Acanthus Ilicifolius Research Articles

Investigation on possibility of mangrove regeneration: a case study from Indian Sundarbans.

Mangroves serve as biotic fences of estuarine belts consisting of salt-tolerant plants that grow in intertidal zones and can be regenerated naturally as well as artificially. Mangrove regeneration refers to the process of restoring or rebuilding mangrove ecosystems that have been already degraded, damaged, or lost from their native place through the monitoring of geomorphological, taxonomical, pedological, and ecological aspects. The primary objective of this study was based on the remote sensing application through several important health monitoring indices over the minute part of Indian Sundarbans to prove the possibility of mangrove regeneration. Change detection analysis in the indices proves that there was possible growth and development in mangrove colonization over the same. The secondary objective is to comprehend the association of field-related study with the remotely sensed data on species diversity assessment over the same where the native species are Avicennia marina (Peyara Bain), Avicennia officinalis (Jat Bain), Avicennia alba (Kalo Bain), Aegialitis rotundifolia (Tora), Acanthus ilicifolius (Horgoj Kanta), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Kankra), Ceriops tagal (Goran), and Aegiceras corniculatum (Khalisi). The latter objective is associated with the tertiary one that unveils the correlation between several physico-chemical properties of soil samples taken from the field with the species accommodation.Textural classes are grouped between clay and silty clay that helps to get the foundation of hard wood-basedspecies (Avicennia type) specifically with the salinity ranges between 200 ppt (Site 2) and 633 ppt (Site 1)approximately which presents that the zone is highly saline zone as specifically Avicennia species can sustain highsalinity. Importance Value Index (IVI) and species diversity indices have been run to support whether the zone is diversified or not.Equilibrium between deforestation and regeneration through mangrove plantation has to be attained in the nearfuture as deforestation for the livelihood purposes exists, so this newly born island locally named Dorabagdamangrove patch, upper part (Gopalganj) of Kaikhali village, would be the best experimental study site on mangroveregeneration.

Cadophorin C, a new cyclic heptapeptide isolated from a mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. GXIMD 03101

One new cyclic heptapeptide, cadophorin C (1), and one known analogue cadophorin B (2) were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. GXIMD 03101 from the mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius L. The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated by comprehensive analysis of the spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS, and the known compound was identified by comparing the data with literature values. Compounds 1 and 2 were screened for antibacterial activity and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) inhibitory activity. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 have weak activity against Vibrio harveyi with MIC values of 3.12 and 12.5 μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 have significant inhibitory activity against BPH with IC50 values of 2.62 and 2.23 μM, respectively.

Using metabolomics to explore the effects of epigenetic-modification strategies on the metabolites of Acanthus ilicifolius L. endophytic fungi against ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is a serious threat to women's health and safety. So far, people have discovered more than 130 small molecule compounds of natural origin for anti-tumor, of which approximately 50% are of microbial origin. The Acanthus ilicifolius L. species is primarily distributed in the Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi regions of China and grows in tidally accessible coastal areas. Recent studies have revealed that Acanthus ilicifolius L. extracts are endowed with a range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. Endophytic fungi are commonly found in the healthy tissue and organs of medicinal plants. These fungi and the plants they inhabit form mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships. Endophytic fungi produce a series of secondary metabolites, with active substances having shown great economic value and applications prospects in drug research and development as well as for the biological control of plant diseases. Secondary metabolites production by endophytic fungi is regulated by specific gene clusters, and several techniques have been used to stimulate the secondary metabolic processes of fungi, including epigenetic-modification and OSMAC (one strain many compounds) strategies, co-culturing, and gene modification. Among these, epigenetic modification has been shown to be effective; this strategy involves the addition of small-molecule epigenetic modifiers to the culture medium, thereby activating silenced biosynthetic gene clusters without altering the DNA sequences of the fungi. This approach facilitates the expression of silenced genes in endophytic fungi, thereby increasing the number and diversity of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, it assists in overcoming the inhibition of microbial secondary-metabolite synthesis under laboratory conditions, and enhances silenced-gene expressions. The advent of novel analytical techniques and bioinformatics has provided a comprehensive, multifaceted, and holistic understanding of fungal metabolism through the development of metabolomics as a research platform. However, few studies have combined anti-ovarian cancer-activity screening with metabolomic approaches in the search for activity-differentiating metabolites from endophytic fungi under the intervention of epigenetic modifiers. Herein, we investigated the impact of epigenetic modifiers on the secondary metabolites of the endophytic Diaporthe goulteri fungus from Acanthus ilicifolius L. to determine their potential anti-ovarian cancer activities. Crude extracts were obtained by controlling three variables: the number of fermentation days, the type of epigenetic modifier, and its concentration, with activities screened using the CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) method. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was subsequently employed for non-targeted metabolomic analysis. A multivariate statistical analysis model was constructed using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, which combines model and variable importance projection, with qualitative screening performed and significant changes (variable importance in the projection (VIP)≥1; P<0. 05) determined. Fifteen differential metabolites were identified in the fungal and epigenetic modification group, primarily comprising polyketides, amino acids, derivatives, alkaloids, and organic acids, including prenderol, glycine, valine, 2-ethylcaproic acid, rubratoxin B, finasteride, 6-silaspiro[5.5]undecane, 1-(2-nitrophenoxy)octane, heptadecene, 1-pentadecene, 11-ketoetiocholanolone, 3-(1-ethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)butanal, N2-benzoylarginine, tabutrex, (3aR,6S,6aS)-6-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-2-butanyl)-4,4-dimethylhexahydro-1(2H)-pentalenone, and 8-aminoquinoline. The expressions of prenderol, 1-(2-nitrophenoxy)octane, 3-(1-ethyl-1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)butanal, N2-benzoylarginine, and 8-aminoquinoline were downregulated, whereas the expressions of the remaining 10 substances were upregulated. Polyketides were the main components that exhibited higher expressions. This study showed that latent active differential metabolites can be searched by combining anti-ovarian cancer-activity screening with metabolomics analysis, thereby providing a reference for the further development of Acanthus ilicifolius L. resources and the subsequent targeted isolation of active compounds.

