Access Speed Research Articles

Are Taiwanese Afraid of Terrorism? The Impacts of Hard and Soft Terrorism on Taiwanese

Technological developments in the last 20 years have affected people's daily lives and caused many innovations. The internet and social media are among the most important developments, and these developments have led to an increase in the speed of news and people's rapid access to information on various topics. However, progress in technology has also affected terrorist organisations. This effect has changed the methods, strategies, and visions of terrorist organisations. With these new methods and strategies, terrorist organisations could negatively affect the psychology of the people who are not directly affected by global terrorism. The best example of this is Taiwan. In this study, I focus on the impact of hard and soft terrorism on the Taiwanese. In this direction, I use the mixed-method approach in this study. I analyse the 7th wave of the World Values Survey with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method. Qualitative face-to-face interviews with Taiwanese will support the quantitative results.

CMIC: an efficient quality score compressor with random access functionality

BackgroundOver the past few decades, the emergence and maturation of new technologies have substantially reduced the cost of genome sequencing. As a result, the amount of genomic data that needs to be stored and transmitted has grown exponentially. For the standard sequencing data format, FASTQ, compression of the quality score is a key and difficult aspect of FASTQ file compression. Throughout the literature, we found that the majority of the current quality score compression methods do not support random access. Based on the above consideration, it is reasonable to investigate a lossless quality score compressor with a high compression rate, a fast compression and decompression speed, and support for random access.ResultsIn this paper, we propose CMIC, an adaptive and random access supported compressor for lossless compression of quality score sequences. CMIC is an acronym of the four steps (classification, mapping, indexing and compression) in the paper. Its framework consists of the following four parts: classification, mapping, indexing, and compression. The experimental results show that our compressor has good performance in terms of compression rates on all the tested datasets. The file sizes are reduced by up to 21.91% when compared with LCQS. In terms of compression speed, CMIC is better than all other compressors on most of the tested cases. In terms of random access speed, the CMIC is faster than the LCQS, which provides a random access function for compressed quality scores.ConclusionsCMIC is a compressor that is especially designed for quality score sequences, which has good performance in terms of compression rate, compression speed, decompression speed, and random access speed. The CMIC can be obtained in the following way: https://github.com/Humonex/Cmic.

Molecular oncology: what is needed to speed access to innovative therapies in clinical research?

A better understanding of the biology of cancer cells has led in the past 20 years to more and more molecular and immunological driven treatment strategies impacting both clinical trials and day-to-day practice. The aim of this review is to describe new approaches to conduct clinical trials in this area to speed up drug development and increase access to innovation for cancer patients. The design of an early phase trial has an impact on its clinical benefit. Trials deriving from a specific biomarker or histologic characteristic (also known as enrichment design) are more likely to demonstrate benefit than trials based on a more conventional design. However, the increase of low incidence cancer molecular subtypes poses a major hurdle in the clinical management and drug development research for cancer patients. With the identification of news targets and the subsequent introduction of precision medicine, new strategies and tools are needed to provide access to biomarker identification and target-oriented clinical trials to all cancer patients. We propose to set up a new patient-centered model to conduct clinical trials allowing simply to 'bring the trial to the patient'.

A qualitative exploration of digital medicines information usage: Insights from an evaluation of the BNF

Objectives: To explore the driving and resisting forces to the use of digital medicines information in the context of the British National Formulary (BNF) and British National Formulary for Children (BNFc). Methods: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were carried out with 25 doctors, pharmacists and nurses. Data were analysed via thematic analysis. Results: Key drivers identified included organisations making digital use of BNF/BNFc easier through measures such as electronic prescribing systems, compatible handheld devices and training/induction sessions for staff. The COVID-19 pandemic had expedited the shift to digital BNF/BNFc usage in some settings. A strong driver of digital usage was the desire by staff to use the most up-to-date information. Reduced access to print copies was a common initial driver of digital usage, whilst ease of searching and speed of access often acted to consolidate digital usage. Important resisting forces included lack of supporting organisational digital infrastructure and an onus on individuals to obtain access to digital platforms, particularly through personal smartphones. Poor prior experience of earlier digital BNF/BNFc platforms had also prevented participants from using them again. Conclusions: More driving than resisting forces were identified and, in most settings, a transition to digital BNF/BNFc usage is underway, which has been expedited by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this is not happening uniformly across the NHS and there continue to be strong resisting forces to digital BNF/BNFc usage, particularly at organisational level. Public interest summary: The British National Formulary (BNF) and British National Formulary for Children (BNFc) provide information about all medicines prescribed in the UK. They are available as a book, a website and an app. As healthcare information becomes increasingly digital, it is important to understand how this is used by healthcare staff and we spoke to doctors, nurses and pharmacists about how they use the BNF/BNFc. We found that staff are increasingly using the digital BNF/BNFc and that the COVID-19 pandemic has speeded up this transition. Staff are likely to use the digital BNF/BNFc where their organisation makes it easy to do so, such as through access to IT equipment and electronic prescribing systems. However, many NHS organisations lack the facilities for widespread digital usage and staff are not routinely trained in using digital resources. Future efforts should focus on the digital technology itself, and on upskilling healthcare staff to use it.

