Access Mode Research Articles

Topologi Redundansi Link Untuk Keamanan Serta Mitigasi Ketersediaan Jaringan Komputer Menggunakan Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol

The frequent occurrence of natural disasters requires telecommunications companies to require a backup internet backbone line if the telecommunications infrastructure is damaged/disconnected due to natural disasters. Reporting from inet.detik.com APJII revealed that the Jakarta-Singapore fiber optic network had broken, which had an impact on internet services in Indonesia. Fiber optic repair can take up to 2-3 weeks requiring network backup, the main solution for network backup with satellite, but problems will arise when configuration for satellite lines takes 1-2 days. Problems arise again when combined between fiber optic internet lines and satellite internet lines which cause the looping network to create network disturbances, to maintain interference, a spanning tree protocol method is needed to backup lines automatically and create link redundancy if one of the lines is problematic or disconnected. The purpose of this study is to design a link redundancy topology for security and mitigation of network availability using the rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP) with router rb750gr3, switch rb260gs and switch dgs-108. In the RSTP network topology, it is designed with 3 redundant lines connected between the rb260gs switch and the dgs-108 switch, with an on-stick router rb750gr3 and is designed with 6 access mode vlan lines. In testing the inter-vlan network, RSTP terminates the redundancy link and then uses the ping command at the command prompt to determine how many minutes to backup the link. The NDLC method is used in determining how many seconds to backup this redundancy link using. The results of testing the link termination ether2-switch-mikrotik and ether1-switch-dlink using the "ping" command for 20 seconds in determining how many seconds to backup the link get the result that Request Time Out does not occur and the average time for each pc in determining the backup path for the pc-vlan20 22.9ms, pc-vlan30 35ms, pc-vlan70 23.5ms. The results of link termination testing ether3-switch-mikrotik and ether2-switch-dlink using the "ping" command for 20 seconds in determining how many seconds to backup the link get the result that there is no Request Time Out and the average time for each pc in determining the backup path for the pc-vlan20 23ms, pc-vlan30 24ms, pc-vlan70 43.7ms.

Ekphrastic Copresence: “The Hunters in the Snow” as a Style of Poetic Access

AbstractThis article departs from J. Hillis Miller’s notion of “copresence” in Williams’s poetry to consider ekphrasis as a specific mode of access to the world, revealing differences between art forms as differences between how and what they make present. It focuses, as a primary example, on Williams’s “The Hunters in the Snow,” from Pictures from Brueghel.

Impact of COVID-19 on Health and Rehabilitation Care For Older Adults With Dual Sensory Loss

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To explore the barriers to health and rehabilitation care for older Canadians with concurrent hearing and vision loss (dual sensory loss/DSL) during the COVID-19 pandemic. <h3>Design</h3> A mixed-methods study design was employed to explore and integrate the perspectives of older Canadians with DSL, their caregivers who accompany them on clinical visits, and their health and rehabilitation care providers. Data were generated from qualitative interviews with 32 older Canadians with DSL and 32 caregivers, and through an online survey with 228 health and rehabilitation care providers. Various accessible modes of communication were used to conduct interviews with older adults with DSL. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data, whereas descriptive statistics were used for quantitative survey data. <h3>Setting</h3> Health and rehabilitation care settings in Canada. <h3>Participants</h3> 32 older Canadians with DSL, 32 caregivers, and 228 health and rehabilitation care providers (HRCPs) in Canada. <h3>Interventions</h3> Not applicable. It was an exploratory study. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Access to health and rehabilitation care during the pandemic. <h3>Results</h3> Results highlighted that having DSL, at a time of pandemic-related regulations, increased the adverse consequences on their healthcare experiences. Identified barriers in care delivery were challenges in communication and identification of DSL due to use of masks and personal protective equipment, lack of training on DSL-specific care among HRCPs, lack of time and limited support to overcome communication difficulties for older adults with DSL, difficulty using technologies for tele/virtual health approaches for older adults, and restrictions in caregiver accompaniment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our results highlight that the pandemic heightened the health inequities for this vulnerable group as experienced by older adults with DSL and their caregivers. The telehealth model of care that is currently being used overlooks the accessibility and communication needs of older adults with DSL. Training of HRCPs and informal caregivers on DSL-specific communication and accessibility is critical to ensure equitable care for older adults with DSL. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> No conflict of interest to declare.