Antioxidant potentials of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves from Southwest Coastal Region of Bangladesh

This research delves into the antioxidant potential of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves harvested from the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Four distinct solvents—methanol, ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate—were utilized to determine antioxidant activities. Initial phytochemical screening unveiled the existence of many secondary metabolites, including as flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, and others. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total proanthocyanidin content were determined using quantitative analysis. The assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging assays. Notably, the acetone extract of Acanthus ilicifolius exhibited the highest total phenolic content (24.75 mg of GA/g), total flavonoid content (12.9 mg of catechin/g), and total proanthocyanidins content (11.47 mg of catechin/g). The ethanol extract displayed the most robust antioxidant activity in both DPPH (91.41 %) and ABTS (66.78 %) scavenging assays among the crude extracts, underscoring its potential as a valuable source of antioxidants. The results emphasise the crucial importance of choosing the appropriate solvent in the extraction procedure and suggest that Acanthus ilicifolius leaves, particularly when extracted with ethanol, acetone, or methanol, hold promise as a natural source of antioxidants. This study offers valuable insights into the bioactive potential of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves.

Antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects in vitro of extract from the above-ground parts of Acanthus ilicifolius

The in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of the extract from the above-ground parts of Acanthus ilicifolius was evaluated to assess the potential of this plant as a probable natural medicinal source for diseasetreatment. The aqueous extract from the above-ground parts of this plant demonstrated the existence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids, triterenes, tannins, saponins, and glycosides, providing promising results in all the tests performed. The antioxidant activity of A. ilicifolius's above-ground parts extract was graded by five methods, including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power (RP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS•+), and the results showed that the extract has strong antioxidant effects. The inhibitory activity of two enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes was assessed and compared with the standard acarbose. Extract from A. ilicifolius's above-ground parts could inhibit the enzyme α-amylase with an EC50 value of 136.35 ± 2.11 µg/mL and α-glucosidase with an EC50 value of 49.81 ± 0.37 µg/mL. The results confirmed that A. ilicifolius can be an important natural medicinal source with antioxidant, α-amylase, and αglucosidase inhibitory properties. Keywords: Acanthus ilicifolius; antioxidant; anti-diabetic; α-amylase; α-glucosidase; medicinal.

Millmerranones G, a meroterpene isolated from a mangrove-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. GXIMD 03004

One new meroterpene derivative, millmerranones G (1), and three known analogues (2–4) were identified from the mangrove-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. GXIMD 03004, which was isolated from the leaves of mangrove Acanthus ilicifolius L. collected from Beibu Gulf in China. The structure of 1 was characterised by a comprehensive interpretation of the NMR spectroscopic and HRESIMS data. The absolute configuration for 1 was established using experimental and calculated ECD data. The anti-Vibrio activities of all compounds were evaluated, the result showed that compounds 1 and 2 has weak activity against Vibrio harveyi.

