Acaulospora Laevis Research Articles

Consortium Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens with Various Levels of Superphosphate on Growth Improvement of Cotton (G. arboreum L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to see the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, i.e., Funneliformis mosseae and Acaulospora laevis to cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens in the presence of different doses of superphosphate, i.e., 750 mg/3 kg soil (half of the recommended dose), 1500 mg/3 kg soil (recommended dose), 3000 mg/3 kg soil (double than the recommended dose) with five replicates resulted in effective plant height, shoot and root biomass, root length, leaf area, root colonization, AM spore number, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, shoot and root P content, fiber yield, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase activity. All growth parameters like plant height, fresh and dry shoot weight, fresh and dry root weight, root length, leaf area, AM spore number, percent mycorrhizal root colonization, total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, acidic and alkaline phosphatase activity, shoot and root phosphorus content, fiber yield were highest in combination F. mosseae + P. fluorescens of lower concentration. Higher dose of superphosphate markedly reduced or decreased all the growth parameters. So, vigorous growth and maximum yield of cotton can be achieved by inoculation of plant with AM fungi (F. mosseae), P. fluorescens along with half of the recommended dose of superphosphate/lower concentration.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Inoculation on Growth and Flowering in Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees

Commercially important ornamental flowering plant Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees. commonly known as ‘Fire cracker’ plant was evaluated for the possible effects of inoculation of different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species on growth, yield, flower quality, and phosphorus (P) nutrition. Five pure cultures of AM species, Acaulospora laevis, A. scrobiculata, Glomus coremioides, G. intraradices and Gigaspora albida and an un-inoculated control were used. Mycorrhizal inoculation showed positive effect on plant height, early flowering, increased flower number, increased flower weight, reduced fresh weight loss over 24 h, increased leaf P concentration, and increased total dry weight compared to un-inoculated control. The studies indicate mycorrhizal inoculation can enhance commercial flower production of this plant. Glomus intraradices proved to be the most efficient AM fungal bioinoculant and thus have the potential to enhance commercial flower production of this plant.

Effect of bioinoculants and superphosphate fertilizer on the growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck)

A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intraradices and Acaulospora laevis) and Pseudomonas fluorescens under three levels of superphosphate fertilizer (half dose, 40 kg/ha; recommended dose, 80 kg/ha; and double dose, 160 g/ha) on the growth and yield of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). There was negligible colonization of broccoli roots by the mycorrhizal fungi, demonstrating that they have no role in the growth of this plant. However, the strain of P. fluorescens used (MTCC No. 103) was found to have a potential role in enhancing the growth, phosphatase activity, chlorophyll content, nutrient uptake and yield of broccoli when combined with the recommended dose of fertilizer. By contrast, P. fluorescens combined with a half or double dose of fertilizer led to poor growth and delayed head formation. This suggests that root inoculation with P. fluorescens (MTCC No. 103) will improve plant growth, nutrient uptake and yield of broccoli when combined with the recommended dose of superphosphate fertilizer.

Bacterial degradation of Aroclor 1242 in the mycorrhizosphere soils of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) species Acaulospora laevis, Glomus caledonium, and Glomus mosseae, on the soil bacterial community responsible for Aroclor 1242 dissipation. The dissipation rates of Aroclor 1242 and soil bacteria abundance were much higher with the A. laevis and G. mosseae treatments compared to the non-mycorrhizal control. The biphenyl dioxygenase (bphA) and Rhodococcus-like 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase (bphC) genes were more abundant in AM inoculated soils, suggesting that the bphA and Rhodococcus-like bphC pathways play an important role in Aroclor 1242 dissipation in the mycorrhizosphere. The soil bacterial communities were dominated by classes Betaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria, while the relative proportion of Actinobacteria was significantly (F=2.288, P<0.05) correlated with the PCB congener profile in bulk soil. Our results showed that AM fungi could enhance PCB dissipation by stimulating bph gene abundance and the growth of specific bacterial groups.