Electric vehicles in Bangladesh: Impact on the environment, mobility, and the economy of an impending ban

AbstractThe government of Bangladesh recently decided to outlaw electric three‐wheelers due to the rise in accidents on highways. Although the restriction is intended to improve road and transportation safety, it will only exacerbate the current economic crisis if alternate sources of income are not made available. Additionally, the use of battery‐powered electric three‐wheelers is significant for providing short‐distance transportation in rural areas and the commercial centers of metropolitan cities. In many villages, electric three‐wheelers are the only accessible mode of rapid transportation. Moreover, electric vehicles are environmentally beneficial because their increased use will lower the consumption of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions from the transportation sector. Banning electric three‐wheelers will have serious consequences for the environment, mobility, and the economy. Instead, the government can bring existing three‐wheeled motorized vehicles under Bangladesh Road Transport Authority supervision. Monitoring and policy making are easy when a mode of transport belongs to the formal sector. Adding necessary measures to use of the vehicle will boost mobility and save Bangladesh's environment and economy.

Unsharp masking image enhancement the parallel algorithm based on cross-platform

In view of the low computational efficiency and the limitations of the platform of the unsharp masking image enhancement algorithm, an unsharp masking image enhancement parallel algorithm based on Open Computing Language (OpenCL) is proposed. Based on the analysis of the parallel characteristics of the algorithm, the problem of unsharp masking processing is implemented in parallel. Making use of the characteristics of data reuse in the algorithm, the effective allocation and optimization of global memory and constant memory are realized according to the access attributes of the data and the characteristics of the OpenCL storage model, and the use efficiency of off-chip memory is improved. Through the data storage access mode, the fast computing local memory access mode is discovered, and the logical data space transformation is used to convert the storage access mode, so as to improve the bandwidth utilization of the on-chip memory. The experimental results show that, compared with the CPU serial algorithm, the OpenCL accelerated unsharp masking image enhancement parallel algorithm greatly reduces the execution time of the algorithm while maintaining the same image quality, and achieves a maximum speedup of 16.71 times. The high performance and platform transplantation of the algorithm on different hardware platforms are realized. It provides a reference method for real-time processing of a large amount of data of high-resolution images for image enhancement.

Entangling free electrons and optical excitations.

The inelastic interaction between flying particles and optical nanocavities gives rise to entangled states in which some excitations of the latter are paired with momentum changes in the former. Specifically, free-electron entanglement with nanocavity modes opens appealing opportunities associated with the strong interaction capabilities of the electrons. However, the achievable degree of entanglement is currently limited by the lack of control over the resulting state mixtures. Here, we propose a scheme to generate pure entanglement between designated optical-cavity excitations and separable free-electron states. We shape the electron wave function profile to select the accessible cavity modes and simultaneously associate them with targeted electron scattering directions. This concept is exemplified through theoretical calculations of free-electron entanglement with degenerate and nondegenerate plasmon modes in silver nanoparticles and atomic vibrations in an inorganic molecule. The generated entanglement can be further propagated through its electron component to extend quantum interactions beyond existing protocols.

АППАРАТНАЯ ЗАЩИТА UEFI-ПРОШИВКИ И NVRAM-ПАМЯТИ ЭВМ С ПОМОЩЬЮ РЕЗИДЕНТНОГО КОМПОНЕНТА БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The issue of protecting the firmware and the memory area for storing variables (NVRAM - Non Volatile Random Access Memory) of the UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) system are discussed in the paper. The research methodology is a deduction. The problem of trusted computer loading, in particular, the proprietarity of the UEFI stage, is relevant in the field of computer security. For an introduction to the context and subject field, the components and environment of the UEFI system, attack vectors on the system, the consequences of successful attacks for the user and built-in security tools are briefly described. The advantages and disadvantages of using two memory areas with different access modes as a way to protect critical UEFI system data are considered. As a memory area with a configurable access policy, it is proposed to use the hardware implementation of the resident security component (HRSC). Finally, the functionality of the HRSC and the applicability of this solution for ensuring the security of the UEFI system are considered. As a result, the justification of the applicability of the HRSC as a tool for differentiating access to critical parts of UEFI firmware and NVRAM was obtained. In addition, the advantages of using the HRSC as a memory area with a configurable access policy are identified. In particular those are the ease of implementation, variability of access differentiation and platform independence from the model and architecture of a computer with UEFI.

