Access Distance Research Articles

A SPATIAL STUDY OF LAND AND FOREST FIRE-PRONE AREAS IN SITUBONDO REGENCY, EAST JAVA PROVINCE

The increasing area of land burned in 2021 makes the government urgent to map areas prone to forest fires in Situbondo Regency. This study analyzes areas prone to forest and land fires using the SMCA method. The research analysis used variables of land cover type, the greenness of vegetation, vegetation humidity, land surface temperature, and human factors. The human elements in question are accessibility (distance from the road network) and distance from human activities (distance from settlements, fields, and plantations). The conclusion analysis of forest fire-prone areas is divided into three classes that are high, medium, and low. From the vulnerability model that has emerged, it was found that most of Situbondo Regency have a high grade of forest fire vulnerability with an area of 652.66 km² (39.08%). The areas with the level of vulnerability of the middle, low, and non-vulnerable classes, respectively, are 532.12 km² (31.87%), 306.46 km² (18.35%), and 178.65 km² (10, 70%). The results of statistical tests using the ordinal logistic regression method show that natural factors for forest and land fires had a higher level of influence (? = 4.824) on forest and land fire vulnerability compared to human factors (? = 1.051).
 Keywords: Forest and Land Fires; GMA method; Natural Factors; Human Factor

Implementation of a North American pediatric emergency medicine simulation curriculum using the virtual resuscitation room.

Simulation provides consistent opportunities for residents to practice high-stakes, low-frequency events such as pediatric resuscitations. To increase standardization across North American residency programs, the Emergency Medicine Resident Simulation Curriculum for Pediatrics (EM ReSCu Peds) was developed. However, access to high-quality simulation/pediatric expertise is not uniform. As the concurrent COVID-19 pandemic necessitated new virtual simulation methods, we adapted the Virtual Resus Room (VRR) to teach EM ReSCu Peds. VRR is an award-winning, low-resource, open-access distance telesimulation platform we hypothesize will be effective and scalable for teaching this curriculum. EM residents completed six VRR EM ReSCu Peds simulation cases and received immediate facilitator-led teledebriefing. Learners completed retrospective pre-post surveys after each case. Learners and facilitators completed end-of-day surveys. Primary outcomes were learning effectiveness measured by a composite of the Simulation Effectiveness in Teaching Modified (SET-M) tool and self-reported changes in learner comfort with case objectives. Secondary outcome was VRR scalability to teach EM ReSCu Peds using a composite outcome of net promoter scores (NPS), resource utilization, open-text feedback, and technical issues. Learners reported significantly increased comfort with 95% (54/57) of EM ReSCu Peds-defined case objectives (91% cognitive, 9% psychomotor), with moderate (Cohen's d 0.71, 95% CI 0.67-0.76) overall effect size. SET-M responses indicated simulation effectiveness, particularly with debriefing. Ninety EM residents from three North American residency programs were taught by 59 pediatric faculty from six programs over 4 days-more than possible if simulations were conducted in person. Learners (39) and faculty (68) NPS were above software industry benchmarks (13). Minor, quickly resolved, technical issues were reported by 18% and 29% of learners and facilitators, respectively. Learners and facilitators report that the VRR is an effective and scalable platform to teach EM ReSCu Peds. This low-cost, accessible distance simulation intervention could increase equitable, global access to high-quality pediatric emergency education.