PRACTICALITY OF STEM INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC PHYSICS TEACHING MATERIALS ON ELASTICITY MATERIALS TO IMPROVE 21st CENTURY SKILLS OF STUDENTS

The breakneck internet access speed evidences the progress of society in the 21st century. Internet access speed is a form of community progress 5.0 in obtaining quality information. 21st-century skills have been born along with the development of information and communication technology (ICT). The rapid growth of ICT raises concerns about the human workforce that can be replaced by robots. The first actual condition is that 21st-century skills such as problem-solving, creative thinking, collaboration, and communication, are still low. The second exact condition is that the teaching materials used have not been integrated with STEM, with a value of 48%. The purpose of this study was to determine the practicality of developing STEM integrated electronics physics teaching materials to improve students' 21st-century skills. This study uses the type of research R&D (Research & Development). While the model used is the Plomp model. Based on the research results that have been done, it can be concluded that the results of the practicality of teaching materials in the one-to-one, small group, and field test trials are 80, 84, and 83, respectively. This can be interpreted that the electronic teaching materials developed are practical and can be used when learning physics.

Top electrode modulated W/Ag/MgO/Au resistive random access memory for improved electronic synapse performance

Resistive random access memory (ReRAM) is touted to replace silicon-based flash memory due to its low operating voltage, fast access speeds, and the potential to scale down to nm range for ultra-high density storage. In addition, its ability to retain multi-level resistance states makes it suitable for neuromorphic computing application. Here, we develop a cationic ReRAM with a sputtered MgO as the insulating layer. The resistive switching properties of the Ag/MgO/Au ReRAM stack reveal a strong dependence on the sputtering conditions of MgO. Due to the highly stable sputtered MgO, repeatable resistive switching memory is achieved with a low ON voltage of ∼0.7 V and a memory window of ∼1 × 105. Limiting Ag diffusion through a modified top electrode in the W/Ag/MgO/Au stack significantly reduces the abruptness of resistive switching, thereby demonstrating analog switching capability. This phenomenon is evident in the improved linearity and symmetry of potentiation and depression weight modulation pulses, demonstrating ideal Hebbian synaptic learning rules.

Compact laboratory-based X-ray microscope enabling nondestructive 3D structure acquisition of mouse nephron with high speed and better user accessibility.

X-ray microscopes adopting computed tomography enable nondestructive 3D visualization of biological specimens at micron-level resolution without conventional 2D serial sectioning that is a destructive/laborious method and is routinely used for analyzing renal biopsy in clinical diagnosis of kidney diseases. Here we applied a compact commercial system of laboratory-based X-ray microscope to observe a resin-embedded osmium-stained 1-mm strip of a mouse kidney piece as a model of renal biopsy, toward a more efficient diagnosis of kidney diseases. A reconstructed computed tomography image from several hours of data collection using CCD detector allowed us to unambiguously segment a single nephron connected to a renal corpuscle, which was consistent with previous reports using serial sectioning. Histogram analysis on the segmented nephron confirmed that the proximal and distal tubules were distinguishable on the basis of their X-ray opacities. A 3D rendering model of the segmented nephron visualized a convoluted structure of renal tubules neighboring the renal corpuscle and a branched structure of efferent arterioles. Furthermore, another data collection using scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor detector with a much shorter data acquisition time of 15 min provided similar results from the same samples. These results suggest a potential application of the compact laboratory-based X-ray microscope to analyze mouse renal biopsy.

