Access Fees Research Articles

Penolakan Kebijakan Relokasi dan Implikasinya terhadap Hak Asasi Pedagang di Cisoka, Kabupaten Tangerang

This study examines the rejection of the relocation policy stipulated in PERBUP Kabupaten Tangerang No. 60 of 2016 by traders in the Cisoka District. Findings indicate that the majority of traders oppose the policy due to the prohibition of street vendors (PKL) in the new market and the imposition of fees for public access. This situation significantly impacts the traders' income, potentially lowering their standard of living. The rejection reflects human rights issues, specifically the traders' right to work and earn a decent living. Dissatisfaction arises from a policy that lacks support and imposes access fees on the public. The study emphasizes the importance of involving traders in the formulation of policies affecting their livelihoods. The government is urged to review the relocation policy to be more inclusive and consider the aspirations and needs of the community. Overall, this research provides insights into the negative impacts of relocation policies that do not take into account the needs and rights of traders, highlighting the necessity of a fairer and more sustainable approach in policy-making to support the overall welfare of the community.

Telehealth of Infants at Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Physical Therapists’ and Caregiver’s Perceptions and Costs

Aim We aimed to describe telehealth used to detect infants at risk of neurodevelopmental delay and assess the assessors’ and caregivers’ perceptions and costs. Methods This was an observational study in which five physical therapists applied the General Movement Assessment, the neurological exam based on the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale via telehealth in 65 infants at risk of neurologic delay during the COVID-19 pandemic. The perceptions of assessors and caregivers were assessed using a questionnaire. We tabulated the family’s costs (internet access) and the therapist’s expenses (internet access and professional fees). Results In general, assessors felt comfortable and reported good quality of teleassessment. They highlighted the significant effort they and caregivers required for synchronous methods, challenges in clearly guiding caregivers on infant positioning, difficulties in adjusting the camera’s position, and unstable internet connections. Most assessors expressed a willingness to continue using telehealth. Caregivers displayed high satisfaction, and the costs were minimal. Conclusion Teleassessment during the COVID-19 pandemic was feasible, although implementing this method of health service in general clinical practice still requires further scrutiny.

Does maker-taker limit order subsidy improve market outcomes? Quasi-natural experimental evidence

We provide a new theory of exchange access fees that explains why fees relatively reduce the probability of execution and increase the limit order queue length on “maker-taker” platforms. Nonetheless, the limit order subsidy greatly improves market depth, together with market efficiency and trading volume. Moreover, fee structures never “wash out” regardless of the minimum tick. The regulatory requirement that trading and order flow depend only on raw (nominal) spreads and prices underpins the multi-billion-dollar subsidy to limit orders. So long as a platform remains competitive, elimination of the fee structure does not alter the raw spread, but it does lower the cum fee spread. We test these implications with a unilateral maker-taker fee/rebate reduction using NASDAQ's “quasi-natural” $1.9 trillion experiment to find support for our theory.

Religion, secularism, and postsecularism in Chinese internet literature

Abstract Internet literature emerged in China in the 1990s and became commercialized in the early 2000s, with readers paying an access fee, which is split between literary platforms and their contracted writers, to access popular novels. While the most popular genre is fantasy, a type of imaginative literature devoted to invoking magic beyond the limits of empirical reality and scientific rationality, the primary source of magic for Chinese fantasy is traditional Chinese cosmology and its concrete applications in everyday practices. These ideas and practices, the onto-epistemic-practical foundation of Chinese religion before the twentieth century, were considered superstitious and targeted for elimination in modernizing and secularization processes. However, they have not only survived but taken up a new life in fantasy novels, which depict them as the antecedents of, alternatives to, or more advanced forms than modern scientific endeavors at engineering natural environments and enhancing human bodies. This is why I see online fantasy literature as a palimpsest bearing the traces of Chinese religion, Chinese secularism, and the social conditions of contemporary China. In bearing such traces, this literature exemplifies the postsecular.

Understanding author choices in the current conservation publishing landscape.