Small-signal modeling and wide-band oscillation analysis with the high proportion of renewable energy integrated through LCC-HVDC

With the high proportion of renewable energy through high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission into the grid and the application of high proportion of power electronic equipment, in the modern power system, the traditional electromagnetic conversion equipment represented by synchronous generators is gradually replaced by power electronic equipment, which in a high level has been affecting the dynamic behavior of the power system. In recent years, the wide-band oscillation problem of unknown mechanism continues to appear in power systems, which poses a major threat to the security, stability, and operation of power systems. Therefore, based on the typical oscillation event, this paper constructs a typical small-signal model of the new power system which is composed of synchronous generator, HVDC transmission equipment, and renewable energy generation equipment. The model is suitable for the analysis of wide-band oscillation problem of the new power system with renewable energy as the main body. The comparison of time-domain response with the detailed time-domain model shows that the proposed small-signal model can well reflect the dynamic behavior of the detailed time-domain model. Based on the model, the influence of access distance, access proportion, and operation and control modes of renewable energy integrated through LCC-HVDC on the wide-band oscillation characteristics of the system is analyzed, and the correctness of the analysis is verified by the detailed time-domain model.

Space-time Models and Personal Accessibility to Educational Facilities. Case Study of Space-time Accessibility to Schools in the City of Valencia

Society nowadays makes intensive use of time and extensive use of space. This has implications for spatial planning of facilities and services since it is now essential to look at personal accessibility (in terms of time and choice) and not just physical distance. Over and above spatial accessibility (distance or cost of travel to the facility or service), location models based on space-time accessibility also consider personal accessibility with respect to the time available to access a facility or service. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the practical usefulness of the theoretical approach grounded in the Geography of Time in enhancing personal accessibility to facilities and services which are provided in a specific space and at a specific time and have fixed start and end times, as is the case with schools. To this end, an ad hoc tool was developed to generate a number of scenarios simulating actual and hypothetical conditions for space-time accessibility to schools in the city of Valencia. The results showed how studying space-time accessibility may be extremely useful in drawing up proposals designed to increase personal accessibility to core services such as education and thereby helping to improve work-life balance.

Sustainable Maritime Freight Transportation: Current Status and Future Directions

Maritime freight has gained popularity among researchers and practitioners due to its cost efficiency and eco-friendly nature. It was initially developed for cargo transfer, but its widespread adoption has made it the backbone of global economy. Despite its favourable nature, some of its serious negative effects have attracted the attention of researchers and scholars. Therefore, the present study reviews the extensive literature available on maritime freight logistics, and evaluates the existing access distance between sustainability practices and maritime freight logistics. A systematic three-stage review process including review planning, review conduct and evaluation is followed in this study. VOSviewer and the R language are used to evaluate relevant issues and changes in the literature. Thereafter, the content analysis highlights the major themes of the subject. This study underscores the impact of innovative technologies discovered to make maritime freight sustainable and also examines maritime freight transport in terms of three pillars of sustainability. The result has implications for policymakers to facilitate the smooth implementation of sustainable practices in maritime freight transportation.

Measuring Efficiency of Bamboo Handicrafts in Tribal Society of Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis

Are the traditional bamboo handicrafts of Sylhet district of Bangladesh being produced efficiently by Patra women? To answer this question, 120 women entrepreneurs from the Patra community were selected using a multistage random sampling technique. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) structured questionnaires directly from women entrepreneurs considering factors such as age, education, labor, equipment quantity, credit access, raw materials, production volume, product price, and market distance. Each union was divided into 4 sessions with a total of 15 women entrepreneurs in each session. The Stochastic Frontier Production function was used with a theoretical framework to measure economic, allocative, and technical efficiency. Tribal women entrepreneurs are relatively middle-aged with an average age of 38 years and 58.35% were educated in primary school. The coefficient of labor represents a positive sign that is not statistically significant. The value of raw material and capital coefficient was -1.191 which is significant but negatively affects the production efficiency of handicraft making at a 1% level. The stochastic Frontier Production model is 0.999 which is statistically significant, meaning that 99.9 percent of the variability of income from handicrafts is responsible for the technical inefficiency of production techniques. The technical and allocative efficiencies indices of bamboo handicrafts varied significantly at 95 and 92%, respectively. They efficiently and accurately allocated enterprise input. There was a gap between the highest and lowest economic efficiency index, with an average economic efficiency of 87 percent. It was also found that education, credit access, and market distance factors have made a positive and significant contribution to production efficiency. A policy implication of the study is that it is a promising initiative for Patra women as their economic development involves increasing the production of handicrafts. First, the Government of Bangladesh should allocate funds for modern education methods and training in making bamboo handicrafts, and provide financial assistance to these communities in the off-season, especially during the monsoon season, which will further accelerate the production activities of the industry. Also, for the advancement of bamboo handicrafts, it is necessary to set up sales outlets to facilitate marketing.