Assessing the perception of E-scooters as a practical and equitable first-mile/last-mile solution

E-scooters have disrupted and altered the urban mobility landscape. During their introductory period, they have been commonly touted as part of a larger micromobility solution that erases equity barriers and solves the first-mile/last-mile problem. However, few studies in the nascent e-scooter literature have considered these claims. In this study, we used a d-efficient method to design and administer a stated choice experiment (SCE) to students at Portland State University (PSU) (n = 1,968). In the SCE, students were given a three-mode labelled choice set consisting of three travel modes: car, bike, and e-scooter + MAX light rail. (The e-scooter + MAX light rail choice is multimodal, with the e-scooter acting as the first-mile access mode). We generated attitudinal indices using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in order to control for mode perception. To demonstrate the relationship of travel time and cost in addition to other covariates on mode choice, we estimated a mixed multinomial logit (MMNL) model. We performed elasticity and sensitivity analyses to uncover factors that encouraged first-mile/last-mile e-scooter usage. We then used the model to generate catchment area maps for multimodal trips in the Portland area. Results indicated that e-scooters were lackluster in bringing racial and gender equity in transportation. Additionally, we found that there was no place in Portland where combining an e-scooter and light rail to travel to PSU was most utilitarian compared to bike or private car. This suggests that e-scooters are not perceived as a preferred solution to the first-mile/last-mile problem. Yet, our findings revealed “dials” that can be tweaked through policy measures in order to promote this kind of use, including parking pricing, travel times, fares, and traveler attitudes towards modes. Overall, our analysis of the implementation of e-scooters suggests that their promise is overstated, at least without substantial policy changes to encourage desired use cases.

108. A cancer genomics resource built on GA4GH standards

Progenetix is a cancer genomics resource that includes genomic profiling data as well as biomedical annotations and provenance data for cancer studies. The main goal of the Progenetix database is to provide easy, open access for research studies and clinical diagnostics. To facilitate sharing of genomic data, Progenetix complies with and contributes to GA4GH and Beacon data standards. Beacon, developed with the support from ELXIR (the European bioinformatics infrastructure organization), started out as protocol to share genomic variants over federated queries. The current development of Beacon (Beacon v2) enables extended metadata-rich queries in both public and restricted federated access modes. The implementation of Beacon v2 API in Progenetix, offers a solution to sharing vast amounts of genomic data securely and effectively. Moreover, it is open-access and well-documented, with an open API for third party use. Currently, Progenetix contains around 130 thousand cancer copy number variant (CNV) profiles from more than 700 different cancer types (NCIt classification), making it the largest resource for cancer CNV profiles. In addition to primary neoplasia samples, Progenetix also includes a set of cancer cell line CNV samples. In order to provide a comprehensive cancer cell line variant database, Progenetix also incorporates known single nucleotide variants of cancer cell lines. Progenetix is a cancer genomics resource that includes genomic profiling data as well as biomedical annotations and provenance data for cancer studies. The main goal of the Progenetix database is to provide easy, open access for research studies and clinical diagnostics. To facilitate sharing of genomic data, Progenetix complies with and contributes to GA4GH and Beacon data standards. Beacon, developed with the support from ELXIR (the European bioinformatics infrastructure organization), started out as protocol to share genomic variants over federated queries. The current development of Beacon (Beacon v2) enables extended metadata-rich queries in both public and restricted federated access modes. The implementation of Beacon v2 API in Progenetix, offers a solution to sharing vast amounts of genomic data securely and effectively. Moreover, it is open-access and well-documented, with an open API for third party use. Currently, Progenetix contains around 130 thousand cancer copy number variant (CNV) profiles from more than 700 different cancer types (NCIt classification), making it the largest resource for cancer CNV profiles. In addition to primary neoplasia samples, Progenetix also includes a set of cancer cell line CNV samples. In order to provide a comprehensive cancer cell line variant database, Progenetix also incorporates known single nucleotide variants of cancer cell lines.

