Acceptable Face Research Articles

Psychometric validation of the Persian version of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule.

Determining the reliability and validity of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS-P) in Iran was the purpose of this study. We translated the MAKS into Persian and back into English. The validation process included linguistic validation, face validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. We perform multiple linear regressions to test the association between mental health knowledge and independent variables. A total of 384 people completed the Persian version of the questionnaire. In total, 64.6% of the respondents were women. The majority of respondents (51.6%) were married and did not have a full-time job (67.7%). The linguistic validation was confirmed. All the items of the questionnaire had acceptable face validity, except question number one, which was deleted due to incompatibility with the Iranian culture. Good internal consistency and reliability were shown by an overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.77. The test-retest approach was performed and the Cronbach's alpha was 0.845. Eigenvalues and the scree plot supported a 2-factorial nature of the translated survey form. The first and the second factors explained 33.14 and 14.92% of the variance, respectively. Age, education, and working status can be considered possible predictors of the MAKS-P score. The MAKS-P is a trustworthy questionnaire to assess stigma-related mental health knowledge in Persian-speaking societies.

Standardization of artistic gymnastic skill test on handspring pike for sub junior girls

The purpose of this study was to standardization of artistic gymnastic skill test on handspring pike for sub junior girls. A sample size or design is a definite plan for determining before any data is actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population. The subjects of this study was girls Gymnastic players who represented minimum state level or 3 year game age (as per certified by coach) with the help of purposive sampling. The age group of the subjects were below 14 years only. To construct the gymnastic skills test battery’s face validity was formulated by the researcher. A researcher taken different kinds of gymnastic skills from the FIG rulebook. After that we sent the skills to 13 experts for rating through likert scale. Then the experts rated & gave suggestions. When we finalized the skill by looking at the ratings. Highly rated skill had been considered for skill test battery. It is concluded that the gymnastic skill test ultimately could retain better skill item among the various skill items, which can successfully measure the gymnastic skill ability of the sub-junior gymnastic players with acceptable face validity, highly reliability and objectivity.

The Psychometric Properties of the Relaxation/Meditation/Mindfulness (RMM) Tracker t Inventory in an Iranian Population.

Background A growing body of research has examined the psychometric properties of popular mindfulness inventories for different population. The present study is aimed at exploring the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Relaxation/Meditation/Mindfulness (RMM) Tracker t Inventory in Iran. Method This was a cross-sectional and methodological study that conducted in Kerman, southeast Iran. Fifty, 300, and 163 Iranian adult participants were participated in the pilot, exploratory, and confirmatory phase, respectively. Face, content, and structural validities, Cronbach's alpha, and Omega coefficient were used to validate the Persian scale. Results The results showed that the “Persian version of RMM t” had acceptable content and face validities. The Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) with Promax Rotation showed that the P-RMM t has 3 scales of “Mindful Love, Thankfulness, and Transcendence,” “Relaxation,” and “Mindful Deepening” which further confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency of all three scales was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha coefficients > 80). Conclusion The Persian version of RMM Tracker t seems to be a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess the levels of mindfulness in the Iranian general population.

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Persian Dynamic Spatial Quick Speech-in-Noise Test in Adults with Normal Hearing

Background and Aim: Spatial hearing is a prerequisite for the proper function of the listener in complex auditory environments. In the present study, a Persian version of the dynamic spatial-quick speech in noise (DS-QSIN) has been developed with respect to all possible factors affecting the test and to run five lists for normal hearing subjects and assessment of reliability.
 Methods: To construct five new lists according to the original quick speech in noise (QSIN) test, we used frequent, familiar, and difficult words to construct unpredictable sentences. After determining the content and face validity of the sentences, 30 selected sentences were played using a DS-QSIN software for 35 subjects aged 18–25 years. The reliability of the test was assessed after repeating the test after two weeks.
 Results: According to expert judges, these 30 sentences showed acceptable content and face validity with the changes. The average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss of five lists was –5.2 dB. No significant difference was seen between men and women in all lists. The results indicate no difference in the average SNR loss between the five lists. Regarding the reliability assessment, the test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.5 to 0.7 (p<0.05). The intra-class correlation coefficient between test-retest was statistically significant (p>0.001) and confirmed that the lists have high reliability and repeatability.
 Conclusion: DS-QSIN test showed good validity and reliability and can be helpful in diagnosis and selecting the best method for rehabilitation of people with a spatial hearing disorder.