Exploring the Spatial Variation of Access/Egress Distances of Subway Stations Using Mobile Phone Positioning Data in Chengdu, China

The distance from the origin or destination to or from the subway station is defined as the access or egress distance, which determines the service coverage of the subway station. However, little literature studies the distances at the station level, and they may vary from station to station. Therefore, this study aims to explore the influencing factors and spatial variation of the distances at the station level by using the mobile phone positioning data of more than 1.2 million anonymous users in Chengdu, China. First, this study proposes a method to extract the access and egress trips of the subway. Next, the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models are carried out to select the significant explanatory variables. Finally, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) models are used to model the spatial variation relationship between the 85th percentile access/egress distances and the selected explanatory variables. The results show that different stations’ access/egress distances vary significantly in space. Hotel, residence, life, finance, road density, and mixed land use are found to be negatively correlated with distances, while education, 36–45 years old, male, and high education are positively correlated. In addition, the GWR model reveals that the influence of explanatory variables on access/egress distance varies from space to space. The results further promote the understanding of the existing system and provide a relevant reference for planners and transportation departments to optimize land use and public transportation planning.

The Integrated Electronic Health System in Iranian health centers: benefits and challenges

BackgroundElectronic Health Records (EHRs) were introduced to all Iranian medical universities in 2015 with the launch of Integrated Electronic Health System (which is known as SIB: a Persian backronym in Persian meaning apple), and a number of studies were conducted on SIB. However, most of these studies did not consider the benefits and challenges of adopting SIB in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the benefits and challenges of SIB in health centers of Khuzestan Province, Iran.MethodsThis was a qualitative study using qualitative conventional content analysis conducted on 6 experts and 24 users of SIB in six health centers of three cities in Khuzestan province, Iran. The participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Maximum variation was considered in selecting the group of users, and snowball sampling was used in the group of experts. Data collection tool was semi-structured interview. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis.ResultsOverall, 42 components (24 for benefits and 18 for challenges) were extracted from the interviews. Common sub-themes and themes were identified for challenges and benefits. The components formed 12 sub-themes, and they were placed in 3 main themes, namely structure, process and outcome. 1) Structure included four sub-themes of Financial resources, Human resources, Facilities, and Access to the Internet; 2) Process involved three sub-themes of Training, Providing services, and Time and workload; and 3) Outcome incorporated five sub-themes of Quality of health services, Access, Safety and personal distance, Screening and evaluation, and Research.ConclusionsIn the present study, the benefits and challenges of adopting SIB were examined in three themes: structure, process, and outcome. Most of the identified benefits were related to the theme of outcome, and most of the identified challenges were related to the theme of structure. Based on the identified factors, by strengthening the benefits of SIB and also trying to eliminate or reduce its challenges, it is possible to institutionalize and use it more effectively in order to solve health problems.

The Utilization of Voluntary Counseling and Testing by Women of Reproductive Age in West Papua