Conservation literature addresses a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary questions and benefits. Conservation science benefits most when a diverse range of authors are represented, particularly those from countries where much conservation work is focused. In other disciplines, it is well known that barriers and biases exist in the academic publishing sphere, which can affect research dissemination and an author's career development. We used a discrete choice experiment to determine how 7 journal attributes affect authors' choices of where to publish in conservation. We targeted authors directly by contacting authors published in 18 target journals and indirectly via communication channels for conservation organizations. We only included respondents who had previously published in a conservation-related journal. We used a multinomial logit model and a latent class model to investigate preferences for all respondents and distinct subpopulations. We identified 3 demographic groups across 1038 respondents (older authors from predominantly middle-income countries, younger authors from predominantly middle-income countries, and younger authors from high-income countries) who had published in conservation journals. Each group exhibited different publishing preferences. Only 2 attributes showed a consistent response across groups: cost to publish negatively affected journal choice, including authors in high-income countries, and authors had a consistent preference for double-blind review. Authors from middle-income countries were willing to pay more for society-owned journals, unlike authors from high-income countries. Journals with a broad geographical scope that were open access and that had relatively high impact factors were preferred by 2 of the 3 demographic groups. However, journal scope and open access were more important in dictating journal choice than impact factor. Overall, different demographics had different preferences for journals and were limited in their selection based on attributes such as open access policy. However, the scarcity of respondents from low-income countries (2% of respondents) highlights the pervasive barriers to representation in conservation research. We recommend journals offer double-blind review, reduce or remove open access fees, investigate options for free editorial support, and better acknowledge the value of local-scale single-species studies. Academic societies in particular must reflect on how their journals support conservation and conservation professionals.

Analysis of public records of lobbying practices of the ultra-processed sugary food and drink industries in Chile: a qualitative study

Given the role of commercial determinants on sugar consumption and health, this study aimed to describe lobbying practices of the ultra-processed sugary food and drinks industries in Chile between 2014 and2022. Official meetings between ultra-processed sugary food and drinks industries and related commercial actors and Chilean government officials were obtained from the Chilean Lobby Registry. Relevant commercial names were initially identified based on their market share and expanded iteratively based on information from relevant meetings. Qualitative analysis followed a deductive-inductive approach using the Corporate Political Activity Model to identify and classify objectives, framing and action strategies. From 237 records identified, the Ministries of Health, Social Development, and Economy were the most frequently lobbied. Industry representatives sought to achieve their short- and long-term objectives by targeting a diverse range of authorities, including Ministers and Under-secretaries, using different strategies. Framing strategies focused on presenting sugary food and drinks industries as socially responsible and legitimate policy actors and criticised public health initiatives as 'bad solutions'. Action strategies aimed to influence policymaking and nurture corporate reputations. Extensive lobbying took place by the sugary food and drinks industries between 2014 and 2022, a period when major public health policies were being discussed in Chile. Lobbying strategies varied to meet industry objectives and targeted a diverse range of government institutions including high-ranking officials. Tighter regulations to stop inappropriate industry influence in public health policymaking are urgently required. Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile)-PhD Scholarship. University College London-Open Access fees.

Energy Sector Evolution: Perspectives on Energy Platforms and Energy Transition

Digital platforms are becoming more important in transforming the energy industry and altering the way we produce, distribute, and use energy. This paper explores the role of energy platforms in the transition towards renewable energy. We highlight, through real-life examples, that these platforms foster a participatory approach, convert consumers into proactive participants, democratize energy production, and encourage innovation in areas such as storage, electric mobility, and renewable project investments. Through a comprehensive review of the current literature, technological advancements, and emerging business models, we identify the possible key contributions of digital platforms to the energy sector. These platforms offer personalized user experiences, mutual benefits for users and companies, adaptability to market changes, support for peer-to-peer trade, and a reduction in bureaucracy. We then present a pioneering conceptual model by Liu et al. (2022), which integrates the energy cloud, digital platform, and transaction platform and we explore the business model of energy platforms. This business model is characterized by connectivity, innovative pricing, and revenue strategies independent of physical asset ownership. Advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain facilitate peer-to-peer energy trading, dynamic pricing, and a focus on transaction and access fees over traditional cost structures. Drawing on the business model and previous analysis we update the conceptual model for energy platforms to present a practical vision through a holistic approach.