The Persian Version of “Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment” Questionnaire: Evaluation of Its Face and Content Validity in Elderly

Background and Objectives: “Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment” (MAPA) questionnaire is a suitable tool for examining the frequency and meaningfulness of 28 activities. The aim of this study was to assess the face and content validity of the Persian version of MAPA for older adults. Methods: The face validity was assessed qualitatively using interviews and quantitively using the item impact method (IIM) with 15 elderly aged 65-90 years old and MMSE≥21. They measured the suitability simplicity and comprehensibility of the items. To assess the content validity using CVR and CVI, 15 occupational therapists (eight PhD. Candidates, seven masters) who had more than five years of experience in geriatric rehabilitation and aged>30 years old took part. Results: All items of MAPA using IIM were more than 1.5. The CVR scores for each item were 0.6-1 (the cut-off base on Lawshe table 0.49). The average CVR value of MAPA was 0.84. The I-CVI of the Persian version of MAPA ranged from 0.86-1. All items scored higher than 0.79. The S-CVI/UA was 0.58 and the S-CVI/Ave was 0.96. Conclusion: The Persian version of MAPA has acceptable content and face validity in the elderly. Investigation of test-retest and internal consistency reliability and construct validity (convergent, divergent, and factor analysis) is suggested.

The Relative Contribution of Medical Comorbidities in the OARA Score: A Machine Learning Analysis

Background/Objective: The Outpatient Arthroplasty Risk Assessment (OARA) score has been used successfully to identify patients who can safely undergo outpatient primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) based on medical risk stratification. The targeted score (0 to 79) was conservatively established to ensure patient safety. However, the number of points associated with each of the 52 comorbidities in the OARA score were assigned based on physician experience with early discharge. This study applied machine learning (ML) to empirically identify the relative contribution/importance of each medical comorbidity to safe same-day discharge (SDD). Methods: 3,047 patients who underwent primary unilateral TJA by a single surgeon at a single institution were included in the analysis; 573 were SDDs. Before ML analysis, associations among binary (yes/no) comorbidities were examined using Cramér's V. A CART decision tree model using Gini method was used to develop a model for SDD (yes/no) based on the presence or absence of the comorbidities. Results: To produce interpretable results with acceptable face validity the 52 comorbidities were grouped in 19 common medical categories (heart disease, liver disease, etc.). Although the resulting model was less than perfectly predictive (AROC = 0.652, 95% CI 0.629–0.675), it resulted in an interpretable classification tree identifying heart disease, kidney disease, immunosuppression, chronic sedative use, pulmonary disease, thrombophilia, anemia, and history of stroke, in order, as the most important predictors of SDD. Conclusion: Model limitations expressed as AROC were not unexpected because the relative contribution (expressed as points) of comorbidities to the OARA score are based on physician decision-making, not empirical identification of the importance of each medical condition to safe SDD. Study results moved the goal of empirical classification forward but the low prevalence of many of the comorbidities limited variability and hence model performance and accuracy. Future work with a larger sample is being planned.

Development of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Distress Scale (RADS): a new tool to identify disease-specific distress in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

BackgroundPatients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) may experience psychological distress (depression, anxiety) in addition to their physical symptoms. People with RA may also experience disease-specific distress (DSD), related to the specific burden of living with their life-long condition. DSD is a patient reported outcome in several long-term conditions, including type 1 and 2 diabetes. The aims of this study were to determine whether DSD is experienced by people with RA, and if so, develop a Patient Reported Outcome Measure (PROM) to assess for DSD in people with RA.MethodsA five-phased qualitative study was conducted which consisted of a secondary data analysis of 61 interviews of people with rheumatological disease (Phase 1), validation of findings via a Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) group of people with RA (n = 4) (Phase 2), item generation for a PROM (Phase 3) and establishing face and content validity of the PROM via PPI group (n = 4) and individual cognitive interviews (n = 9) of people with RA respectively (Phase 4 and 5). The final PROM was presented at a Patient Education Evening for patients with long-term rheumatological conditions, including RA, and carers.ResultsFive themes of rheumatological disease distress emerged from Phase 1, which were validated in the Phase 2 PPI group. After Phases 3–5, the Rheumatoid Arthritis Distress Scale (RADS) was formed of 39 items and 3 supplementary questions. Overall participants reported the content of the RADS to be clear and relevant, and that DSD is a valid concept in RA, distinct from other entities like clinical depression or anxiety.ConclusionsDSD appears to be an important concept in RA. The 39-item RADS demonstrates acceptable face and content validity in this patient group. Further psychometric testing is needed. The RADS may be a useful tool for healthcare professionals to identify RA distress.