Women of reproductive age living with the human immunodeficiency virus (WRALHIV) have many complex problems regarding their disease and status. They have to access Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) as one of the health services where they would receive antiretroviral treatment to optimize their health and improve their quality of life. The study aims to analyze the factors which determine the utilization of VCT for accessing antiretroviral treatment by WRALHIV in West Papua. It was an observational, cross-sectional study. The subject was women of reproductive age (WRA) aged 15-49 years old, receiving antiretroviral treatment at VCT of Hospitals in Manokwari, Sorong, and Fakfak. The total was 140 respondents. Data collection was carried out by interviews using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed statistically using the chi-square and logistic regression tests. Most respondents with high intensity in the utilization of VCT services were aged 15-35 years, graduated from senior high school - university, unemployed, and married. Demographic and predisposing variables were not significantly associated, but there were significant associations between enabling factors (distance) with p value=0.00 and reinforcing factor (social support) with p value=0.03 in the utilization of VCT services by WRALHIV in West Papua, in which the distance was more significant than social support in the utilization of VCT services. The easily accessible distance increases their visitation to VCT. In addition, social support had an impact on increasing the utilization of VCT services, and finally, these may improve WRALHIV quality of life.

ASSESSMENT OF TRANSIT STOPS SERVICE AREA USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM – A CASE STUDY OF PUNJAB UNIVERSITY TRANSPORTATION

University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan being a largest educational and research institution, has remarkably large network of transportation system, covering an area of approximately 1761 square kilometers of Lahore District, to provide an efficient and low cost transit facility to university students, employees and their children. Present research has focused on existing transit stops service area analysis, using Geographical Information System (GIS), of the institute’s transportation system to analyze the efficacy of transit network, user’s access to transit stops and spatial gaps in the transit service. A recent survey of transit stops indicated that on an average 4,076 transit users were being served with 56 buses on 41 routes within study area. Suitable walking time of 8 minute or threshold distance of 624m with walk speed of 78m/ minute has been used as a standard to find the transit stop service area. Results showed that 26.43% of transit users were in a suitable walk access distance of 624 m from transit stops. More than 70% of the transit users in study area had walk time of more than 8 minutes to get to the transit stop. The outcome of present study will help in understanding the present transport network of the university in crucial decision making in future transport planning with respect to passenger demand in study area.

Extent of Shifting Cultivation and its Socio-economic Implications in Saiha District, Mizoram, India

Shifting cultivation is a primitive form of agricultural practice that barely meets the minimum requirements of food grains. It is largely confined to the hill slopes, often extending to steep gradients in all the hill districts of the region. This practice normally involves the clearing of forests and is allowed to dry up and the residue is burnt up. The fields or the clearings are prepared and wait the onset of the rains. After which, with the broadcasting methods seeds are sown and crops are cultivated. These jhum fields are frequently located near the permanent settlement sites or located within accessible distance. These fields are temporary as they are used only for one or two seasons; after this, the same process is repeated in adjacent forest areas. In other words, there is a distinct rotation of fields that averages 3 to 10 years, this is the jhum cycle. With increasing population pressure, this jhum cycle has gradually declined. As a result this practice has become an uneconomical preposition.

Non-Linear Associations Between the Urban Built Environment and Commuting Modal Split: A Random Forest Approach and SHAP Evaluation

The study of commuting mode choice is crucial since driving, with all its associated environmental and economic consequences, is the United States’ most popular mode of transportation due to urban sprawl, priority to road construction and America’s love affair with the automobile. More attention needs to be paid to sustainable modes such as public transit and walking. The built environment is expected to have an impact on commuting mode choice. Built environments with higher density, diversity, intentional design, destination accessibility, and shorter distance to transit (collectively known as the 5 Ds of the built environment) are hypothesized to lead to more sustainable mode choices, including public transit and walking. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of built environment variables on commuting modal split, including the four modes of public transit-bus, public transit-rail, walking, and driving. The study is conducted in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, at the geographic level of census block groups in year 2015. Given the complexity of relationships in the built environment-travel behavior subject, the random forest method is used to predict aggregated commuting mode choice. Random forest is employed as it is capable of capturing nonlinear relationships and is not constrained by limitations in other widely used methods, such as multinomial logistic regression. After predicting the commuting mode shares, SHAP values (SHapley Additive exPlanations) are used to evaluate the impact of the built environment on commuting mode choices. As an advanced machine learning method, SHAP values adds explainability to the model. This method resolves the known limitation of machine learning methods as being “black boxes” and converts them to “white boxes” by providing interpretability. They provide insights into both the direction and magnitude of the relationships. Thanks to its rigorous ML-based design, our study helps to solidify the state of knowledge with strong evidence that block groups with higher degrees of the 5Ds lead to more choices of public transit and walking modes. We discuss urban policy implications of this study.