Two-sided dynamic pricing and value-added service investment strategies of competitive platforms considering indirect network effects

In recent years, many platforms have realized that relying on subsidies and low-price strategies may result in limited access to users. To expand the market scale and realize the second growth in user scale, some platforms have started adding value-added service (VAS) investment. In this study, we focus on two competing platforms whose bilateral users can be multi-homed. Considering that the users' scale and indirect network effects (INEs) at the initial stage affect their willingness to access and the platforms’ VAS investment in the next stage, we build a two-stage game model to study the two-sided dynamic pricing decisions of competitive platforms when VAS is offered. The results indicate that the platforms should formulate different pricing strategies at two stages. In the first stage, the platforms can adopt a strategy of subsidizing or charging. Particularly, under certain conditions, it will be more beneficial for the platforms to subsidize the side users with the weaker strength of INE. Differently, in the second stage, the platforms should always charge bilateral users. Moreover, at this stage, the platforms will implement differentiated VAS and pricing combination strategies for both sides; they can offer a lower VAS level to one side of users but charge them a higher access fee, while offering a higher VAS level to the other side of users but charge them a lower access fee.

Modeling airport choice for a multi-airport area using a random parameter logit model

Recent years have seen a growing demand for air transport which has led to an increase in the number of airports providing a significant number of flights in Spain and throughout the rest of Europe. Choosing which airport to use depends on the competition between the airlines operating from them and how accessible they are to the residents in the surrounding areas. This research introduces an efficient design based on D-error using a stated preferences survey to study user behaviour when choosing between competing airports. The data is modelled using a Multinomial Logit Model and a Random Parameter Error Component Logit (RPECL), a discrete choice model which allows us to study user preferences taking into account their varying systemic and random tastes, as well as find specific correlations which may exist between similar alternatives. This meant the authors were also able to calculate the direct and cross elasticities to examine the weight of the different variables involved in making the choice of airport. The results showed, for a study case in Spain (Bilbao and Seve Ballesteros - Santander airports), that increased access time to the furthest airport caused an important fall in demand (choice) for that airport. It was also shown that access fees had a lower elasticity than the flight cost and that the fewer the transfers required to reach the final destination increased the probability of choosing an airport. Therefore, in order for smaller airports to compete with larger airports they need to invest more in reducing the cost of flights, attracting more low-cost companies and offering more direct complementary destinations than those provided by larger airports.

Exclusion or Subsidization? A Competitive Analysis of Quality Regulation Strategy for Two-Sided Platforms

With two-sided platforms becoming an increasingly ubiquitous business model, quality is a vital factor for the success of high-technology platforms that face fierce competition. To maintain competency, high-technology platforms commonly use two quality regulation strategies: the exclusion strategy (E strategy), in which the platform denies access to low-quality complementors, and the subsidization strategy (S strategy), in which the platform provides a fixed subsidy to high-quality complementors. This paper investigates the optimal quality regulation strategy for platforms in a duopoly setting. We examine and compare three scenarios: (i) both platforms adopt the exclusion strategy, i.e. mode EE, (ii) both platforms adopt the subsidization strategy, i.e. mode SS, and (ii) one platform adopts the subsidization strategy while the other adopts the exclusion strategy, i.e. mode SE. First, we find that although the developer network size is larger and the platforms charge developers higher access fees under SS, the average quality and the consumer access fees are lower under SS than under EE, leading to lower profits for platforms. Second, under SE, in comparison with the platform that adopts the exclusion strategy, the platform that uses the subsidization strategy achieves lower average quality and larger network sizes on both sides but may set higher or lower access fees on both sides. Moreover, the platform under the subsidization strategy profits more (less) when the operation cost on the developer side is high (low). Third, asymmetric mode SE does not necessarily induce moderate outcomes for market participants compared to modes EE and SS. We also examine the equilibrium mode by considering platforms’ optimal strategies for quality regulation. Our analyses reveal that as the operation cost on the developer side increases, the equilibrium mode evolves from EE to SE/ES and then to SS. These results and insights are robust to several alternative assumptions.