Q2A-NOMA: A Q-Learning-Based QoS-Aware NOMA System Design for Diverse Data Rate Requirements

Wireless use cases in the industrial Internet of Things networks often require guaranteed data rates ranging from a few kilobits per second to a few gigabits per second. Supporting such a requirement in a single radio access technique is difficult, especially when bandwidth is limited. Although nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) can improve the system capacity by simultaneously serving multiple devices, its performance suffers from strong device interference. In this article, we propose a Q-learning-based algorithm for handling many-to-many matching problems, such as bandwidth partitioning, device assignment to sub-bands, interference-aware access mode selection [orthogonal multiple access or NOMA], and power allocation to each device. The learning technique maximizes system throughput and spectral efficiency (SE) while maintaining quality-of-service (QoS) for a maximum number of devices. The simulation results show that the proposed technique can significantly increase overall system throughput and SE while meeting heterogeneous QoS criteria.

Graph convolutional reinforcement learning for resource allocation in hybrid overlay–underlay cognitive radio network with network slicing

Nowadays, wireless communication system is facing the problems of spectrum resource shortage. Cognitive radio technology allows cognitive users to use the spectrums authorized to primary users to improve the spectrum utilization. In this paper, a cognitive network model based on hybrid overlay–underlay spectrum access mode is established. To solve the resource allocation problem, a multi-agent resource allocation algorithm based on graph convolution reinforcement learning which combines deep Q network (DQN) and graph attention network is proposed. DQN is used for action selection and graph attention network is used to obtain the information about neighbours, so as to achieve local cooperation. The proposed algorithm can adaptively optimize cognitive network throughput, spectrum efficiency, or power efficiency by controlling the transmission power and channel selection of cognitive users. To improve the information interaction efficiency, the agent's states are divided into two categories, whether it needs to interact with neighbours or not, which shortens training time and improves convergence speed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the power efficiency of cognitive networks. Compared with Q-learning, DQN and exiting graph convolutional reinforcement learning algorithm, the proposed algorithm has faster convergence speed and higher stability, and obtains higher network power efficiency.

Excitation of "forbidden" guided-wave plasmon polariton modes via direct reflectance using a low refractive index polymer coupling layer.

A surface plasmon polariton (SPP) is an excitation resulting from the coupling of light to a surface charge oscillation at a metal-dielectric interface. The excitation and detection of SPPs is foundational to the operating mechanism of a number of important technologies, most of which require SPP excitation via direct reflectance, commonly achieved via Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) using the Kretschmann configuration. As a result, the accessible modes are fundamentally high-loss “leaky modes,” presenting a critical performance barrier. Recently, our group provided the first demonstration of “forbidden,” or guided-wave plasmon polariton modes (GW-PPMs), collective modes of a MIM structure with oscillatory electric field amplitude in the central insulator layer with up to an order of magnitude larger propagation lengths than those of traditional SPPs. However, in that work, GW-PPMs were accessed by indirect reflectance using Otto configuration ATR, making them of limited applied relevance. In this paper, we demonstrate a technique for direct reflectance excitation and detection of GW-PPMs. Specifically, we replace the air gap used in traditional Otto ATR with a low refractive index polymer coupling layer, mirroring a technique previously demonstrated to access Long-Range Surface Plasmon Polariton modes. We fit experimental ATR data using a robust theoretical model to confirm the character of the modes, as well as to explore the potential of this approach to enable advantageous propagation lengths. The ability to excite GW-PPMs using a device configuration that does not require an air gap could potentially enable transformative performance enhancements in a number of critical technologies.

Internationalization strategies of multi‐product firms: The role of technology

AbstractHigh‐performance firms typically have two features in common: (i) they produce in more than one country and (ii) they produce more than one product. In this paper, we analyze the internationalization strategies of multi‐product firms. Guided by several new stylized facts, we develop a theoretical model to determine optimal modes of market access at the firm–product level. We find that the most productive firms sell core varieties via foreign direct investment and export products with intermediate productivity. Shocks to trade costs and technology affect the endogenous decision to export or produce abroad at the product‐level and, in turn, the relative productivity between parents and affiliates.