A dataset of ecological sensitivity evaluation of Sanya City in 2020

Ecological sensitivity refers to the sensitivity of the ecological environment to the natural phenomena and human activities in a region. As one of the main methods to analyze the stability of the regional ecological environment, it can reflect the possibility of the occurrence of ecological imbalance and ecological environmental problems. It is important for regional ecological protection and decision-making. For Sanya City, the central city in the southern part of Hainan Province, improving and protecting the ecological environment plays an important role in the sustainable development of the region. In this paper, we chose Sanya City as the study area to compile a dataset of ecological sensitivity evaluation of Sanya City in 2020. We used 9 factors (i.e. elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation coverage, water body, land use type, soil erosion intensity, population density distribution, and road accessibility distance) as the ecological sensitivity evaluation indicators. And we adopted the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to calculate the weight of each evaluation index, and divided the study area into five levels: non-sensitive, low-sensitive, medium-sensitive, high-sensitive, and extremely high-sensitive through GIS spatial analysis and calculation. In terms of the data quality control, we carried out various data verifications by screening cloud-free images in the Sanya City area, the kappa coefficient of the land use supervision and classification consistency test (about 0.85), and combined the NDWI results with the remote sensing images to obtain the water body range, so as to improve the reliability of data quality. This dataset can reflect the ecological sensitivity of Sanya City, and provide a reference data source for ecological environmental protection, resource development and land planning in Sanya City.

Degree of style coiling is associated with corolla-tube length in the nectarless flowers of Roscoea schneideriana

The plant-pollinator ‘arms race’ model posits that a major driver of the evolution of elongated corollas in flowers is reciprocal selection for ‘morphological fit’ between pollinator-tongue length and access distance to nectar (usually corolla-tube length). Evidence for the pollinator-mediated selection on tube length and evolution of multiple, correlated floral traits remains inconclusive. To gain possible insights into the strength of stabilizing selection by assessing standing phenotypic variation, we measured a series of functionally important floral traits, including corolla tube length and ‘effective’ tube depth and degree of style coiling. We then calculated coefficients of variation (CV) for these traits in three field populations of R. schneideriana. Unlike in most long-tubed flowers, the bottom part of the corolla tube is completely occupied by the style, with no room for nectar. The length of this portion of the corolla tube was more variable (higher CV) than the upper part of the corolla tube, suggesting that functional tube depth was under stronger stabilizing selection. The degree of style coiling was negatively related to the corolla-tube length in all three populations of R. schneideriana, suggesting that there may be conflicting selection acting on style length and corolla-tube length, which are otherwise usually tightly correlated. Given the lack of nectar in the flowers of this species, the long corolla tubes and long styles may represent morphological holdovers from ancestors that were pollinated by long-tongued pollinators, as is still seen in related species in the western Himalayas.

APPROACHES IN PROVIDING HIGHLY EFFECTIVE DISTANCE LEARNING AT THE DEPARTMENT OF THERAPEUTIC DENTISTRY, POLTAVA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

