groups based on patterns of endorsed support for legalized abortion on six socioeconomic and health conditions. Predictors of probabilistic membership in latent profiles of support for legal abortion services were identified through mixture modeling. A three-class solution of support patterns for legal abortion services emerged from LCA: (1) legal abortion opponents (∼58 percent) opposed legal abortion across scenarios; (2) legal abortion advocates (∼23 percent) universally endorsed legal protections for abortion care; and (3) conditional supporters of legal abortion (∼19 percent) only supported legal abortion in circumstances where the pregnancy threatened the fetus or mother. Advocates and Conditional supporters reported higher exposure to family planning messages compared to opponents. Relative to opponents, advocates were more educated, and Conditional supporters were wealthier. Findings reveal that attitudes towards abortion in Zambia are not monolithic, but women with access to financial/social assets exhibited more receptive attitudes towards legal abortion.

Analysis Related Factors with Behavior Use Method Contraception Long Term in Active KB Acceptors in the Family Planning Village Program in Sungai Penuh City

Method Contraception Long Term (MKJP) is possible contraception used for a period long time, more than two years, effectively and efficiently For objective space birth is more than three years or end pregnancy in couples age already fertile no want to add child Again. Based on the data obtained found that active KB acceptors that is not 51.7 % used MKJP and only 48.3% used MKJP. Analysis is done in a way univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. Research results obtained that amount children (p-value 0.016), access service health (p-value 0.329), knowledge (p value 0.003), attitude (p value 0.014), support family (p value 0.048), and source information (p value 0.009). Based on the results Multivariate obtained the most dominant factor related to behavior use of MKJP, namely knowledge with the highest OR value was 1.897.

Clinical practice applicability and relevance to non-specialists of a paediatric EEG online learning tool

BackgroundPaediatric electroencephalography (EEG) training is inadequate amongst healthcare practitioners and technicians managing children with epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. An entry level handbook was developed for healthcare practitioners in sub-Saharan Africa and subsequently made globally accessible via the International Child Neurology Teaching Network.AimTo investigate the usefulness of a paediatric online EEG handbook.MethodA survey of the ICNApedia online EEG handbook was circulated (December 2021–June 2022), to all 108 handbook registered participants (39 countries) via the research electronic data capture (REDCap) from the University of Cape Town (UCT).ResultsFifty participants from 25 countries responded: 8 from high income, 16 upper-middle income, 21 lower-middle income and 5 from low-income. 32 (64%) fully and 18 (36%) partially completed the survey. 35/50 (70%) had completed the handbook and seven respondents had partially completed the handbook. Responses supported the handbook as a good entry point to learn EEGs, especially for paediatrics. Likert scale ratings supported the handbook as relevant for gaining/enhancing knowledge and improving diagnosis and management of patients with confidence. The handbook was considered user friendly, comprehensible, and provided a practical experience. For improving EEG reading skills the handbook helped skills development via reinforcement and good illustrations. 29/32 (90%) of respondents confirmed that they are using learnt skills from the handbook in their current work.ConclusionIn resource limited settings non-specialist clinicians often provide extended services including EEG interpretation. The survey supports that the handbook is supporting this niche skills area, especially for the accessibility of knowledge gained. The handbook will continue to be adapted in-line with survey feedback.

Manufacturing multi-organs database: A comprehensive, predictive, and analytical biofabrication database

Biofabrication, broadly described as “a process that results in a defined product with biological function,” has undergone a revolution in recent years. This revolution has led to an explosion of literature containing valuable data and insights on bioactive materials and machine learning-aided design. However, the accessibility and comprehension of this rich data source remain a challenge, necessitating the creation of a comprehensive database. Herein, we present the manufacturing multi-organs database (MMDB), a real-time updating database developed to foster an all-inclusive understanding of biofabrication by leveraging machine learning for standardized analysis of material properties and manufacturing processes. The MMDB aids in identifying commonly used cells, materials, and culture strategies in biofabrication by analyzing over 5000 papers related to 37 human organs. Leveraging machine learning models, it predicts optimal printing parameters and organ functionality metrics, thereby streamlining experimental designs and reducing costs. In addition, MMDB offers knowledge services that encompass hotspot analysis, trend identification, international collaboration analysis, and comprehensive knowledge maps of organ functions and biomaterials. We believe that the MMDB, serving as a crucial and readily accessible knowledge base, will fundamentally facilitate the design and optimization of biofabrication experiments. Moreover, by accelerating the discovery of optimal parameters, the MMDB has the potential to offer invaluable insights into organ function, propelling the field of biofabrication toward more efficient and effective organ manufacturing.