Compatibility and Information Asymmetry in Online Matching Platforms

Firms seeking business partners and individuals seeking life partners face several challenges in addition to finding available candidates. One of these challenges is uncertainty about a candidate’s compatibility with the match-seeker on various subjective criteria. Another challenge is authentication of objective quality features, particularly in online settings where credentials can be easily misrepresented. Online matching platforms can address these challenges through counseling services that help assess mutual compatibility of match-seekers and authentication services to validate match-seekers’ credentials. Using a stylized model, we show that the platform’s decisions to offer counseling and authentication services are influenced by match-seeker behavior in response to factors such as the platform’s counseling capability, the composition of the matching market, and the interactions between the two services. This leads to optimal strategies for the platform that are not obvious and can even be counterintuitive. For instance, offering better counseling does not necessarily result in higher revenues for the platform. And it may be optimal for the platform to reduce its access fee when it decides to offer an authentication service. We also show that when the platform’s counseling capability is modest, an increase in this capability increases the value of authentication (i.e., counseling complements authentication); however, when the platform’s counseling capability is high, counseling and authentication become substitutes, because narrowing the search to only high-value candidates based on authentication can exclude some compatible candidates. Our analysis and results provide valuable insights for platform operators on the relative value of counseling and authentication, and for researchers studying matching platforms for vertically and horizontally differentiated markets. This paper was accepted by Hemant Bhargava, information systems. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.03807 .

Dynamic Evolution of Repeated Pledge in FTW from the Perspective of Blockchain Empowerment

Due to information asymmetry, finance, transportation and warehouse financing gives rise to the issue of repeated pledge, which amplifies the risk of the loan business of financial institutions. In tandem with advancements in fintech, blockchain technology plays a significant role in the supply chain finance realm, primarily because of its core characteristics of being difficult to tamper with and decentralized. Therefore, this study constructed an evolutionary game model involving financial institutions, small- and medium-sized enterprises, and third-party logistics enterprises under a blockchain-enabled model and scrutinized the repeated pledge of financing entities in the finance, transportation and warehouse financing sector from the perspective of blockchain empowerment. The results show that the platform access fee being lower than the cost of conducting a financing business and the immutable characteristics of blockchain are important reasons to promote financial institutions to choose access to blockchain. The permanent retention of performance records owing to immutable performance under the blockchain model intensifies the consequences of dishonest behavior of small- and medium-sized enterprises and third-party logistics enterprises, thus encouraging the adoption of positive financing strategies. Additionally, the additional income obtained by third-party logistics enterprises’ covering behavior surpasses the additional income obtained by the repeated pledge behavior of small- and medium-sized enterprises, which will dismantle collusion between them. This study serves as a valuable reference for decision makers in the development of supply chain finance empowered by fintech.

A theoretical analysis on two‐sided duopoly platforms and tax regimes

AbstractWe study the effects of three forms of taxation—a tax levied on the platform's revenue, an ad valorem tax on consumers' access fees and tax imposed on per‐transaction fees of sellers, in vertically differentiated two‐sided duopoly platforms with cross‐side network effects. The level of informative advertising which increases the probability of finding sellers by buyers, declines with taxes for each platform. Analytical comparison between tax regimes has been made. Additionally, for an increased degree of cross‐group externality, platforms raise the level of informative advertising irrespective of tax structures.

Open Access Mandates and Policies Adopted by the Indian Research Organisations

Open access is a broad term that refers to information and knowledge that are freely available in the public domain for public use or distribution on a massive level, without the need for a subscription or access fee. The open access policies and mandates compel and encourage academics and scientists to publish their scholarly content in open access, considering it a societal duty since they receive research grants from the government. The present study evaluates the funded scholarly communication and availability of their funded research communication in OA platform from four major Indian research funders (i.e., CSIR, DBT, DST, and ICAR) that have mandated open access policies by discussing the policies induced by each organisation in last five years (2017-21) indexed in the Scopus database. The OA-funded or affiliated scientific literature is indexed to a very minimum number in comparison to total publications mainly for each funder which mostly adopted green and gold OA routes of publications. The average citation of OA-funded publications is more than non-OA-funded publications. The funder also initiates awareness campaigns and workshops on open access to encourage and motivate researchers by engraving free publications with worldwide exposure and visibility.