Assessing commuters’ perceptions towards improvement of intermediate public transport as access modes to metro stations

The study considers the perception of Metro commuters to investigate the priority areas of interventions for improving the service quality of Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) as an access mode to the Metro stations in Delhi. Tablet-based face-to-face surveys were conducted to collect responses from 1121 commuters towards perceived importance and satisfaction ratings of 18 service quality attributes under study on a 6-point Likert scale. Collected responses were analysed using Revised Importance Performance Analysis. Implicit importance values of all the attributes were calculated to derive the factor structures and management schemes using the Fuzzy C-means clustering technique. The priority attributes were identified by comparing the factor structures and management schemes. Finally, the study proposed a priority order of resource allocation to improve attributes influencing IPT as access modes to the Metro stations. The study findings identified that ‘Transportation Subsidy’, ‘Accessibility in Bad Weather’ and ‘Universal Design Considerations’ were top priority attributes that demanded resource allocation for improvement. ‘Access Time’, ‘In-vehicle Travel Time’, ‘Luggage Space’, ‘Hygiene’, ‘Security’, ‘Riding Comfort’, ‘Frequency’ and ‘Travel Fare’ were operating at optimum service levels, hence, occupied a second-level priority in terms of resource allocation to ensure the levels were maintained. Two low-priority attributes, ‘Information at IPT stop’ and ‘On-board Information’ occupied a third-level priority in terms of resource allocation for improvement. Attributes under ‘Possible Overkill’, namely, ‘Safety’, ‘Convenience’, ‘Waiting Time’, ‘Egress Time’ and ‘Seat Availability’, suggested transferring resources towards improving other priority service attributes. The study findings can assist transport planners and policymakers in formulating policies for improving the performance of IPT as access modes to Metro stations in Delhi and extending the approach to other contexts to supplement the mass transit systems suitably and increase their ridership.

Parking Management and Commuter Rail: The Case of Northeastern Illinois

This article examines the relationship between parking management and commuter rail transit using the Chicago metropolitan area in northeastern Illinois as a case example. Commuter rail transit and parking management are discussed within the broader context of transportation planning in the Chicago metropolitan region. Commuter rail ridership, mode of station access, and parking utilization rates are compared. Related air quality, social equity, and land-use concerns are reviewed.There are no simple solutions to the problem of spillover parking around commuter rail stations. The construction of new parking can be expensive. Raising parking prices may induce spillover parking. Doing nothing to address observed parking shortages may inhibit ridership. Shared parking is an excellent compromise in many situations, but even this is far from a universal solution.

China’s Global Maritime Access: Alternatives to Overseas Military Bases in the Twenty-First Century

China lacks the network of foreign military bases that typically attends great-power expansion, yet its armed forces operate at an increasingly global scale. How has the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) managed this feat without a significant footprint on foreign soil? Why has Chinese leadership not (yet) established a network of bases to address security threats to China’s overseas interests? This article analyzes the structural constraints facing China’s military basing abroad and then examines the methods by which the PLA has nonetheless achieved significant global power-projection capability. It highlights the capacity provided by international maritime transport infrastructure owned and operated by Chinese firms as a viable—yet limited—means of securing national interests overseas with military power. The study demonstrates that the structural setting and historical sequence of China’s rise render foreign military bases relatively costly, incentivizing alternative modes of access and power projection in the maritime domain.

Construction of Power Supply Stability Control Model for Wind Connected Power Grid