Patient and carer access to medicines at end of life: the ActMed mixed-methods study

Background Patient access to medicines at home during the last 12 months of life is critical for effective symptom control, prevention of distress and unplanned admission to hospital. The limited evidence suggested problems with different components of service delivery and, to the best of our knowledge, the impact of innovations in end-of-life service delivery has remained unevaluated. Objective To provide an evaluation of patient and carer access to medicines at end of life within the context of models of service delivery. Design and data sources The study used a multiphase mixed-methods design, comprising (1) a systematic literature review; (2) an online questionnaire survey of health-care professionals delivering end-of-life care; (3) evaluative mixed-method case studies of service delivery models, including cost and cost-effectiveness analysis; (4) interviews with community pharmacists and pharmaceutical wholesalers and distributors; and (5) an expert consensus-building workshop. Setting Community and primary care end-of-life services in England. Participants Health-care professionals delivering end-of-life care and patients living at home in the last 12 months of life and their carers. Results A systematic review identified a lack of evidence on service delivery models and patient experiences of accessing medicines at end of life. A total of 1327 health-care professionals completed an online survey. The findings showed that general practitioners remain a predominant route for patients to access prescriptions, but nurses and primary care-based pharmacists are also actively contributing. However, only 42% of clinical nurse specialists and 27% of community nurses were trained as prescribers. The majority (58%) of prescribing nurses and pharmacists did not have access to an electronic prescribing system. Health-care professionals’ satisfaction with access to shared patient records to facilitate medicines access was low, with 39% of health-care professionals either not at all or only slightly satisfied. Respondents perceived that there would be a significant improvement in pain control if access to medicines was greater. Case studies (n = 4) highlighted differences in speed and ease of access to medicines between service delivery models. Health-care professionals’ co-ordination facilitated the access process. The work of co-ordination was frequently burdensome, for example because general practitioner services were hard to access or because the stock of community pharmacy medicines was unreliable. Prescription cost differentials between services were substantial when accounting for the eligible population over the medium term. The supply chain generally ensured stocks of palliative medicines, but this was underpinned by onerous work by community pharmacists navigating multiple complex systems and wholesaler interfaces. Limitations Patient records lacked sufficient detail for timelines to be constructed. Commissioners of community pharmacy services and wholesalers and distributors were difficult to recruit. Conclusions Accessing medicines required considerable co-ordination work. Delays in access were linked to service delivery models that were over-reliant on general practitioners prescribing, unreliable stocks of community pharmacy medicines and clinical nurse specialists’ lack of access to electronic prescribing. Key issues were relationships and team integration, diversifying the prescriber workforce, access to shared records and improved community pharmacy stock. Future work Further research should consider policy and practice action for nursing and pharmacy services to fulfil their potential to help patients access medicines, together with attention to improving co-ordination and shared electronic records across professional service interfaces. Study registration This study is registered as CRD42017083563 and the trial is registered as ISRCTN12762104. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 10, No. 20. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

BIMBINGAN TEKNIS PEMASANGAN PERANGKAT SPC CAMERA MODEL KST2 UNTUK KEAMANAN WARGA PERUMAHAN CITRA CANDI MENDUT MALANG

At this time the demand for security cameras is increasing in line with the increasing number of criminal acts, this technology seems to be required to be installed in various public places and facilities that require more supervision in order to create security and safety. IP Camera (type KST2 SPC) is the latest solution in the field of security. This monitoring device has a monitor range that is not limited to the room, but the IP camera can also be accessed by a personal computer or laptop that is connected directly via LAN, Internet, or cellular network. IP Camera is a long-term solution that is very useful, very flexible, and can work for the next 10 years. IP Camera has other features such as camera selection and navigation features that affect video size and access speed. IP Camera is a CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) camera that uses Internet Protocol to transmit image data and control signals. Thus, IP cameras have several advantages over analog CCTV. In its use, this tool is also quite easy to integrate with various electronic-based early warning systems. Data from camera readings can be stored on a microSD which can store recording activity data for a full month.