Protective effect of Acanthus ilicifolius extracts against acute alcoholic liver injury via suppressing TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway and modulating intestinal microbiota in mice

Excessive alcohol consumption is leading to increased rates of liver injury and disease. A new research strategy focuses on manipulating gut microbiota to lessen alcohol-induced harm. This study examined the hepatoprotective effects of extracts from Acanthus ilicifolius (EAI) on acute alcoholic liver injury by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway and modulating intestinal microbiota in mice. The results showed that EAI dose-dependently reduced alcohol-induced elevations of AST, ALT, and ALP levels. EAI showed significant inhibitory effects on the expressions of TLR4, NF-κB, and pNF-κB proteins. Furthermore, EAI caused a notable reduction in hepatic levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Supplementation with EAI could ameliorate alcohol-induced dysbiosis of intestinal bacteria. The levels of ALT, AST, and ALP levels were negatively correlated with Ligilactobacillus, Lactobacillus, and Alistipes, but positively correlated with Helicobacter and Bacteroides. Overall, EAI alleviated alcoholic liver injury in mice by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway and modulating intestinal bacteria.

Identification of Penexanthone A as a Novel Chemosensitizer to Induce Ferroptosis by Targeting Nrf2 in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Ferroptosis has emerged as a potential mechanism for enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. By suppressing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), cancer cells may lose their ability to counteract the oxidative stress induced by chemotherapy, thereby becoming more susceptible to ferroptosis. In this study, we investigate the potential of penexanthone A (PXA), a xanthone dimer component derived from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe goulteri, obtained from mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius, to enhance the therapeutic effect of cisplatin (CDDP) on colorectal cancer (CRC) by inhibiting Nrf2. The present study reported that PXA significantly improved the ability of CDDP to inhibit the activity of and induce apoptosis in CRC cells. Moreover, PXA was found to increase the level of oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by CDDP. In addition, the overexpression of Nrf2 reversed the DNA damage and ferroptosis induced by the combination of PXA and CDDP. In vivo experiments using zebrafish xenograft models demonstrated that PXA enhanced the therapeutic effect of CDDP on CRC. These studies suggest that PXA enhanced the sensitivity of CRC to CDDP and induce ferroptosis by targeting Nrf2 inhibition, indicating that PXA might serve as a novel anticancer drug in combination chemotherapy.

Process Optimization for Coating of Acanthus Ilicifolius Extract on Silk Sutures

This study investigates the optimization of process parameters for coating silk sutures with Acanthus ilicifolius leaf extract. The increasing awareness of surgical site infections is a critical concern associated with the use of sutures in medical procedure undertaking. Our study aimed to assess the impact of three crucial coating factors, namely extract content, temperature, and duration, on the mechanical and antibacterial characteristics of silk sutures braided together. Through Box–Behnken design, in conjunction with the response surface approach, we conducted a thorough analysis to refine the model. The result showed that extract concentration directly influences both antimicrobial activity and elongation, while temperature and time primarily affect tensile strength and bending stiffness. To achieve the maximum tensile strength, minimum breaking elongation, minimum bending stiffness, and lower friction, all while maintaining the important antimicrobial efficacy of the sutures, this study emphasizes the use of response surface methodology in optimizing coating parameters for A. ilicifolius leaf extract on silk sutures. The response models are developed on the complex relationships between these parameters and the properties of the sutures.

Mangrove Species Diversity and Its Use as Medicinal Plant by Coastal Communities of Lampung Timur Indonesia

Coastal communities have empirically utilized and proven the medicinal properties of mangrove plants. The objective of the study was to determine the species diversity of mangrove plants and their use as herbal medicine on the coast of Lampung Timur, Sumatra, Indonesia. Mangrove plant diversity was obtained through vegetation analysis and diversity index calculation. The use of mangroves as medicine was obtained through interviews and descriptive comparative analysis. The study revealed that the mangrove forest located on Lampung Timur Coastal comprises 22 species from 12 families. Out of these 22 species, 12 are true mangroves, and the remaining 10 are mangrove associates. Among the 12 true mangroves, the majority (10 species) are major mangroves, while the other two are minor. The diversity index of the Lampung Timur mangrove forest is categorized as moderate (H'= 1.9580). The use of mangrove plants as herbal medicine persists in the Lampung Timur Coastal community. Among the users of mangrove herbal medicine, the majority (55.71%) are from the older generation. Additionally, 64% of users are male, 57.37% are categorized as low-income, and 60.12% identify as Javanese based on ethnicity. The community uses various plant species for medicinal purposes. Avicennia marina is used as an antiseptic, anti-histamine, and source of vitamins. Acanthus ilicifolius is used as an anti-rheumatism and muscle ache medicine/analgesic. Rhizophora apiculata is used as an antipyretic, R. mucronata is used to increase stamina/vitality, and Soneratia caseolaris is used as an anti-cholesterol and anti-oxidant.