How to promote the participation of enterprises using open government data? Evolutionary game analysis by applying dynamic measures

As the development of smart cities, driven by emerging technologies, enters a new phase, the focus shifts towards sustaining operations rather than building new infrastructures. In the era of big data, one crucial factor for the sustainability of smart cities is the innovation and economic value generated through open government data (OGD). Local governments often adopt incentive policies to encourage participation, recognizing that most emerging technologies are driven by innovation and promotion from enterprises. This raises a fundamental question: how do the strategies of local governments and enterprises interact in the context of open government data development? In this study, we have developed an approach based on evolutionary game theory to examine the interactions of OGD participants, such as local governments and enterprises, in shaping their long-term decisions. Specifically, we have explored the effectiveness and efficiency of combinations involving hybrid subsidies and data access fees by simulating Evolutionarily Stable Strategies (ESS) based on empirical cases from enterprises. Our findings indicate that dual dynamic measures are more effective and efficient in encouraging stakeholder participation in open government data initiatives over the long term. The results underscore the preference for flexible policies over rigid ones and highlight the critical role of positive interactions between enterprises and local governments in fostering the sustainable operation of OGD.

Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Internal and External Finance Model

This study applies Stackelberg game theory to analyze and compare optimal operational strategies in four supply chain finance scenarios: traditional trade financing (TI), trade financing through the blockchain platform (BI), traditional external financing (TE), and external financing through the blockchain platform (BE). The main findings are as follows: First, the adoption of the blockchain platform reduces the interest rate threshold, making external financing more advantageous for retailers with higher capital constraint. Further, financing through the blockchain platform leads to higher wholesale prices, retail prices, and order quantities compared to traditional financing scenarios. Second, internal trade financing and the use of blockchain technology are preferred over external bank financing. However, conducting external bank financing through the blockchain platform yields greater profit growth for manufacturers and retailers. Accessing the blockchain platform is the optimal strategy for retailers and banks, leading to a favorable “multi-win” situation when the manufacturer’s platform fees are reasonable. Third, the manufacturer’s risk guarantee ratio plays a crucial role in determining the choice of financing mode, particularly when the retailer faces the risk of debt default. This study contributes to the literature by quantifying the impacts of blockchain technology deployment for three aspects that have been overlooked in previous studies: the set-up cost and access fee of the blockchain platform, the service level provided by the platform, and the demand increase resulting from blockchain technology adoption.

Anticholesterol Activity and Mechanisms of Konjac Glucomannan: A Systematic Review

Big Data is the new oil. The real issue of the development of information technology is the existence of Big Data. Big Data is very important, talking about Big Data not only touches the issue of how big data you have, but what can be done with the data. The high cost of Big Data access is inversely proportional to the collection of data through surveys or censuses for free. analysis of the application of efficiency theory in an economic approach in imposing access costs to statistical activities, knowing the impact of imposing Big Data access fee tariffs, knowing the potential of Big Data as a supporter of official statistics in the future, what are the obstacles and solutions in implementing it. The preparation of this paper is juridical-empirical research with the nature of descriptive research with an economic law approach. Big Data is managed for different purposes using different systems and methods and not necessarily using statistical rules. The implementation of Big Data as a new data source is carried out through a combination of data sources. The imposition of Big Data access fees as a source of data supporting official statistics causes low utilization of Big Data as a new data source. The information technology revolution makes Big Data has the potential to complement, replace, improve, add, and improve the composition of existing statistical data sources, and produce more timely outputs. Difficult access and high costs for data collection are major obstacles. Therefore, it needs to be supported by legal instruments that facilitate its implementation in Indonesia. One is the reformulation of existing regulations that make it easier for basic statistical organizations to obtain such data sources for free and use only in the national interest