Content and Face Validation of a Novel, Interactive Nutrition Specific Physical Exam Competency Tool (INSPECT) to Evaluate Registered Dietitians' Competence: A Delphi Consensus from the United States.

The nutrition-focused physical examination (NFPE) is an integral component of nutrition assessment performed by registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) to determine signs of malnutrition and other nutrition-related complications. Increased use of this essential skill among RDNs and the transformation of dietetics education to a competency-based model in the near future calls for appropriately validated tools to measure RDNs’ NFPE competence. To fill the need for a validated competency tool, this study developed an Interactive Nutrition-Specific Physical Exam Competency Tool (INSPECT) utilizing the initial 70 items identified in the first phase of the study. The second phase of this study aimed to test the preliminary version of the INSPECT for content and face validity. An expert panel of 17 members provided consensus recommendations through the Delphi process. Internal consistency of the consensus was measured with Cronbach’s alpha (α) and α of ≥0.70 was defined as acceptable a priori. Inter-rater agreement among the expert panel was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and an a priori ICC of 0.75 to 0.9 was established as good and >0.9 as excellent agreement. The results showed acceptable face validity (α = 0.71) and excellent content validity for the INSPECT, with an internal consistency of α = 0.97 in the first round and α = 0.96 in the second round. The inter-rater agreement was also excellent with ICC = 0.95 for each of the Delphi rounds. A total of 52 items were retained from the preliminary version of the INSPECT. Open feedback from the experts allowed for the consolidation of 11 similar items for better scoring and evaluation and thus, a total of 41 items were included in the final version of the INSPECT. The final version of the INSPECT is currently being studied in real-life, multi-site clinical settings among practicing RDNs to examine construct validity, reliability, and item-level psychometric properties. Ultimately, the validated INSPECT will be available for the competency evaluation of RDNs practicing in clinical settings.

A Portable Hip Arthroscopy Simulator Demonstrates Good Face and Content Validity with Incomplete Construct Validity

PurposeWe evaluate the face, content, and construct validity of a portable hip arthroscopy module in a regional orthopaedic unit.MethodsParticipants were recruited from a regional orthopaedic centre, and categorized into novice (0 arthroscopies), intermediate (1-29 arthroscopies), and expert (>50 arthroscopies) groups based on reported experience in arthroscopy. Face and content validity was evaluated by feedback from users immediately following completion of modules. Objective measurements, including time taken and subjective measurements consisting of simulation software metrics including, cam lesion locations attempts, scope strikes on bone, healthy bone burred, and cam lesion burred. Scores achieved by experts were recorded, and the median score was set at the level at which proficiency was demonstrated. Participant feedback on perceived educational use was collected following completion.ResultsIn total, 20 participant results were included for analysis. Good face and content validity was expressed by participants with previous arthroscopic experience. Number of scope strikes within the simulator-derived metrics accurately discerned between levels of experience. Novices had a mean of 5 strikes per attempt (SD a mean of 5.8 strikes (SD 4.1). There was a significant difference between expert and novice groups (P = .01), and expert and intermediate groups (P = .002). No significant difference between overall performance scores achieved by participants in expert, intermediate, and novice groups (62% vs 55% vs 50% P = .15). This demonstrates incomplete construct validity of the simulator software-derived metrics.ConclusionsThis hip arthroscopy simulator demonstrated acceptable face and content validity, with incomplete construct validity of simulator software metrics. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the module, highlighting that the addition of haptic feedback would be beneficial to improve procedural steps. Incorporation of tactile feedback to the modulator components would likely enable the software to accurately delineate between levels of experience.Clinical RelevanceThis study demonstrates good face and content validity. The addition of haptic feedback in a hip arthroscopy simulator may improve learning.