Modern medical education is significantly affected by the nationwide quarantine that has made adjustments to the development and functioning in all sectors of society. Inability to conduct offline full-fledged classes at educational settings contributed to the wider implementation of distance education.
 According to the Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", distance education has the official status of an independent form of education on a par with full-time, extramural and externships.
 Modern platforms and services allow educators to continue the educational process at high quality levels during quarantine. Thus, groups in Viber, created for quick transmission of messages at the beginning of the last academic year, are now organically woven into the educational process. The educators at the Department of Therapeutic Stomatology actively use the Viber messenger in cases where there are problems in joining students to electronic courses and providing assistance. The department staff actively uses the services of the Zoom platform to conduct distance learning. Free service with a clear interface enables to actively participate in online meetings. The option of screen sharing allows each participant to receive and contribute their own information to group discussion thus maintaining feedback. In Zoom, it is easy to submit new material, in particular presentations, and check its assimilation by students. The chat can be used for asking quick questions and writing comments during the class. By controlling the chat, educators can add or remove participants, give the right to vote, access to the screen, separate communication. Such classes also foster the communication skills. You can plan the date of the conference [2]. The recording of the conference can be stored in separate folders. In addition, using the Zoom platform, we can hold department meetings, scientific student group meetings, etc. The department staff actively participates in various conferences, meetings of the academic councils using the Zoom platform.
 Nevertheless, online education cannot provide the proper question of practical skills. This prompted the search for visual examples and opportunities to demonstrate working with phantoms and patients in the format of distance learning to medical and dental students. Some opportunities in this direction are provided by the YouTube platform. A large number of correspondents provide this platform with an almost immeasurable variety of videos on different topics for students to view materials on the discipline. The videos are specially created for both teachers and students to explain and demonstrate certain concepts, ways of using equipment or dental accessories, the mechanism of action of a medicinal product, etc. Taking into account the above mentioned, we can determine the main ways of the development of the distance learning system: creation of various distance learning programs; increasing the number of open access and free educational distance mass courses, etc. Distance technologies applied in teaching the discipline "Therapeutic Dentistry" enables to enrich the medical training, foster systemic thinking, and to design more flexible student-centred approach.

An Integration of Open-Source Resources in Distance Teaching for Real-Time Embedded System Using Arduino Microcontroller and Freertos

Distance learning has become a crucial alternativein education system worldwide since the Covid-19 pandemic happened. An affordable and accessible solution is essentialto enable a quality remote teaching and learning experience for each student. Real-Time Embedded System (RTES) is about applying real-time system in an embedded system (e.g., microcontroller) in ways that both logical and temporal requirements are fulfilled. A special attention shall be on the temporal response analysis so that students can have a clear distinction between microcontrollers with and without real-time system.Since there is a lack of accessible traceable studies about how to utilize the open-source platform inintroducing the key RTES concepts, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of an integration of open-source resources (i.e., SimSo simulator, Arduino platform and FreeRTOSAPI) in teaching RTES remotely and to provide real-time learning experience about RTES concepts without additional components or wiring out of school. First, each student was introduced to the ways to integrate existing open-source resources so that each of them could develop RTES in their placesusing a FreeRTOS compatible microcontroller.RTES concepts of task, hyperperiod, task scheduling, pre-emption,static-priority scheduling algorithms, and mutual exclusion in resource sharing were delivered using the proposed infrastructure. Results show that an obvious context switch could be observed when pre-emption happened. Finding indicates that the proposed integration was useful for students to understand the complex RTES concepts e.g., task scheduling, pre-emption, and mutuallyexclusion.Since positive responses were received from students in two consecutive semesters, the proposed infrastructure is an affordable and accessible distance learning alternative in assisting students to understand RTES concepts.

Estimating the steps made by public transport commuters using a synthetic population enriched with smart card data

BackgroundPublic transport use can contribute to daily physical activity recommendations through its associated walking components. However, without using travel surveys, it is challenging to estimate walking associated with public transport use for the population of large cities. MethodsBig data, in the form of smart card data, combined with a synthetic population, was used to estimate the access, transfer and egress distance of public transport commuter journeys in Sydney, Australia. A spatial network analysis of the access, transfer and egress segments of commuter journeys was performed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). ResultsA mean step count of approximately 2400 steps (1915 m) weighted across modes was estimated for daily public transport commutes. The largest mean number of steps corresponds with ferry (3066 steps, 2436 m) and train use (2933 steps, 2340 m). ConclusionWalking to public transport is an important contributor to meeting physical activity recommendations. The findings of this study can aid planners and health practitioners to understand the pattern of physical activity associated with public transport commuter use and can influence future decision-making in land use planning and infrastructure provision, or for developing targeted interventions for the promotion of the benefits of physical activity and public transport use.