Whole-Body Vibration in Oncology Rehabilitation: Perceived Benefits, Barriers, and Clinician Willingness

Background: Patients with active and prior cancer diagnoses suffer a sequela of physical effects that negatively impact quality of life. Improvements in commonly impacted physiological systems have been achieved with the use of whole-body vibration (WBV). Current usage, appropriate diagnoses, and clinician perceptions of WBV remain unknown despite an increasing body of literature. The purpose of this study was to examine current practices and understand perceived indications, benefits, and barriers for the use of WBV in patients with cancer, particularly of clinicians working with pediatric populations. Methods: A Web-based survey was distributed via e-mail and social media posts to clinicians across the United States serving patients with cancer diagnoses. Results: Of a total of 72 responses, less than 3% of clinicians are currently using WBV in clinical practice. Diagnoses perceived as most appropriate for the use of WBV included leukemia/lymphoma (63.6%), central nervous system cancers (49.4%), and neuroblastoma (46.8%). Bone cancers were reported as the most inappropriate diagnoses (49.4%). Perceived benefits of WBV include improvements in blood flow, muscular strength, and bone mineral density. Lack of training (82%) and access to equipment (75%) were the most commonly reported barriers to use. Conclusion: WBV is perceived to be useful, safe, and beneficial for targeting effects of antineoplastic treatment for patients with cancer diagnoses, though current use is limited because of barriers of cost, access, and clinician knowledge.

States and needs of information and digital knowledge access training in government services in Satun province, Thailand

This research aimed to study the state and needs of information and digital knowledge access training. The research was conducted using a mixed method with in-depth interviews. Digital literacy training is an important issue for reducing inequality in access to information and digital knowledge, which is important to living, occupation, and basic rights. A group discussion of 30 people and a questionnaire with a group of 405 people were used in urban-style communities and rural-style communities. They were in the community area, aged from 20 to 59 years old, and recruited with a specific method according to the rural-urban continuum model by Dewey. Data were analyzed by content-based synthesis according to the classification approach and statistical methods. It was found that (1) current states of accessing information and digital knowledge are problematic in terms of access to signals, networks, and the management of community leaders. Overall, the state of information and digital knowledge access was at a moderate level. (2) For training needs, it was found that there was unstable and unequal access and disparity in all areas. What is needed is to support the reduction of inequality in access to information and knowledge by involving all agencies in creating a training curriculum. Overall, the attitudes and demands for accessibility training were at a moderate level. The result can be used as a guideline regarding cooperation among local government agencies to participate in analyzing conditions, problems, and needs in accessing information and digital knowledge according to the basic rights of the people.

Geography Teachers' Perceptions of Various Uses of Learning Media in Public Senior High Schools in South Tangerang City

Education is a very important and inseparable part of the process of preparing quality human resources. Education is also a conscious effort to develop the potential of human resources. To achieve optimal educational goals, there needs to be a positive interaction between the community, parents and the school. The development of technology has had a significant impact on education, with the accessibility of information made easier by the internet and digital resources, changing the way we learn and access knowledge. In this study, the main objective is to analyze geography teachers' perceptions of the various uses of learning media in public high schools in South Tangerang City. This research is descriptive research using the survey method. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistical analysis methods, specifically percentage analysis. By using percentages, this study can analyze the level of geography teachers' perceptions of the various uses of learning media in public high schools in South Tangerang City. The results showed that the perception of geography teachers in public high schools in South Tangerang City towards the use of various learning media is in the very good category, with a percentage reaching 94%. This finding shows that geography teachers in public high schools in South Tangerang City have a very positive perception of the use of learning media.

Measuring Afrocentrism: A Review of Existing Instruments

Abstract Measurement of Afrocentrism and investigation of Afrocentricity’s significance in the lives of Black Americans has gained momentum, given the current evidence suggesting that cultural factors matter in the lives of diverse populations. In particular, factors associated with African philosophical constructs may have significant relationships with improved mental health and overall well-being among African and African diaspora populations. However, the prior conceptual literature suggests that Afrocentrism is a heterogenous concept with a multitude of domains associated with its measurement. The present study was envisioned given the relative absence of studies evaluating the availability and psychometric properties of Afrocentric measures within social work. Utilizing systematic analysis methodology and PRISMA guidelines, a search for Afrocentric measures was undertaken using four key databases. Spanning the literature between 1980 and 2021, this review identified a total of seven instruments that fully met the study’s inclusion-specific criteria. In accordance with the call for continued research and practice emphasizing resilience and protective factors within the lives of Black populations, the present study provides accessible knowledge to researchers and practitioners on the currently available instruments to evaluate Afrocentrism in the lives of populations of African descent.