Role of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on tolerance to salinity of the tree legume Albizia lebbeck (L.) inoculated by Rhizobium

Myrica esculenta (Myricaceae) and Syzygium cumini(Myrtaceae), the Indian traditional fruits The effect of different level of salinity on growth, nodulation and Nitrogen fixation of single and dual inoculated tree legumes which help arbascular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Acaulospora laevis Gerd. and Trappe with Rhizobium bacteria in the presence of different levels of salinity (concentration of NaCl) conducted in earthen pots in a completely randomized block design with three replications resulted in effective plant growth, shoot and root biomasses, nodulation and N2 fixation. The effect of different levels of salinity (concentration of NaCl) on growth, nodulation and N2 fixation of single (Rhizobium or AMF alone) and dual inoculated (Rhizobium + AMF ) tree legume has a pot culture experiment using The parameter growth , nodulation, nitrogen fixation and % AMF colonization of roots were considerable influenced with the increase in salt concentration from 0.5 % to 4.0 % NaCl. It was observed that the mycorrhizal tree legume (inoculated with the most preferred AMF Acaulospora laevis) performed better in the increasing levels of salinity in comparison to non-mycorrhozal ones. These investigations suggested a protective role play by AMF in providing resistance to the tree legume against injurious effects of salinity. Inoculation of efficient strain of AMF (Acaulospora laevis) during the course of study, prevented the injurious effects of salinity in the test plants due to enhanced water and sustainable nutrient uptake thereby promoting growth, nodulation and biogeochemical N2 cycle (fixation of nitrogen) of the tree legume under investigation.

Growth Response and Nutrient Uptake of Eriobotrya japonica Plants Inoculated with Three Isolates of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Under Water Stress Condition

Mycorrhizal technique is a promising biotechnology in horticultural industry, benefiting plants exposed to diverse abiotic stresses. In this study, the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Acaulospora laevis, Glomus mosseae, and Glomus caledonium on plant growth and nutrient uptake of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) seedlings under three water regimes (well watered, water stressed-slight, water stressed-heavy) were investigated. Results showed that inoculated seedlings had higher dry biomass, plant height, and total leaf areas than those un-inoculated ones. AMF effect was the greatest for water stressed-heavy seedlings, followed by water stressed-slight seedlings and well watered seedlings. All AMF species increased the uptake of nitrogen (N) potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and the mycorrhizal contributions to the nutrient uptake were positively related to that to the biomass. Data suggest that AMF inoculation increases the tolerance of loquat seedlings to drought stress, and the improved nutrient uptake by AMF contributes greatly to the tolerance.

Symbiotic Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Flowering of Micropropagated Plants of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum dendranthemum)

Field mortality and poor growth of in vitro raised plantlets of chrysanthemum is a major hindrance for commercial propagation through tissue culture. In the present investigation four AMF strains namely, Acaulospora laevis, Acaulospora scorbiculata, Glomus fasciculatum and mixed AMF strains (Nutrilink®) were used as bio-hardening agents to improve survival, flower quality and yield of in vitro raised chrysanthemum plantlets of cv. Yellow Bangla. Plantlets inoculated with mixed AMF gave the highest survival (94.89%) and root colonization (66.23%). The predominant effect of mixed AM fungi was also evident as increased plant height (32.34 cm), root length (24.62 cm), leaf number (46) and leaf area (10.93 cm2) of the inoculated plantlets. Acaulospora laevis and Glomus fasciculatum were found more effective in improving both shoot and root biomass at 30, 60 and 90 days after inoculation (DAI). All the treatments a improved survival and growth significantly over uninoculated control. The plantlets inoculated with Glomus fasciculatum and mixed AMF flowered early, produced higher yield, bigger flowers with increased sugars and carotene content in the flowers than other treatments.

Seleção de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e ectomicorrízicos para simbioses eficientes com Acacia mangium willd

Acacia mangium forms two kinds of mycorrhizal symbiosis, a arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) type and another with ectomycorrhizal fungi (fECTOs). The present study aimed to select different AMFs species and fECTOs isolates for effective symbiosis with A. mangium, which provide seedlings well colonized, nodulated and developed. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Embrapa Agrobiology, one for AMF species selection and another for fECTOs, using a randomized block design with five replicates. Treatments were species AMFs (Acaulospora laevis, Acaulospora morrowiae, Entrophospora colombiana, Entrophospora contigua, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum, Scutellospora calospora, Scutellospora heterogama, Scutellospora gilmorei and Scutellospora pellucida) or fECTOs isolated (UFSC Pt116; UFSC Pt24; UFSC Pt193; O 64–ITA6; UFSC Pt187 and O 40–ORS 7870). The AMFs species that promoted greater vegetative growth, mycorrhizal colonization and more effective symbioses were S. calospora, S. heterogama, S. gilmorei e A. morrowiae. The fECTOs not demonstrated effectiveness in promoting growth, but the isolate O64-ITA6 (Pisolithus tinctorius) provided greater colonization. Seedlings of A. mangium have high responsiveness to inoculation with AMFs and depends on high root colonization, between 40 and 80%, to obtain relevant benefits from symbiose over nodule formation and growth.