Food Delivery Applications and Obesity: Lessons Learned from COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Obesity is a global pandemic and has been associated with poor dietary habits and decreased physical activity. It has been linked to various chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension. Food delivery applications have seen a surge in the last ten years, their usage becoming more common throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. While these applications have many advantages and disadvantages, they are expected to contribute to the increasing obesity rates in Saudi Arabia in the upcoming years. The purpose of the study is to assess the use of food delivery applications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study using a convenience sampling technique. Due to COVID-19 safety protocols, social media platforms were used to distribute the survey from August 21, 2021, until September 19, 2021. A repeated logistic regression model was used to compare food delivery factors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. All analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 with a two-sided p-value (α =0.05). Results: A total of 954 respondents completed the survey. The respondents predominantly reported using online applications for delivery (86.97%), for accessibility convenience and speed (80.08%), and favorably for dinner meals (61.11%). Almost half of the respondents reported an inability to control food cravings (45.49%). Furthermore, 42.14% of the respondents reported an increase in weight of up to five kg during the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a significant difference pre and during the pandemic among the use of the food delivery applications per number of use weekly, amount spent, and food choices. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that food delivery applications are commonly used in Saudi Arabia, specifically with a high prevalence of use among young Saudi residents. Yet, no interventions are proposed to reduce the purchase of highly processed food on these applications. Public health officials and healthcare providers are highly encouraged to increase awareness on obesity and healthy dietary choices to limit the ongoing obesity pandemic. Keywords: Food delivery applications, obesity, diet, covid-19, Saudi Arabia, Online delivery

Efek Perkembangan Komunikasi Massa Terhadap Pola Pikir dan Perilaku Masyarakat Di Era Society 5.0

The involvement of technology in modern life can no longer be ignored. Almost all the activities of today's society can not be separated from technology. It is also to fulfill access in finding information. The involvement of the communication media is considered to be able to effectively complement the diverse needs of the community, the speed of access to information that currently varies. The media of mass communication has become an inexhaustible part of providing information to the audience, the life of print media and technology has become an inseparable component of human life. The ease in accessing mass communication media by the community, has an influence on changes in people's mindsets and behavior so as to make mass communication media as a benchmark. The purpose of this study was to determine the development of the effect of mass communication on people's mindset and behavior. This study uses a literature study method, namely by collecting data through written documents or electronic documents to support the writing process. This research shows that the mindset and behavior of the community is closely related to the development of mass communication media that is easily accessible anytime and anywhere

A SPECTACLE THAT REPRODUCES INEQUALITY: THE PLATFORM AND SQUID GAME

Sosyal bir gerçeklik olarak eşitsizlik, film ve dizi sektöründe sıklıkla işlenen temalardan birisidir. Bu temadan hareket eden sinema yapıtları tıpkı diğer toplumsal sorunlarda olduğu gibi eşitsizliği de kurgusal bir düzlemde ve eleştirel bakış açısıyla daha çarpıcı bir şekilde anlatmayı hedeflemektedir. Modern sinemanın 1960’larla birlikte ön plana çıkan toplumsal sorunları ve onları üreten sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasal nedenleri eleştiren yapısı, güncel yapıtlarda da kendisini gösterir. Ancak sinema, gösteri kültürü aracılığıyla eleştiri nesnesini yeniden üreten modern paradoksun içinde kalmaya devam etmektedir. Filmlerin gelişen teknoloji ve küreselleşmeyle birlikte günümüzde çok daha kitlesel bir erişim imkânına ulaşması, toplumsal sorunları konu alırken sinemanın bu sorunları yeniden üreten paradoksal mekanizmasının işlerliğini azaltmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, ilgili argümandan hareketle bir toplumsal sorun olarak eşitsizliği konu edinen ve bunu Netflix gibi yeni medya araçlarının anlık erişim hızıyla geniş kitlelere ulaştıran iki popüler yapıtın söz konusu paradoksu tekrarladığı iddia edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada The Platform (Galder Gaztelu-Urrutia, 2019) filmi ve Squid Game (Hwang Dong-hyuk, 2021) dizisinin ilk sezonu ilgili metodoloji çerçevesinde ters üçgen yöntemi izlenerek eleştirel bir perspektiften incelenmiştir.

HTA2 RAPID C-19: Achievements and Challenges of a Collaborative Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK

HTA2 RAPID C-19: Achievements and Challenges of a Collaborative Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the UK

Estimating the Future of Electronic Health Information System in Society

Background: The health information system provides an integrated platform and an information connection between the actors of the health system regardless of temporal and spatial limitations. Objective This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the development of electronic health record (EHR) system and predict the future of this system in Iran. Methods: In this descriptive study, identification of the main factors for the development of HER and designing the future scenarios of this system was done using a questionnaire completed by 33 managers and experts of information technology in hospitals and medical universities in Guilan and Qazvin provinces of Iran. Data were analyzed in SPSS v. 22 and Expert Choice v. 11 applications. Results: Three dimensions and six criteria were determined to explain the HER development. Dimensions included: information content, information architecture, and information security. The criteria were: Manpower, hardware and software infrastructure, speed of access to health services, operating costs, not dependent on the internet, and comprehensiveness. Moreover, eight scaled scenarios were determined for the future of the EHR system. Conclusion: It is necessary to pay attention to information content, architecture, and security in development of the HER system in Iran.