An industry’s international connectedness and knowledge-sourcing behavior: a study of the Korean case

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of an industry’s connectedness to foreign countries on knowledge sourcing.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine the research model through probit regression techniques to the 472,303-patent data across 16 industries derived from the United States Patent and Trademark Office.FindingsThe results suggest that international connectedness increases the accessibility of foreign knowledge and helps the accumulation of technological capability. Thus, this paper provides a better understanding that international connectedness can be critical for exploiting knowledge dispersed worldwide and influencing intra- and interindustry knowledge-sourcing behavior in the home country.Originality/valueWhile prior studies have mainly paid attention to the relationship between parents and subsidiaries in foreign countries for international knowledge sourcing, the authors attempt to analyze international and local knowledge sourcing with a broader set of knowledge sourcing channels at an aggregate level. By considering an industry’s export intensity and inward foreign direct investment, this study reveals specifically how the extent of an industry’s international connectedness influences knowledge sourcing from both abroad and locally.

Knowledge Repositories for Managing Knowledge in Learning Organizations

Learning organizations create a phenomenal amount of scholarly knowledge as part of their academic discourse and research activities. This scholarly knowledge must be preserved and made accessible to other members. The absence of tools and strategies to facilitate the storage and accessibility of knowledge and information resources poses lots of challenges for the growth of learning organizations, particularly, learning organizations in Ghana. This study, therefore, sought to assess the deployment of knowledge repositories in learning organizations toward effective knowledge creation, use, sharing, retention, and retrieval. The study employed the triangulation design and online survey research. The triangulation helped in the collection of quantitative data followed by qualitative instruments (interviews) to find answers to pertinent questions and issues that were insufficiently addressed in the questionnaire responses. Nine (9) learning organizations in Ghana participated in this study. The study established that knowledge repositories and technology played critical roles in managing knowledge in learning organizations. However, the knowledge repositories were not user-friendly and fully utilized or accessible for knowledge management practices at the learning organizations. Also, the absence of fully integrated ICT Tools and Infrastructure inhibited the effective promotion of knowledge management initiatives at the learning organizations. The study concludes by developing a knowledge repository architecture for knowledge management in learning organizations.

Transcranial direct current stimulation over the left posterior temporal lobe modulates semantic control: Evidence from episodic memory distortions

Evidence accumulates to show that semantic cognition requires, in addition to semantic representations, control processes that regulate the accessibility and use of semantic knowledge in a task- and time-appropriate fashion. Semantic control has been recently proposed to rely on a distributed network that includes the posterior temporal cortex. Along these lines, recent meta-analyses of neuroimaging data and studies with patients suffering from semantic aphasia have suggested that the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) is critically involved whenever situational context must constrain semantic retrieval. In the present experiment, we used transcranial direct current stimulation over the left posterior temporal lobe in an attempt to interfere with semantic control while participants performed a DRM task, a procedure for inducing conceptually-based false recognition that is contingent on both activation and control processes. Paralleling findings with patients suffering from brain damage restricted to the temporoparietal cortex, anodal stimulation (relative to sham stimulation) resulted in increased false recognition but intact true recognition. These findings fit well with the idea that the left pMTG is a key component of a semantic control network, the alteration of which results in memory performance that is affected by the intrusion of contextually-inappropriate semantic information.

Preface

This special issue of Tidskrift för ABM explores the transformative role of digital technologies in shaping the landscape of cultural heritage, knowledge access and information futures. It contains two research articles, a review, a note on and two dissertation summaries. Across these contributions, the issue covers a diverse range of topics relating to information futures; personal information privacy, preservation of deplatformed content, challenges and opportunities of AI, digital participation in cultural heritage, content moderation and fact checking.

A comparative analysis between ChatGPT & Google as learning platforms: The role of media-tors in the acceptance of learning platform

Advancements in technology have had a profound impact on the way we learn, teach, and access knowledge. From online learning platforms to interactive educational games and virtual reality simulations, technology has transformed the traditional classroom into a dynamic, engaging, and inclusive space for education. One of the promising advancements in the field of artificial intelligence technology is ChatGPT which offers personalized and effective learning experiences by providing students with customized feedback and explanation. The effect of ChatGPT must be compared with the effect of Google at the educational level since both present a source of information and explanation. Thus, this study aims at investigating the differences between these two learning sources to measure their effectiveness from different perspectives. The model proposed in this study was evaluated using the PLS-SEM approach, utilizing data collected from 153 university students in the UAE. The results of this evaluation indicate that the GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) has a significant impact on user acceptance, mediated by information quality, system quality, perceived learning value, and perceived satisfaction. These factors play a crucial role in determining users' acceptance of the GPT. However, it is important to note that some aspects of the model were not supported, suggesting that they do not have a significant predictive effect on the use of ChatGPT. Nonetheless, the findings of this study contribute to the existing literature on AI and environmental sustainability, providing valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and AI product developers. These insights can help guide the development and implementation of AI technologies in a way that aligns with users' needs and preferences while considering the larger environmental context.