Cali-sketch: Stroke calibration and completion for high-quality face image generation from human-like sketches

Image generation has received increasing attention because of its wide application in security and entertainment. Sketch-based face generation brings more fun and better quality of image generation due to supervised interaction. However, when a sketch poorly aligned with the true face is given as input, existing supervised image-to-image translation methods often cannot generate acceptable photo-realistic face images. To address this problem, in this paper we propose Cali-Sketch, a human-like-sketch to photo-realistic-image generation method. Cali-Sketch explicitly models stroke calibration and image generation using two constituent networks: a Stroke Calibration Network (SCN), which calibrates strokes of facial features and enriches facial details while preserving the original intent features; and an Image Synthesis Network (ISN), which translates the calibrated and enriched sketches to photo-realistic face images. In this way, we manage to decouple a difficult cross-domain translation problem into two easier steps. Extensive experiments verify that the face photos generated by Cali-Sketch are both photo-realistic and faithful to the input sketches, compared with state-of-the-art methods.

Validation of a social-cognitive theory-based tool for measuring factors influencing obesity prevention behaviors in 4-6 years old children using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

Background: Child obesity is one of the main health problems all across the world, which leads to mental and physical health problems. Various models are used in designing intervention to prevent child obesity, one of which is social-cognitive theory (SCT). The constructs of social-cognitive theory are commonly used for designing preventive interventions. However, there is no specific tool based on the constructs of social-cognitive theory to assess the factors associated with child obesity. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and confirmatory factor analysis of a SCT-based questionnaire for assessing obesity preventing behaviors among 4-6 years old children. Method: A cross-sectional study was first conducted in 2016 on 240 preschool children aged 4-6 years in Behbahan city (a city in southwest Iran) to assess the obesity prevention behaviors among them using a SCT-based questionnaire. To investigate the validity and confirmatory factor analysis of the SCT-based questionnaire, content and face validity as well as forward-backward translation method were used. Reliability of the questionnaire was also measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Construct validity was assured by confirmatory factor analysis. To measure the obesity prevention behaviors in 4-6 years old children, the construct of SCT, including environment, emotional coping, outcome expectations, goal setting and self-efficacy were used. Also, the obesity prevention behaviors used in the model included physical activity, consumption of fruit and vegetable, consumption of sugar-free drinks, and screen. Results: Results of this study confirmed the acceptable content and face validity of the SCT-based questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the factor loading of more than 0.3 for all variables; therefore, the SCT-based questionnaire had an acceptable validity and reliability. Conclusions: Since the SCT-based questionnaire had an acceptable validity and reliability, it can be used to assess the obesity prevention behaviors in 4-6 year old children, and also to design relevant educational interventions. Keywords: Validation, Social-Cognitive Theory, Behavior, Childhood obesity, Preschool, Prevention

Development and psychometric evaluation of the cloud computing acceptance questionnaire for academic libraries

Cloud computing is a new technology that drives libraries to create and share knowledge, leading to the cost reduction, easy management, and unlimited data storage capacity. Given the importance of cloud computing technology and the lack of tools to investigate the factors affecting cloud computing acceptance in academic libraries; therefore, the aim of present study was to perform the development and psychometric evaluation of the cloud computing technology acceptance questionnaire for academic libraries. This study is a methodological research. After defining the concept of cloud computing acceptance, the initial version of the questionnaire consisting of 43 items and 11 components was designed. Then, face and content validity were used to assess validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to determine reliability. The results showed that the questionnaire has acceptable face validity (more than 1.5) and content validity (0.79). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the intra-class correlation coefficient were 0.77 and 0.92, respectively. In this study, for the first time, a tool was designed to evaluate the acceptance of cloud computing technology in academic libraries. Due to the fact that this tool has acceptable validity and reliability, it can be used in various studies and surveys.

Implementing MRCRLB technique on modulation schemes in wireless rechargeable sensor networks

As battery technology has not advanced as quickly as other technologies like semiconductor technology, energy efficiency is still one of the primary concerns in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). One of the finest Wireless Energy Transfer (WET) technique is Magnetic Resonant Coupling (MRC) used to re-energize the nodes in WSNs. Recent advancements in MRC show that more than one node can be re-charged at the same time. This paper aims to exploit multiple nodes WET to overcome the issues pertaining to energy in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). For transferring energy to various static sensor nodes deployed in a network, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is considered which travels inside a network and performs a process of re-charging. Further, WSNs being most acceptable face issues like: battery constraint, and congestion. Therefore, in order to address such issues, we have proposed MRCRLB (Magnetic Resonant Coupling Based Recharging and Load Balancing) scheme. Then, finally the proposed model is tested on various modulation schemes at the physical layer of WSNs to find out most appropriate modulation scheme type for lifetime extension model (MRCRLB).

