Accelerator-based Research Research Articles

다양한 뉴럴 네트워크를 지원하기 위한 가속기 기반의 시스템 연구의 필요성

다양한 뉴럴 네트워크를 지원하기 위한 가속기 기반의 시스템 연구의 필요성

CALIBRA: A national research infrastructure for accelerator-based research and applications

CALIBRA stands for Cluster of Accelerator Laboratories for Ion-Beam Research and Applications, i.e., the Research Infrastructure proposed in 2014 to the General Secretariat for Research and Technology (GSRT) in response to the call for the establishment of the Greek National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures (RI). CALIBRA is planned to be completed in phases with the first one being implemented through the homonym project that is funded by the currently running Partnership Agreement for the Development Framework (ΕΣΠΑ 2014-2020). The CALIBRA project aims at establishing and operating an accelerator-based research infrastructure open to the national and the European scientific community to conduct research at excellence level, develop innovative applications of increased socioeconomic impact, and provide highly-specialized services, unique at the country level, to the public and private sector. CALIBRA is implemented at the Tandem Accelerator Laboratory of NCSR “Demokritos”. The project had its kickoff meeting in November 2017.

Uranium targets for heavy-ion accelerators

Uranium targets are very important for accelerator-based research of nuclear properties. Depending on the reaction to be studied and on the conditions during the experiments different restrictions on the target material have to be met; as for example, durability, melting temperature, reactivity or a possible contribution of the additional compounds present to the reaction. Therefore, we are developing processes to produce uranium targets in the elemental form as well as in different compounds. Here we report on the production and application of targets from metallic uranium, UF4 and UO2.

Research plans in Europe for radiation health hazard assessment in exploratory space missions

The European Space Agency (ESA) is currently expanding its efforts in identifying requirements and promoting research towards optimizing radiation protection of astronauts. Space agencies use common limits for tissue (deterministic) effects on the International Space Station. However, the agencies have in place different career radiation exposure limits (for stochastic effects) for astronauts in low-Earth orbit missions. Moreover, no specific limits for interplanetary missions are issued. Harmonization of risk models and dose limits for exploratory-class missions are now operational priorities, in view of the short-term plans for international exploratory-class human missions. The purpose of this paper is to report on the activity of the ESA Topical Team on space radiation research, whose task was to identify the most pertinent research requirements for improved space radiation protection and to develop a European space radiation risk model, to contribute to the efforts to reach international consensus on dose limits for deep space. The Topical Team recommended ESA to promote the development of a space radiation risk model based on European-specific expertise in: transport codes, radiobiological modelling, risk assessment, and uncertainty analysis. The model should provide cancer and non-cancer radiation risks for crews implementing exploratory missions. ESA should then support the International Commission on Radiological Protection to harmonize international models and dose limits in deep space, and guarantee continuous support in Europe for accelerator-based research configured to improve the models and develop risk mitigation strategies.

A bright future for European beamlines

The new European Spallation Source (ESS) and the MAX IV synchrotron in Sweden form the next European hub for accelerator-based research. Following visits to these centres, and participating in the Big Science Business Forum 2018 (BSBF2018) in Copenhagen, the future of European X-ray and neutron beamlines is explored.

Challenges in Technical Risk Management for High-Power Accelerators

The increasing demands on accelerator-based research facilities to be both reliable and cost-efficient require comprehensive risk management that takes the full scope of the facility into account. Due to the organizational and technical complexity of these facilities, a systematic risk management method is beneficial, if not necessary. However, many other aspects, aside from reliability and cost-efficiency, also call for great attention. This paper discusses the many challenges that are faced when dealing with technical risk management of accelerator facilities, as these efforts are often considered second to e.g. beam parameters and operational schedule. The paper uses the design and construction of the European Spallation Source in Sweden as a basis, but many of the contradictory aspects have been found in other similar facilities around the world. Some of the challenges for technical risk management that are discussed relate to rapid organizational expansion, pressing schedule, knowledge biases, and conflicts of interest.