Ethnobotanical Analysis of Mangroves as Food Resources in East Lampung

The world is experiencing a food crisis due to climate change, and mangroves as a blue ecosystem have a significant potential to mitigate this crisis. This research seeks to record the ethnobotanical practices of utilising mangroves, as a food source in East Lampung. We employed the snowball sampling method in Margasari village, Purwerejo village, and Karya Makmur village. In addition, we gathered data on mangrove species, parts of used, processing methods, products, and their properties, through interviews and observations. Also, we analysed the data using descriptive analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the varieties of mangroves, their processing, and the resulting products. This research revealed that the communities employs five distinct varieties of mangroves as sustenance sources. Mangroves produce various food products from their four components: fruit, juvenile leaves, old leaves, and propagules. Notably, processed products, including pidada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris), are anti-hypertensive, canker sores, and heartburn treatments. Jeruju leaves (Acanthus ilicifolius) are known to improve stamina, and seeds without the root of Rhizophora mucronata propagules act as anti-gastritis agents, improve blood circulation, and prevent anaemia. Although there are ten processed mangrove products, they are still considered traditional and are not as popular among the newer generation.

The Potential of Daruju Leaf Extract (Acanthus Ilicifolius) as a Bioreductor in the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Antibacterial Activity Test

Silver nanoparticles had been synthesized through the bioreduction process using daruju (Acanthus ilicifolius) leaf extract as a bioreductant. The variation of the formula used is a mixture of daruju leaf extract with a 0.01 M AgNO3 solution with volume ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. The research results show that UV-Visible spectrophotometry confirmed that a volume ratio of 1:1 is the optimum formula with an absorption value of 2.346 at the maximum wavelength 440 nm. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with daruju leaf extract has a strong inhibition zone about 10.42 mm. Proving that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with extract daruju leaf can be used as an antibacterial agent against E.coli bacteria.

Novel species, morpho‐molecular identification and pathogenicity of Allophoma (Didymellacaeae) causing leaf spots of true mangroves and mangrove associates in Thailand

AbstractTrue mangroves and mangrove associates are salt‐tolerant trees and shrubs that serve a critical role in preserving the ecological balance of tropical and subtropical estuarine environments. However, they are not immune to the damage caused by fungal pathogens. In this study, leaves exhibiting leaf spot symptoms were gathered from mangrove estuary and forests in Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. Through morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses (LSU, ITS, RPB2 and TUB2) along with genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition, we identified Allophoma acanthi sp. nov. from Acanthus ilicifolius. Additionally, A. minor was identified as the causative agent of leaf spots in true mangrove and mangrove associate species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Combretum sp., Hibiscus tiliaceus, Intsia bijuga, Lumnitzera racemosa and Sonneratia alba. We also provide evidence to support the synonymization of A. thunbergiae with A. minor. All eight isolates of Allophoma species in this study demonstrated pathogenicity to their original hosts with varied virulence, confirming Koch's postulates. Our findings contribute to the understanding of fungal pathogens affecting true mangroves and mangrove associates.

Floristic diversity of mangroves and mangrove associate species of Kali River Estuary, Karwar, Karnataka, India

This study assessed the mangrove flora of the Kali River estuary, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. Fourteen true mangrove species belonging to eight families and 11 genera were documented from four locations: Devbagh, Mavinhole, Kalimatha Island, and Halgejoog. The mangrove species show a discontinuous distribution pattern in the Kali River estuary. The highest IVI in true mangroves was recorded for Avicennia officinalis at Devbagh, Acanthus ilicifolius at Mavinhole, Sonneratia caseolaris (after Oryza coarctata) at Kalimatha Island, and S. caseolaris (after Derris trifoliata) at Halgejoog. Of the four sites, Devbagh has the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and with regard to species composition, Devbagh and Kalimatha Island are the most similar sites. Kalimatha island has the most well-preserved mangrove community.