Turbans, Veils, and Villainy on Television: Stargate SG1 and Merlin

In this article I investigate why two shows from different television genres in two different countries resort to nearly identical costume choices to convey villainy. I argue that that the directors, writers, and costume designers for the US science fiction showStargate SG1and BBC'sMerlinuse orientalist tropes of the veil as exotic, oppressed or threatening as costumes for their non-Muslim characters because of the centuries-long association in Western culture between Muslim veiling and the Other, while differentiating between acceptable and unacceptable headgear and face coverings. I draw on Said's Orientalism, Hall's Encoding/Decoding, medievalism, and the theory of the ethnonormative viewer to make this case. The “veil” has become an iconic negative sign in the West wholly distinct from meanings given to it by veiled Muslim women themselves. I suggest that anti-veiling ideology in Western publics stems in part from negative connotations given to it in television shows likeStargate SG1andMerlin.

Assessing the Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills Assessment Tool in Schizophrenia

Objective: This study aimed to translate the Assessment of Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills (AIPSS) into Persian and to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of AIPSS to use for adults with schizophrenia. Materials & Methods: In this methodological study, the translation process was performed according to the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) protocol. The face validity of the translated AIPSS was determined based on the opinions of experts and The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were also calculated for each item. The Persian version of the test was performed on 52 patients with schizophrenia disorders at Tehran’s Razi Mental Hospital; they were selected using a convenience sampling method. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to evaluate internal consistency. Inter-rater reliability was determined by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). A retest was complete on 15 patients with 2 weeks interval and ICC was used to determine the test-retest reliability. Results: Face validity was confirmed by the experts’ opinions. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and the Content Validity Index (CVI) were equal to one for all scenes. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for all scales was ranged between 0.511 and 0.821. The ICC in all scales were more than 0.98 for inter-rater reliability. In calculating test-retest reliability, the ICC for all scales ranged 0.733-0.893. Conclusion: Results show that the Persian version of AIPSS has acceptable face validity, content validity, internal consistency, inter-rater reliability test-retest reliability. Therefore, this instrument can be used in clinical fields and research studies to assess the social skills of Iranian patients with schizophrenia.

Factors Affecting Hypertensive Treatment Adherence: Development and Preliminary Validation of a New Scale.

Design A sequential exploratory mixed method study was used. Methods After item generation using a qualitative study and literature review, the psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated. Face, content, and construct validity, Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest reliability were used to validate the scales. Results Data analysis showed that the scale had acceptable face and content validity. The scale had excellent stability (intraclass correlation = 0.89) and good acceptability of internal consistency (α = 0.71). The exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale consisted of five subscales which were meaningful. Conclusion Psychometric properties of the scale achieved the standard level, and it was sufficient to recommend for general use in future measures of caring in nursing.

Patient knowledge of rotator cuff related shoulder pain condition and treatment and validation of a patient-reported knowledge questionnaire.

Rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP) knowledge is an important contributor to compliance with clinical practice guidelines and providing best practice care. However, there are no validated instruments for measuring health literacy levels among people with RCRSP. This study aimed to design a valid and reliable instrument to measure RCRSP health literacy and use it to evaluate an education intervention for people with RCRSP. Development of the patient knowledge questionnaire (PKQ-RCRSP) included three phases. Phase 1 was developed based on available literature and input from expert clinicians, researchers and patients. Face validity, pilot testing andreadability assessment were also undertaken. In Phase 2, internal consistency and predictive validity were assessed in people with RCRSP and other shoulder pain diagnoses. In Phase 3, RCRSP health literacy was assessed. Face validity was acceptable and pilot testing identified minor accuracy issues that were corrected. Literacy level was rated as 'difficult to read' which reflects the medical terminology within the questionnaire. Internal consistency was very good and 81% of questions demonstrated acceptable predictive validity. Health literacy was heterogeneous depending on the question with less than 40% of respondents answering correctly for questions related to the indications, process and the known benefits of RCRSP surgery. The PKQ-RCRSP demonstrated acceptable face validity, predictive validity and reliability (internal consistency) in assessing RCRSP health literacy. Health literacy among our small sample was poor for questions related to surgery for RCRSP.