Review of the Elementary Particles Physics in the External Electromagnetic Fields Studies at KEK

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK [1]) is a world class accelerator-based research laboratory. The field of its scientific interests spreads widely from the study of fundamental properties of matter, particle physics, nuclear physics to materials science, life science, technical researches, and industrial applications. Research outcomes from the laboratory achieved making use of high-energy particle beams and synchrotron radiation. Two synchrotron facilities of KEK, the Photon Factory (PF) ring and the Photon Factory Advanced Ring (PF-AR) are the second biggest synchrotron light source in Japan. A very wide range of the radiated light, from visible light to X-ray, is provided for a variety of materials science, biology, and life science [2]. KEK strives to work closely with national and international research institutions, promoting collaborative research activities. Advanced research and facilities provision are key factors to be at the frontier of the accelerator science. In this review I am going to discuss KEK overall accelerator-based science, and to consider light sources research and development. The state of arts of the current projects with respect to the elementary particles physics in the external electromagnetic fields is also stressed here.

Physics in “Real Life”: Accelerator-based Research with Undergraduates

All undergraduates in physics and astronomy should have access to significant research experiences. When given the opportunity to tackle challenging open-ended problems outside the classroom, students build their problem-solving skills in ways that better prepare them for the workplace or future research in graduate school. Accelerator-based research on fundamental nuclear and particle physics can provide a myriad of opportunities for undergraduate involvement in hardware and software development as well as “big data” analysis. The collaborative nature of large experiments exposes students to scientists of every culture and helps them begin to build their professional network even before they graduate. This paper presents an overview of my experiences - the good, the bad, and the ugly - engaging undergraduates in particle and nuclear physics research at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center.

Targets for accelerator-based research

This special issue of the Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry is dedicated to the 26th World Conference of the International Nuclear Target Development Society (INTDS 2012) held from August 19th to 24th, 2012 at the conference center Erbacher Hof in Mainz, Germany with special emphasis on targets for acceleratorbased research. The INTDS 2012 was co-organized by the Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz and the GSI Helmholtzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt. The 4th Target Fabrication Workshop (TFW), dedicated to targets for laser application and hosted by the Technical University Darmstadt, was held in parallel to the INTDS 2012 at the Erbacher Hof with common plenary sessions giving the participants of both events the opportunity of exchanging experiences and know-how. Accordingly, these proceedings contain some contributions presented at the 4th Target Fabrication Workshop. The series of INTDS conferences dates back to 1963 when the ‘‘First Symposium on Research Materials for Nuclear Measurements’’ was held sponsored by the Central Bureau for Nuclear Measurements (CBNM, recently IRMM—Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements) in Belgium. Since then researchers involved in target preparation share experience and discuss related problems during biennial conferences hosted alternatively in Europe, North America and Asia (www.intds.org). It dates back to 1978 and 1988 when the 7th and the 14th INTDS conference were held at Garching, organized by Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat together with Technische Universitat Munchen and at Darmstadt, organized by GSI, respectively. Thus, it was delightful to meet again in Germany on the occasion of the 26th International INTDS conference. More than 70 participating scientists from 15 countries (Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Switzerland, UK, USA), met in Mainz presenting over 50 scientific contributions covering the wide field of ‘‘Targets for Accelerator-bases Research’’. Two complementary visits to GSI and the TRIGA Mainz research reactor operated by the Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat were included in the scientific program to introduce the institutions and laboratories. The conference comprised seven different sessions titled ‘‘Classical Accelerator Targets’’, ‘‘Laser& Accelerator Based Research’’, ‘‘RIB Targets’’, ‘‘Isotope Enrichment and Medical Radioisotopes’’, ‘‘Stripper’’, K. Eberhardt (&) Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany e-mail: klaus.eberhardt@uni-mainz.de

Accelerator-based research activities at “Centro Nacional de Aceleradores”, Seville (Spain)

In February 1998, almost 10 years ago, the set-up of the first IBA (ion beam analysis) facility in Spain took place with the arrival of a 3MV tandem accelerator [J. García-López, F.J. Ager, M. Barbadillo-Rank, F.J. Madrigal, M.A. Ontalba, M.A. Respaldiza, M.D. Ynsa, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 161–163 (2000) 1137]. Since then, an intensive research program using IBA techniques has been carried out. Subsequently, a cyclotron for 18MeV protons has been also installed at the “Centro Nacional de Aceleradores” (CNA), devoted mainly to isotope production for PET (positron emission tomography) techniques, but possibly applied to material analysis and damage studies on a dedicated beam line. Moreover, a 1MV tandem has been recently installed for AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) 14C dating and environmental research with other isotopes.In the present paper we describe the new facilities and the developments of the 3MV tandem beam lines occurred during the past years, as well as some examples of the most recent research activities in our Center in the fields of Material Science, Archaeometry, Biomedicine and Environment.