EFFECTS OF SEVEN DIFFERENT MYCORRHIZAL INOCULUM IN Persea americana IN STERILE AND NON-STERILE SOIL

&lt;p&gt;Some mycorrhizal fungal species could have certain compatibility and efficiency in the development of the host. Recently, avocado producers became interested in the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for the production of plants in nurseries; therefore, it is important to revise the inoculants that are more efficient to this crop. The native microbiota could interfere in the establishment of introduced AMF. A 2 factorial experimental design was used. The first factor, AMF, had 8 levels, with 6 AMF species (&lt;em&gt;Rhizophagus fasciculatum, Gigaspora margarita, Claroideoglomus etunicatum¸ Pacispora scintillans, Rhizophagus intraradices, Acaulospora laevis&lt;/em&gt;), a commercial consortia (MTZ-UV1) and a non-mycorrhizal control. The second factor, soil treatment, had 2 levels (sterile and not). Sterile soil treatments had a higher growth and the AMF inoculation increased the height, diameter, fresh and dry weight of the leaves. The inoculant &lt;em&gt;Rhizophagus fasciculatum&lt;/em&gt; in sterile soil had tendency of the highest growth in most of the variables. On the other hand, &lt;em&gt;Pacispora scintillans&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Acaulospora laevis&lt;/em&gt; in not sterile soil decreased the plant growth. The results obtained showed possible plant-AMF compatibility, as well as the importance of the sterilization of the soil before AMF inoculation&lt;/p&gt;

Influence of Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Yield of Chilly

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are known to be supportive to crop plants through uptake of diffusion limited nutrients, biological control, hormone production and drought resistance, etc. It is important to screen and select the efficient arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for each crop, because the same species may not be suitable for all the crops. Chilly is one of the major commercial crop of our country. Pot experiment was conducted to screen and select the efficient arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for inoculating chilly. Screening was done with eleven different species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Acaulospora laevis, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus bagyarajii, G. etunicatum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, G. leptotichum, G. macrocarpum, G. monosporum, G. mosseae and Scutellospora calospora). Plant parameters like height, stem girth, bio-volume index, biomass of shoot and root, fruit yield and mycorrhizal parameters like root colonization, spore number in the root zone soil, etc. have been recorded according to the standard procedures. Based on the improved plant parameters like bio-volume index, plant biomass, fruit yield and phosphorus uptake it is concluded that Glomus mosseae is the best arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus for inoculating chilly in the nursery.

Inoculation effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Vatica chinensis L.: a critically endangered species of Western Ghats

Pot experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi viz. Glomus fasciculatum, Funneliformis mosseae and Acaulospora laevis on the growth of Vatica chinensis. Plants grown in the presence of AM fungi generally showed an increase in growth and biomass over those grown in the absence of AM fungal inoculation. It was observed that a consortium of AM fungi without organic manure was found to be the best treatment to enhance plant biomass. The plant height, number of leaves and plant dry and fresh matter, plant P and N contents varied significantly with treatments. The AM colonization was higher in the seedling roots inoculated with two or three AM fungi. This study indicated that the inoculation with AM fungi either alone or in combination improved the growth, biomass yield and phosphorus nutrition of V. chinensis compared to that of the control. This information may be helpful to improve the growth of these species in sustainable forestry program.

Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on Growth Enhancement of Genetically Modified Bt Cotton (Bacillus thuringiensis)

The present investigation was undertaken to find out efficient strains of Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Funneliformis mosseae and Acaulospora laevis) alone or in combinations with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride on growth parameters of Bt cotton (Bacillus thuringiensis) var. NCS-108 (SUNNY). All inoculated seedlings showed significant biomass production than control seedlings. Triple inoculation of A. laevis + T. viride + P. fluorescens showed maximum increment in plant height, fresh and dry root weight, root length, total chlorophyll content, shoot phosphorus content, root phosphorus content, both acidic, and alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas fresh and dry shoot weight, leaf area, AM spore number, and stomatal conductance were found maximum in the combination F. mosseae + A. laevis + T. viride. Maximum fiber yield was found in the combination of F. mosseae + A. laevis + T. viride + P. fluorescens. These results indicate that triple inoculation of A. laevis + T. viride + P. fluorescens followed by the combination F. mosseae + A. laevis + T. viride showed significant response for inoculating Bt cotton in order to get significant growth and field with maximum yield.