Financial Inclusion on Indonesia's Financial System Stability: The Role Intervening of Financial Technology

This study aims to express the concept of thinking related to in-depth financial development through financial inclusion with the intervention of new technological developments which are expected to have a positive impact on increasing the stability of Indonesia's financial system. This study uses the Estimation Error Correction Model (ECM). Banking instruments represented by international investment banking have a significant effect in the long term on the stability of the Indonesian financial system. Then on financial inclusion instruments, the number of financial office services has a significant influence on NPL performance which reflects the performance of the financial system. Fintech instruments that encourage financial inclusion, such as the number of ATMs and e-money, do not have a significant impact on financial system stability. Policy recommendations that can be made can be through fintech socialization as a form of financial integration to achieve speed, effectiveness and efficiency of access to unbanked communities. In addition, in the short term, as the socialization and realization of fintech processes are integrated into the unbankable community, the construction of bank branches as financial service offices also needs to be carried out as an effort to expand the deepening of access to financial information and services

The tribal digital divide: Extent and Explanations

This paper documents home Internet access, types of Internet access, connection speeds, and prices for basic home Internet in tribal areas of the United States. We find that the share of households with Internet access is 21 percentage points lower in tribal areas than in neighboring non-tribal areas. When compared to these non-tribal areas, download speeds, whether measured using fixed or mobile broadband networks, are approximately 75% slower in tribal areas, while the lowest price for basic Internet services in tribal areas is 11% higher. Regression techniques reveal that traditional cost factors such as terrain and population density fully explain the price gap but account for only a fraction of the tribal differences in Internet access and connection speeds. Income differences are strong predictors of Internet access but do not affect connection speeds. A sizable amount of the variation in the access and home connection gap between tribal and non-tribal is left unexplained. We conclude with a discussion of how federal broadband programs have penetrated Indian Country, how tribal-specific factors are related to the variation in Internet access within Indian Country, and the potential policy implications of our findings.

USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS WITH FUZZY LOGIC ELEMENTS TO OPTIMIZE THE DATABASE STRUCTURE

Context. Informational systems are very common and use databases to store information that users need. Many different data models can be used but the relational model is still relevant. The last decade show tendency of using distributed databases while working with relational data model and this approach requires a specially designed module to synchronize data of all separate databases. Considering optimizing the database structure, researchers didn’t pay much attention to the potential of users’ SQL-queries history. The optimal structure of all the distributed nodes could reduce the necessity of synchronization while the data access speed and its actuality would remain stable. The object of the research is the process of optimizing the structure of the distributed database of corporate information systems, which are based on the relational database’s model. Objective. The research aims at improving the accuracy of the data representation marker’s value on the distributed corporate information system’s (DCIS) node, obtained using the analytic hierarchy process by applying the fuzzy logic elements while processing the alternatives’ global priority vector. Method. The research’s authors in the set of their previous works emphasize the potential of using the collected history of users’ SQL queries. Firstly presented technology of users’ queries parsing. Then, the idea of using the multidimensional database for analyzing users’ queries by slices of workstation type, application, user, and his/her position was considered. Finally, the authors gave the full-scaled mathematical model for formalizing database and query models, and criteria of database structure’s optimality.The current research continues the given sequence and tries to increase the efficiency of the decision support system, by introducing elements of fuzzy logic to the analytic hierarchy process algorithm. The approach’s main idea is in presenting the global priorities vector in the form of a series of fuzzy sets of one variable with subsequent transformation to the exact value. This approach made it possible to maintain the accuracy of the obtained result while decreasing the number of solution alternatives. For new tuples added to the database’s tables after all calculations had been performed, the problem was formalized. After obtaining the probability of a tuple belonging to the class “needed” and performing the normalization of the value, it is taken as the level of the representation marker. Accordingly, the data is loaded onto the node if this value is greater than the optimal level of the representation marker for the DCIS node. Results. After calculating and obtaining the alternatives global priorities’ vector in order to improve the accuracy of the obtained result, the apparatus of fuzzy sets was used. The obtained vector of global priorities was presented as a vector of fuzzy digits for the data representation marker with subsequent transformation to the exact value. This approach made it possible to maintain the accuracy of the obtained result while decreasing the number of solution alternatives. Conclusions. While working on the research, the concept of a data representation marker on the DCIS node for the elements of the SQL query model was introduced. An aggregation function has been developed that allows determining the level of need for attributes and tuples in the database’s relation for the DCIS node based on the statistics of SQL queries. A model of the dependence of the database structure’s optimality criteria on the value of the data representation marker is built. Received further development method of analytic hierarchy process. The initialization of the alternatives’ pairwise comparisons matrix can be performed automatically according to the obtained mathematical models. Representation of the obtained result in the form of the vector of fuzzy numbers with the reduction to the exact value allows increasing the accuracy of the obtained results.