TINE as an accelerator control system at DESY

Large research institutes such as accelerator-based research centres deal with a large number of complicated components, which should be integrated into and controlled as one homogeneous system. The components of such systems have been frequently developed at different times, in different countries and use different standards and technologies. The control system of components or subsystems may use different computer hardware, operating systems, network protocols, hardware interfaces and field buses. This paper describes the three-fold integrated networking environment (TINE) (http://tine.desy.de) control system, which provides control integration of accelerators at Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron—DESY, Hamburg, Germany.

Ground-based research with heavy ions for space radiation protection

Human exposure to ionizing radiation is one of the acknowledged potential showstoppers for long duration manned interplanetary missions. Human exploratory missions cannot be safely performed without a substantial reduction of the uncertainties associated with different space radiation health risks, and the development of effective countermeasures. Most of our knowledge of the biological effects of heavy charged particles comes from accelerator-based experiments. During the 35th COSPAR meeting, recent ground-based experiments with high-energy iron ions were discussed, and these results are briefly summarised in this paper. High-quality accelerator-based research with heavy ions will continue to be the main source of knowledge of space radiation health effects and will lead to reductions of the uncertainties in predictions of human health risks. Efforts in materials science, nutrition and pharmaceutical sciences and their rigorous evaluation with biological model systems in ground-based accelerator experiments will lead to the development of safe and effective countermeasures to permit human exploration of the Solar System.

Recent advancements in high intensity heavy negative ion sources based on the sputter principle

Significant advancements have been recently made in the technology of forming high intensity heavy negative ion beams. Due to their ease of operation, simplicity, long lifetime, and wide range of species capabilities, negative ion sources predicated on the sputter principle are being used for an increasing number of diverse applications, including standard tandem accelerator-based research, high-energy ion implantation, tandem accelerator mass spectrometry, and low-energy atomic physics research. Sources have been developed which utilize either (1) direct surface ionization, or (2) a plasma to form the positive ion beam used to effect sputtering of samples containing the material of interest. This article will include a brief review of the fundamental processes underlying negative ion formation in these source. Emphasis will be placed on the descriptions and performance characteristics of specific sources based on each of the positive ion formation techniques.

Industrial Applications of Small Accelerators

Current practical applications of small accelerators are summarized. These include: trace element studies with both neutron activation analysis and charged particle induced x-rays, accelerator produced neutron well logging techniques, and accelerator-based research associated with the controlled thermonuclear research program. A rather extensive bibliography is included in all three areas.

University Isotope Separator at Oak Ridge: The UNISOR Consortium

The UNISOR cooperative project, envisioned more than 3 years ago, is now successfully working. Research problems that involve a full range of experiments on nuclei far from beta stability are being investigated jointly by groups of scientists from several institutions. Some of the first work reported (16) included the identification, half-lives, and decay schemes of three new isotopes, (186)T1, (188)T1, and (116)I; the first or new decay schemes of (189)T1, (190)T1, (117)Xe, and (117)I; and the results of the perturbed gamma-gamma directional correlation work in (126)Xe. UNISOR is already stimulating international interest. A report (1) on the new research being planned with an isotope separator on-line to ORIC was presented at a Soviet Academy of Sciences meeting on nuclear structure in 1971. At an international nuclear physics conference in Munich in August 1973, Academician G. N. Flerov, director of the heavy-ion laboratory in Dubna, said the UNISOR project had inspired his laboratory to secure funds for a new, much improved isotope separator which is now installed on-line to their heavy-ion cyclotron to be used for detailed studies of nuclei far from stability. The UNISOR model for research has inspired a second such project, the Atomic Physics Consortium at Oak Ridge (APCOR). After an exploratory conference at Oak Ridge, scientists from ten institutions met in November 1973 to form an organizing committee for APCOR. As with UNISOR, the universities and the AEC will each provide a significant portion of the capital and operating costs. Heavy ions have opened up much new research in atomic physics, but such accelerator-based research represents a real "shift from traditional approaches concerning how, where, and on what time scale atomic physics experiments should be done" (17).