There are many problems in the power supply stability control of wind power generation system, such as large fluctuations, poor control effect and so on. Therefore, a new stability control model of wind power grid connected is designed. Determine the DC grid connection mode when the wind farm is connected, convert the DC power into AC power through the converter station, and transmit it to the final AC system to realize the grid connection of wind power and power grid; According to the determined wind power access mode, calculate the mechanical operation power, mechanical torque and wind energy utilization coefficient collected by the wind turbine, complete the best collection of wind energy, and determine the shafting according to the mass block model of the wind turbine and generator, so as to realize the research on the mathematical model of wind power generation. By analyzing the power flow direction of the stator and rotor of the wind turbine generator set, the unstable state of the power supply voltage of the wind turbine generator set after grid connection is determined. The PV curve method is used to calculate the steady-state voltage stability of grid connected wind turbines, and a power supply stability control model based on the voltage stability of grid connected wind turbines is established. The nonlinear objective function method is used to optimize the critical point of power supply stability, calculate the maximum load and maximum power of the system, establish the static power supply and transient power supply stability model after wind power grid connection, and realize the power supply stability control research of grid connected wind power through the analysis of power supply characteristics. The experimental results show that the model is closer to the stability of the actual power supply in the test of improving the stability of the power supply, ensuring the quality of power supply, while the test results of the other two methods have large fluctuations. In the analysis of the change of power supply after grid connection, the experimental results obtained by the model are very close to the actual data values. Therefore, this method can effectively improve the performance of power system.

Optimizing Skip-Stop Rail Transit Stopping Strategy using a Genetic Algorithm

With skip-stop rail transit operation, transit agencies can reduce their operating costs and fleet size and passengers can experience reduced in-transit travel times without extra track and technological improvement. However, since skip-stop operation does not serve all stations, passengers for certain origins-destinations could experience increased access time, waiting time, total travel time, and/or transfer. Only when the stopping and skipping stations are carefully coordinated can skip-stop service benefit passengers and transit agencies.This research developed a mathematical model using a Genetic Algorithm that coordinated the stopping and skipping stations for skip-stop rail operation. Using the flexibility of a Genetic Algorithm, this model included many realistic conditions, such as different access modes, different stopping scenarios, different collision constraints, and different objective functions. Passengers were put into three types and nine groups depending on their origin-destination pairs and the station and transfer choices. Four types of collision constraints were developed depending on the skip-stop strategy.For this research, Seoul Metro system Line No. 4 was used as an example. With skip-stop operation, total travel time became about 17–20 percent shorter than with original all-stop operation, depending on the stopping constraints. In-vehicle travel time became about 20–26 percent shorter due to skipping stations, although waiting, transfer, and additional access times increased by 24–38 percent.

Smart Bicycles in an Urban Area: Evaluation of a Pilot Scheme in London

Automated or smart bicycle systems are seen as a way to enhance mobility and provide a convenient access and egress mode for public transport. This article summarizes an evaluation of a pilot system that was introduced in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in August 2004. Underground and commuter rail stations, as well as a heavily-used bus network, serve this densely populated area of London. A survey of users was conducted and data were collected from actual use of the system. Analysis of these data provided some insights into the capabilities of these types of systems to enhance existing public transport services. In particular, it was found that the potential of the system lies primarily with the leisure and recreational market and with providing links to public transport stations. The pilot included “sponsored” nonpaying users who tended to use the system more for commuting and utilitarian trips.

Food Outlet Access and the Healthiness of Food Available 'On-Demand' via Meal Delivery Apps in New Zealand.

Access to unhealthy commodities is a key factor determining consumption, and therefore influences the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Recently, there has been an increase in the availability of food ‘on-demand’ via meal delivery apps (MDAs). However, the public health and equity impacts of this shift are not yet well understood. This study focused on three MDAs in New Zealand and aimed to answer (1) what is the health profile of the foods being offered on-demand, (2) how many food outlets are available and does this differ by physical access or neighbourhood demographics and (3) does the health profile of foods offered differ by physical access or neighbourhood demographics? A dataset was created by sampling a set of street addresses across a range of demographic variables, and recording the menu items and number of available outlets offered to each address. Machine learning was utilised to evaluate the healthiness of menu items, and we examined if healthiness and the number of available outlets varied by neighbourhood demographics. Over 75% of menu items offered by all MDAs were unhealthy and approximately 30% of all menu items across the three MDAs scored at the lowest level of healthiness. Statistically significant differences by demographics were identified in one of the three MDAs in this study, which suggested that the proportion of unhealthy foods offered was highest in areas with the greatest socioeconomic deprivation and those with a higher proportion of Māori population. Policy and regulatory approaches need to adapt to this novel mode of access to unhealthy foods, to mitigate public health consequences and the effects on population groups already more vulnerable to non-communicable diseases.