Lexical Access Speed and the Development of Phonological Recoding during Immediate Serial Recall

ABSTRACT A recent Registered Replication Report (RRR) of the development of verbal rehearsal during serial recall revealed that children verbalized at younger ages than previously thought, but did not identify sources of individual differences. Here, we use mediation analysis to reanalyze data from the 934 children ranging from 5 to 10 years old from the RRR for that purpose. From ages 5 to 7, the time taken for a child to label pictures (i.e. isolated naming speed) predicted the child’s spontaneous use of labels during a visually presented serial reconstruction task, despite no need for spoken responses. For 6- and 7-year-olds, isolated naming speed also predicted recall. The degree to which verbalization mediated the relation between isolated naming speed and recall changed across development. All relations dissipated by age 10. The same general pattern was observed in an exploratory analysis of delayed recall for which greater demands are placed on rehearsal for item maintenance. Overall, our findings suggest that spontaneous phonological recoding during a standard short-term memory task emerges around age 5, increases in efficiency during the early elementary school years, and is sufficiently automatic by age 10 to support immediate serial recall in most children. Moreover, the findings highlight the need to distinguish between phonological recoding and rehearsal in developmental studies of short-term memory.

Barriers in EFL online learning experienced by learners during Covid-19 outbreak

<table width="593" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="387"><p>This research aimed at reviewing the barriers in EFL online learning experienced by learners in some countries like Indonesia, Saudi Arabian, Algeria, Jordan, and Ecuador during online learning gained from the research articles. This research was described descriptively with qualitative approach. The data being investigated in this research were five research articles from different researchers in different countries where they conducted research about barriers of EFL online learning during Covid-10 outbreak viewed from learners’ experiences. The results of this research showed that those five countries faced similar barriers in EFL online learning during Covid-19 outbreak. They were technical matter (internet connectivity) and social matter (passive interaction among teachers and learners). The conclusion stated that possible infrastructure for supporting high speed access internet should be considered by the policymakers in each country providing both technical and economic support to access it easily. Thus, for those who have barriers related to social matter, it was important for EFL teachers to create a strategy that made the class interactive and interesting as well as motivated the EFL learners interested to learn. Internal motivation from the EFL learners and teachers themselves to accommodate online learning creatively was needed. </p><p> </p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Prototype for Multimedia Content Delivery based on Non-Transmittable Codewords Enhanced Viterbi Algorithm

The paper provides a prototype for multimedia content delivery with reduced channel code rate from conventional Non-Transmittable Codewords Enhanced Viterbi Algorithm. The code rate reduction was simulated using VB.NET Viterbi simulator available at College of Informatics and Virtual Education-University of Dodoma. The study approximates Uplink and downlink speeds limits of the prototype using High Speed Packet Access Evolved technology by assuming all other parameters remain constant. The uplink and downlink of the prototype is clearly presented. The code rate of 1/3 was obtained by simulating different 8-bits patterns. This code rate of 1/3 enabled reduction of encoder output bits from 48-bits to 24-bits, therefore, few bits would be sent to the network and bandwidth conservation is attained. This makes the prototype to be the good choice for low network bandwidth channel. In addition, the reduced code rate will reduce the expenses of user internet bundles, because number of MBs to be charged will be smaller. This prototype for multimedia delivery over network has three benefits, high data transmission reliability due to adopted NTC Enhanced Viterbi, minimum network bandwidth utilization and satisfied uplink and downlink access speed.