The commodification of academic publishing – Relevance to cancer palliative care literature

ABSTRACT The commodification of academic publishing refers to the process of turning academic research and scholarship into a marketable product that can be bought and sold for profit. This has become an increasingly prevalent issue in recent years, as academic publishing has become dominated by a small number of large commercial publishers who control access to research and charge exorbitant fees for access to academic articles. In the context of cancer palliative care literature, the commodification of academic publishing has several important implications. First, it means that access to important research on cancer palliative care may be restricted to those who can afford to pay for it, effectively limiting its dissemination and impact. This is particularly problematic in low-income countries or regions where resources for cancer palliative care are already limited. Second, the commodification of academic publishing can lead to the proliferation of predatory journals that publish low-quality or even fraudulent research for profit, which can lead to misleading or harmful information being disseminated to practitioners, policymakers and the public. Finally, the emphasis on profit in academic publishing can create pressure for researchers to prioritise publishing in high-impact journals rather than focusing on research that is most relevant to the needs of cancer palliative care patients and their families. This can create a skewed incentive structure that values prestige over impact, potentially undermining the quality and relevance of research in this field. In summary, the commodification of academic publishing has significant implications for cancer palliative care literature, including issues of access, quality and relevance. It is important for researchers, policymakers and publishers to work together to address these challenges and ensure that the best research is made accessible to all those who need it, regardless of their ability to pay.

Market power of railway operators under different vertical structures

This paper theoretically and quantitatively investigates the effects of structural reforms – separation between infrastructure operations and train operations and the introduction of competition – on the degree of market power downstream, as measured by the Lerner index, by explicitly considering economies of scale at the infrastructure level and regulated access fees. We find that vertical separation reduces the degree of market power when there is a monopoly downstream. Besides, under vertical separation, the Lerner index under duopoly downstream exceeds that under monopoly when economies of scale are large enough. This follows from incomplete pass-through of access fees to prices. Our quantitative analysis indicates that, compared to separation, the Lerner index is higher and consumer surplus and social welfare are also higher in the case of a vertically integrated monopoly. With competition downstream, an integrated structure yields decreases in the integrated operator’s degree of market power and modest gains in terms of consumer surplus and social welfare for low degrees of product differentiation compared to separation. Larger economies of scale result in lower rail prices and access fees, which enhance consumer surplus and industry profits although the Lerner indices go up.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE SYSTEM OF INDICATORS FOR MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATIVE AND INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

Purpose. Production and economic activity and the formation of the organizational and economic mechanism of the functioning of enterprises of the track complex of the multi-branch railway transport system, based on the need for scientifically based planning, based on the need to meet the requirements proposed by the enterprises of operational activity. In the new conditions of infrastructure operation, one more requirement has been added - the establishment of a non-discriminatory fee for access to infrastructure facilities, which supports the principle of ensuring the price competitiveness of railway transport. This means the need to develop methodological provisions for determining estimated prices for the use of transport infrastructure, which are based on a detailed study and analysis of the cost structure of railway infrastructure enterprises. The purpose of this article is to develop and substantiate a certain system of indicators that would objectively reflect the essence and effectiveness of managing the innovative and investment development of railway transport in modern conditions. Method. Research methodology involves the use of methods: empirical research (comparison, observation), theoretical research (ascending from the abstract to the concrete), general scientific methods (abstraction and concretization, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy), etc. The results. The key elements of costs of railway transport enterprises have been determined. Only with the implementation of a joint mechanism for planning operational costs of railway transport enterprises and operator companies is it possible to solve the complex task of reducing costs, reducing cost, increasing the volume of transportation, effective management of innovation and investment development, and increasing the competitiveness of railway transport. Scientific novelty. an algorithm for the use of tools for substantiating the system of indicators for the management of innovation and investment development of railway transport was developed. Practical significance. The originality and practical value of the research lies in the fact that the article systematizes the key performance indicators of railway transport enterprises, which affect their productivity and efficiency.