The Recorded Interaction Task: A Validation Study of a New Observational Tool to Assess Mother-Infant Bonding.

Mother-infant bonding describes the early emotional connectedness between a mother and her infant. The quality of the mother-infant bond early in life is related to the subsequent quality of the child's attachment, the quality of further mother-infant interactions, and various other social outcomes across the child's life span. The Recorded Interaction Task (RIT) was developed to assess mother-infant bonding using observational methods in a naturalistic but standardized setting, thus addressing shortcomings of previous self-report tools. The RIT focusses on the common interaction between mother and infant (aged 2 to 5 months old), during a diaper (nappy) change. The interaction is video recorded and later assessed. The RIT must be validated before it can be used to assess mother-infant bonding in future research or in clinical practice. Face and content validity of the RIT were assessed by a panel of 6 experts in bonding and assessment of maternal and infant behavior. The RIT and self-reported Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) were administered to 15 mother-infant dyads with the correlation between their scores used to assess convergent validity. Acceptable face and content validity of the RIT was demonstrated. A weak correlation between the RIT and PBQ (r = -0.13) and their subscales (r = -0.22) were observed. A strong correlation between the RIT maternal behavior and infant behavior subscales was recorded (r = 0.69). The RIT appears to be a viable tool for the observational assessment of mother-infant bonding. Reliability testing and piloting will be required before the RIT can be used in future research or clinical practice.

How to enhance and assess reflection in specialist training: a mixed method validation study of a new tool for global assessment of reflection ability

BackgroundIn Danish GP training we had the ambition to enhance and assess global reflection ability, but since we found no appropriate validated method in the literature, we decided to develop a new assessment tool. This tool is based on individual trainee developed mind maps and structured trainer-trainee discussions related to specific complex competencies. We named the tool Global Assessment of Reflection ability (GAR) and conducted a mixed method validation study. Our goal was to investigate whether it is possible to enhance and assess reflection ability using the tool.MethodsIn order to investigate acceptability, feasibility, face validity, and construct validity of the tool we conducted a mixed method validation study that combined 1) qualitative data obtained from 750 GP trainers participating in train-the-trainer courses, 2) a questionnaire survey sent to 349 GP trainers and 214 GP trainees and 3) a thorough analysis of eight trainer-trainee discussions.ResultsOur study showed an immediate high acceptance of the GAR tool. Both trainers and trainees found the tool feasible, useful, and relevant with acceptable face validity. Rating of eight audio recordings showed that the tool can demonstrate reflection during assessment of complex competencies.ConclusionsWe have developed an assessment tool (GAR) to enhance and assess reflection. GAR was found to be acceptable, feasible, relevant and with good face- and construct validity. GAR seems to be able to enhance the trainees’ ability to reflect and provide a good basis for assessment in relation to complex competencies.

Psychometric Assessment of the Persian Version of the Revised Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey in Young Adults with Convergence Insufficiency

Purpose:To translate the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) to Persian and to assess its validity and reliability in a group of young adult Iranian patients with convergence insufficiency (CI).Methods:The questionnaire was translated in backward and forward phases. Face validity was measured using a 6-point scale (very weak, weak, moderate, good, very good, best), and a score of ≥4 for each item indicated an acceptable face validity. The content validity was assessed using three indices of relevancy, clarity, and comprehensiveness. Relevancy and clarity were checked for each item and for the whole scale using a 4-point scale (1-undesirable, 2-relatively desirable, 3-desirable, 4-completely desirable), and Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) were calculated for the above indices. Comprehensiveness was measured at the scale level using a 4-point scale (1-incomprehensive, 2-relatively comprehensive, 3-comprehensive, 4-totally comprehensive), and S-CVI was calculated. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. To evaluate discriminant validity, CI was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe stages, and the mean overall CISS score was compared between these groups.Results:Thirty CI patients aged 18–34 years participated in this study. On face validity assessment, all items finally had a score of ≥4. As for relevancy and clarity, I-CVI was above 80% for all items, and S-CVI was 98.8% and 96.6%, respectively. The S-CVI was 100% for comprehensiveness. The overall Cronbach's coefficient and ICC were 0.77 and 0.95, respectively. There was a significant difference in the overall score between the three severity groups.Conclusion:The Persian CISS is a valid and reliable tool for clinical and research applications.