Антропоцен или агнотоцен? Режимы незнания в эпоху климатического кризиса

While the term “Anthropocene” has gained significant attention, it is important to note that the discussion of its terminology and status has yet to be concluded. Over the past two decades, many narrower “Anthropocene” narratives have been proposed to describe particular aspects of the problem, including “Thermocene”, “Capitalocene”, “Technocene”, “Urbanocene”, and more. This article presents an analysis of the concept “Agnotocene”. This concept explains the problems of the Anthropocene as a consequence of social mechanisms that create zones of ignorance where ecological criticism is discredited, the Earth’s depletion is denied, and corresponding scientific facts are called into question. The Agnotocene highlights that the solution to environmental problems on a planetary scale is not only political and economic but also epistemological. It includes questions about the legitimacy, accessibility, and relevance of knowledge but also requires a deeper understanding of how and why some knowledge is ignored, devalued, or suppressed. The aim of the article is to establish whether the Agnotocene can expand our understanding of global social problems related to climate change. The article proposes the definition of the Agnotocene as a direction of Anthropocene research focused on social relations, which arise on the basis of or as a result of artificial ignorance. Its special task is to detect the types, forms, and specific ways of social production of ignorance that underlie human behavior in the context of global problems of the Anthropocene, to discover the evolution of ignorance and the current “modes” of its activity, as well as to look for possible ways to adjust it in the interests of the social and climatic well-being of mankind. As an example of Agnotocene studies, the article proposes two arguments based on this interpretation. The first follows from how science has maintained the illusion of a fourth wall between an expert community and a layman for a long time, which means that climate solutions requiring citizen participation are not perceived with the expected rigor. The second argument presents climate skepticism as a natural result of the cultural development of intolerance to ignorance and uncertainty within the framework of non-expert rationality.

Practice and associated factors determination of self-medication with antibiotics among community residents in Boyolali, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

This study investigated the prevalence, practice, and factors associated with self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) in the general community in Boyolali, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study used a validated questionnaire with the cluster sampling method applied to select households. Data were analyzed using chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analysis. During the study, 961 respondents participated (46.9% male and 53.1% female). The prevalence of SMA was 16%. Amoxicillin (50.0%) and tetracycline (33%) were frequently used as antibiotics for self-medication. The reasons for SMA were mainly personal experience and not consulting with a doctor to save money. Most respondents reported that antibiotics could kill viruses (84.3%) and reduce fever (73.2%). They do not know that antibiotics must be bought in a pharmacy after being prescribed by a doctor (66.8%) and do not know how to use antibiotics correctly (63.5%). Age, marital status, employment status, knowledge of antibiotic access, and knowledge of antibiotics misuse effect were significantly associated with SMA (p < 0.05). This study determined 16% SMA, but the tolerance to SMA should be zero because any single percent of SMA could spread antibiotic resistance widely among the whole community. Therefore, educating and encouraging people to avoid SMA is recommended to prevent ABR development and spread among societies.

Nurses' knowledge toward hemodialysis vascular access devices: A cross-sectional study in Palestine.

To assess the nurses' knowledge of vascular access devices for patients undergoing hemodialysis programs in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the nurses' knowledge of hemodialysis vascular access using the convenience sampling technique. The assessment tool comprised 60 items related to the nurses' knowledge and 7 items on demographic characteristics at hemodialysis units in 5 governmental hospitals in the Gaza Strip, between March and June 2023. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using SPSS version 22. A total of 65 nurses in hemodialysis units were included. Of the majority of study nurses 71% were male, 21.5% of nurses had fair knowledge, and 78.5% had good knowledge about vascular access devices. The overall average score was more than 70% in all dimensions, which revealed good knowledge about vascular access devices. The study indicated that there was a statistically significant association between nurses' knowledge of vascular access devices and (years of experience in the hemodialysis unit, and received training of nurses). The knowledge of hemodialysis nurses toward vascular access devices for patients undergoing hemodialysis was good. The years in the hemodialysis unit and having training have shown significant association with knowledge among hemodialysis nurses on vascular access devices care. Thus, interventions should focus on providing training for nurses about vascular access devices care in hemodialysis units to improve the comprehensive knowledge of nurses and to maintain patient's health status.