Synergistic interaction of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a plant growth promoting biofertilizers for faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in alkaline soil

Egyptian soils are generally characterized by slightly alkaline to alkaline pH values (7.5–8.7) which are mainly due to its dry environment. In arid and semi-arid regions, salts are less concentrated and sodium dominates in carbonate and bicarbonate forms, which enhance the formation of alkaline soils. Alkaline soils have fertility problems due to poor physical properties which adversely affect the growth and the yield of crops. Therefore, this study was devoted to investigating the synergistic interaction of Rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for improving growth of faba bean grown in alkaline soil. A total of 20 rhizobial isolates and 4 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were isolated. The rhizobial isolates were investigated for their ability to grow under alkaline stress. Out of 20 isolates 3 isolates were selected as tolerant isolates. These 3 rhizobial isolates were identified on the bases of the sequences of the gene encoding 16S rRNA and designated as Rhizobium sp. Egypt 16 (HM622137), Rhizobium sp. Egypt 27 (HM622138) and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae STDF-Egypt 19 (HM587713). The best alkaline tolerant was R. leguminosarum bv. viciae STDF-Egypt 19 (HM587713). The effect of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae STDF-Egypt 19 and mixture of AMF (Acaulospora laevis, Glomus geosporum, Glomus mosseae and Scutellospora armeniaca) both individually and in combination on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth of Vicia faba under alkalinity stress were assessed. A significant increase over control in number and mass of nodules, nitrogenase activity, leghaemoglobin content of nodule, mycorrhizal colonization, dry mass of root and shoot was recorded in dual inoculated plants than plants with individual inoculation. The enhancement of nitrogen fixation of faba bean could be attributed to AMF facilitating the mobilization of certain elements such as P, Fe, K and other minerals that involve in synthesis of nitrogenase and leghaemoglobin. Thus it is clear that the dual inoculation with Rhizobium and AMF biofertilizer is more effective for promoting growth of faba bean grown in alkaline soils than the individual treatment, reflecting the existence of synergistic relationships among the inoculants.

Biological Amendments on Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Yield of Celery

Soil nutrients can decrease during organic production of celery (Apium graveolens L.) transplants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to promote plant nutrition and growth. Hence, a study was carried out to determine the potential of AMF [Funneliformis mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Walker and Schüβler and Acaulospora laevis Gerd. and Trappe], used alone or in combination with the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and/or the nonmycorrhizal fungus Trichoderma viride Pers. on celery in a greenhouse. The objective was to select an efficient AMF, or other growth-promoting microbes, for soil inoculation to improve establishment and growth of celery transplants. Inoculation with a combination of F. mosseae + P. fluorescens produced increased root length and fresh and dry weights, and the best plant height was obtained when all of the bioinoculants were used together. Mycorrhizal root colonization increased when P. fluorescens was used and the combination of F. mosseae + P. fluorescens produced the most colonization. Inoculation with F. mosseae + P. fluorescens increased shoot and root P content and root N content and increased celery yield by increasing leafstalk length. Higher photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, and shoot N content occurred when F. mosseae + A. laevis + P. fluorescens was used, with improved numbers of leafstalks, leaf area, and basal disc diameter. Soil amended with F. mosseae + P. fluorescens and F. mosseae + A. laevis + P. fluorescens at transplanting stage increased production of high-quality celery stalks with better nutrition and reduced fertilizer application.

AM fungi ameliorates growth, yield and nutrient uptake in Cicer arietinum L. Under salt stress

A pot experiment was performed to see the effect of two indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis, alone and in combination on growth, biomass and mineral nutrition of Cicer arietinum under different salinity levels imposed by 4, 8, and 12 dS/m EC solution (sodium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium sulphate). All AM inoculated plants showed significant increment in growth, biomass, mineral nutrition and yield over control. The extent of bioinoculants response on plant growth as well as root colonization decreases with the increase in the level of salinity. Among all the growth parameters plant height (26.4 ± 1.14 cm), root length (13.4 ± 1.67 cm), total chlorophyll (2.33 ± 0.02 mg/100 mg f. wt), root colonization (41.6 ± 2.70%) and AM spore number (63.8 ± 1.78 per 10 gm soil) were recorded highest in dual combination (G. mosseae and A. laevis) at 4 dS/m while fresh shoot (6.80 ± 0.67 gm) and dry shoot weight (0.96 ± 0.18 gm) was found maximum in G. mosseae at the same concentration of salinity. Greater Phosphorus (P) acquisition and yield was observed at 4 dS/m with dual combination (G. mosseae and A. laevis) that possibly be responsible to protect plants from salt stress. Although Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na) contents also declined with increasing salinity. Overall results showed that mycorrhizal colonization improves host plant mineral concentration and thereby increases the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of C. arietinum ameliorating the harmful effect at salinity stress.

Significance of bioinoculants in promoting growth, nutrient uptake and yield of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) “Taub.’’