The Role of the Access Environment in Metro Commute Travel Satisfaction

The contributions of the access and egress portions of public transport trips to overall travel satisfaction merit more attention. This study collected responses from intercepted regular urban rail travelers at three metro stations with distinct built-form and land-use characteristics. Local conditions of access on foot, by bicycle, or on a bus were evaluated retrospectively on a five-point satisfaction scale and compared with an independent survey of the same access routes. Three-factor theory and dummy variable regression methods were used to identify the factor structure of environmental attributes under different access means. In the results, access and egress satisfaction were more important than metro trip satisfaction in overall trip satisfaction for walking and cycling modes. Access distance was not significant for walking and marginally negative for cycling satisfaction. For pedestrians, street connectivity, pathway directness, shade, greenery, and crossing safety were all significant (p < 0.05), explaining 51% of the variance in expressed satisfaction. For bicyclists, directness, distance, service, and parking facilities were significant in satisfaction, accounting for 62% of variance. In the bus access model, we found that bus stop location is very important, with passengers also very concerned about the walk experience to the bus stop. Satisfaction with access and egress environments is important in overall satisfaction with travel by public transport.

Ice template-assisting activation strategy to prepare biomass-derived porous carbon cages for high-performance Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors

Biomass-derived porous carbons are desirable electrode material for supercapacitors, but the blocked carbon morphology leading to the poor accessibility and long diffusion distance hinders the practical application. Exposing the inner carbon space for smooth ion transport is crucial for the enhanced capacitive performance. Herein, porous carbon cages were prepared from heavy bio-oil using an ice template-assisting activation method. Ice crystals played crucial roles in the fabrication of cage-like morphology. By tuning the volume, ice crystals grew as templates to create cavities, prevent the shrinkage of carbon framework and transport activators into carbon bulks for high accessible surface area. The resultant porous carbons possess open structure with hollow cavities and layered shells, allowing the both excellent energy and power performance for symmetric supercapacitors and Zn-based hybrid supercapacitors. The assembled Zn-based hybrid supercapacitors achieve a favorable energy density of 119.02 Wh kg−1.

Optimal site selection and sizing of solar EV charge stations

Driving a conventional gasoline vehicle is an important polluting factor that causes environmental degradation. In order to reduce dependence on gasoline and its related environmental effects, electric vehicles are emerging as an alternative to conventional gasoline vehicles. Electric vehicles are both economical and environmentally friendly vehicles that draw their energy from rechargeable batteries in the car, which have many benefits such as reduced carbon emissions or pollution, cost-effectiveness, and less noise. The most important drawback of these vehicles is the problems with recharging. One way to deal with this problem is to build charge stations for electric vehicles. A suitable charge station for electric vehicles should also be located in a very precise place to get the most out of electric vehicles. Therefore, in this paper, an MCDA approach based on GIS for optimal site selection of charge stations has been conducted. A simple Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP) is used to select the optimal locations for electric vehicle charge stations. The proposed method is applied in Kish (an island in the south of Iran) as the study area. The genetic optimization algorithm is applied to solve the optimization problem and is simulated in Matlab software. Using integrated modeling and mathematical optimization in a GIS operating system, the results showed that the proposed model can select suitable locations for charge stations for electric vehicles that can meet the demand for charging electric vehicles within a certain access distance. Also, the method of locating and determining the simultaneous capacity of solar sources and charge stations of electric vehicles and managing the charging process of vehicles in the network has been presented and suitable places for constructing charge stations of electric vehicles have been proposed.