The indiscriminate use of fertilizer, pesticides and other chemicals is adversely affecting the quality of the soil. The application of less expensive bioinoculants increases the productivity without harming the environment. In this context, a pot experiment was performed under polyhouse conditions, to evaluate the effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Funneliformis mosseae, Acaulospora laevis alone and/or in combination with Trichoderma viride and Bradyrhizobium sp. on symbiotic potential and various growth parameters, nutrient uptake and yield of cluster bean. The results revealed that triple inoculation with F. mosseae + A. laevis + T. viride followed by the single inoculation of F. mosseae and dual inoculation of F. mosseae + T. viride showed more pronounced and significant response in terms of growth, nutrient (N and P) uptake due to positive interaction among rhizospheric microorganisms leading to healthy and vigorously growing plants with maximum yield.

Interactive effect of AM fungi with Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth and yield of broccoli

Most of the vegetable crops are known to depend upon arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AM) symbiosis for growth and development, since AM fungi provide nutrients and water in exchange for photosynthates.&amp;nbsp; The influences of AM fungi (Glomus intraradices (G) and Acaulospora laevis (A)) with Trichoderma viride (T) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (P) alone and in combinations on growth, mycorrhization, chlorophyll content, nutrient uptakes, and yield of broccoli plants were studied in pot culture under glasshouse conditions. The obtained results demonstrated that the single inoculation of broccoli plants with T. viride significantly increased the above ground fresh weight, root length, chlorophyll b, head diameter, root phosphorus, and shoot nitrogen in comparison to uninoculated control plants. On the other hand, consortium of G+A+T+P significantly increased plant height, above ground dry weight, root fresh weight, chlorophyll a, head fresh weight, and root nitrogen content. Similarly, G+T showed maximum leaf area, and P alone showed maximum uptake of shoot phosphorus. Whereas when P was supplied along with T, early flowering was recorded. AM fungal colonisation was negligible and only root tips were found infected in G or A treated plants which confirms low dependency of broccoli on AM fungi. &amp;nbsp;

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma viride mediated Fusarium wilt control in tomato

The biocontrol potential of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Funneliformis mosseae and Acaulospora laevis) and Trichoderma viride was assessed against tomato wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lycopersici under pot condition. All the bioagent showed appreciable results in increasing plant growth. Combined inoculation of F. mosseae, A. laevis and T. viride showed maximum increases in plant height, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, number of leaves and number of branches per plant while dual inoculation of F. mosseae and T. viride increased rest of the growth parameters like shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root length and leaf area. AM colonisation and spore number was found highest in single inoculation of AMF, which decreases with the addition of T. viride. But, this decrease has no effect on biocontrol efficiency of bioagents. Photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and nutrient content were markedly decreased by pathogen infection. Bioagent application overcomes this effect and a remarkable increase in the plant phosphorus and nitrogen content was recorded. Among both the AMF, F. mosseae proved to be more effective strain compared to A. laevis for tomato. Maximum reduction in disease incidence and severity was recorded in combined inoculation of F. mosseae, A. laevis and T. viride. Whereas control plants without any bioagent showed maximum occurrence of disease. The findings of this study concludes that soil inoculation with F. mosseae along with root inoculation with conidial suspension of T. viride before transplantation offered better survival and resistance to tomato seedlings against Fusarium wilt.

Multifaceted potential of bioinoculants on red bell pepper (F1 hybrid, Indam Mamatha) production

The present investigation was undertaken to determine the comparative efficacy of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Funneliformis mosseae and Acaulospora laevis) with Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth and yield of red bell pepper. The results indicate that F. mosseae colonized the plant roots better as compared to A. laevis and promoted maximum increment in AM spore number, root colonization, leaf area, acid phosphatase activity, early fruit formation along with maximum increase in fruit nitrogen, and protein content. Whereas F. mosseae+P. fluorescens promoted maximum increase in plant height, shoot weight, mycorrhizal dependency, chlorophyll a, alkaline phosphatase activity, and fruit phosphorus content. Regarding root length, root weight, leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll b, number of fruits per plant and their fresh weight, it was found best in F. mosseae+A. laevis+P. fluorescens. Therefore, soil inoculation with suitable bioinoculant should be used at nursery stage for better yield.

Seasonal Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Mangroves of Goa, India

Seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community composition in three common mangrove plant species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, and Rhizophora mucronata, from two sites in Goa, India, were investigated. In all three species variation in AM fungal spore density was observed. Maximum spore density and AM species richness were recorded in the premonsoon season, while minimum spore density and richness were observed during monsoon season at both sites. A total of 11 AM fungal species representing five genera were recorded. Acaulospora laevis was recorded in all seasons at both sites. Multivariate analysis revealed that season and host coaffected AM spore density and species richness with the former having greater influence than the latter.