Distribution and diversity studies of endophytic and rhizospheric fungi associated with the mangrove, Acanthus ilicifolius, using amplicon sequencing-based metagenomic approach

Fungal endophytes exhibit a broad diversity and are found universally associated with all plant species, playing a vital role in enhancing the host plant's resilience against both biotic and abiotic stressors. In this investigation conducted in Mumbai, India, the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform was employed to study the endophytic fungal diversity of the common mangrove, Acanthus ilicifolius and its rhizosphere utilizing the amplification of the fungal ribosomal ITS2 region. The results revealed the creation of 307 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) from a total of 663,600 sequencing reads, clustered at a 97 percent similarity level. Evaluation using Simpson and Shannon indices indicated that the highest community diversity was observed in stem tissue compared to root and leaf samples. The total OTUs were categorized into five phyla, 41 orders, 89 families, and 133 genera, with Ascomycota being the predominant phylum at 76.9% relative abundance, followed by Basidiomycota at 22.87%. The most abundant genera in the soil were Malassezia (35%) and Aspergillus (29.5%), while Vishniacozyma (61%) dominated in leaf samples. Unlike stem and root, no single genus dominated these tissues. The findings demonstrated significant distinctions between the fungal endophytic communities in plant tissues and the fungal microbiome in the soil. Notably, the endophyte fungi community in roots exhibited a closer resemblance to stem samples than to leaf samples. FunGuild analysis also revealed characteristic communities in different samples indicating specific functions of these genera. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the intricate composition of endophytic fungi within the tissues of A. ilicifolius and its rhizosphere.

Origin and evolution of a new tetraploid mangrove species in an intertidal zone

Polyploidy is a major factor in the evolution of plants, yet we know little about the origin and evolution of polyploidy in intertidal species. This study aimed to identify the evolutionary transitions in three true-mangrove species of the genus Acanthus distributed in the Indo–West Pacific region. For this purpose, we took an integrative approach that combined data on morphology, cytology, climatic niche, phylogeny, and biogeography of 493 samples from 42 geographic sites. Our results show that the Acanthus ilicifolius lineage distributed east of the Thai–Malay Peninsula possesses a tetraploid karyotype, which is morphologically distinct from that of the lineage on the west side. The haplotype networks and phylogenetic trees for the chloroplast genome and eight nuclear genes reveal that the tetraploid species has two sub-genomes, one each from A. ilicifolius and A.ebracteatus, the paternal and maternal parents, respectively. Population structure analysis also supports the hybrid speciation history of the new tetraploid species. The two sub-genomes of the tetraploid species diverged from their diploid progenitors during the Pleistocene. Environmental niche models revealed that the tetraploid species not only occupied the near-entire niche space of the diploids, but also expanded into novel environments. Our findings suggest that A. ilicifolius species distributed on the east side of the Thai–Malay Peninsula should be regarded as a new species, A. tetraploideus, which originated from hybridization between A. ilicifolius and A. ebracteatus, followed by chromosome doubling. This is the first report of a true-mangrove allopolyploid species that can reproduce sexually and clonally reproduction, which explains the long-term adaptive potential of the species.

Analysis of Mangrove Density using NDVI and Macrobenthos Diversity in Ampekale Tourism Village South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The mangrove ecosystem faces significant challenges, as its quality and quantity are threatened with decline. This study aimed to analyze the mangrove density and macrobenthos diversity in the Ampekale Ecotourism Village, Indonesia. This research utilizes remote sensing image analysis through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method. Complementary ground-check surveys were conducted to ascertain the density and diversity of mangrove and macrobenthos species. The overall mangrove density in the Ampekale area was relatively high, with some areas displaying moderate density. The sequence of mangrove species, from most common to least common, includes Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, and Acanthus ilicifolius. The most prevalent macrobenthos belong to the Crustacea class, such as Uca sp., Sesarma, Metaplax sp., and Scylla serrata. Moreover, the most diverse macrobenthos belong to the Gastropods class. The distribution of this biodiversity depends on their location (coastal or inland), tidal fluctuations, and river estuaries. Mangrove ecosystems situated in estuaries with high densities exhibited elevated macrobenthos abundance. This correlation suggests that areas characterized by dense mangroves also harbor stable ecosystem conditions with abundant macrobenthos. In contrast, ecosystems featuring lower biodiversity demonstrated reduced stability. These findings contribute valuable insights into the conservation and sustainability of mangrove ecosystems. Keywords: ecotourism, macrobenthos, mangrove density, mangrove ecosystem, NDVI

Floristic Diversity of Mangrove Restoration Area: A Case Study in Pasar Rawa, North Sumatra

Mangrove forests are important ecosystems. However, land conversion and degradation have destroyed a significant area of mangrove. Mangrove restoration employing native species has been performed in several degraded areas, including some North Sumatra regions. However, information regarding floristic diversity in monoculture restoration areas is still limited. This research aims to analyze the floristic diversity in the mangrove restoration area, which is dominated by Soneratia alba species in Pasar Rawa Village, North Sumatra. The plotted path approach was employed for vegetation analysis in a 3-ha area in Pasar Rawa. The findings revealed that 8 (eight) species were found in the S. alba restoration area. The highest Important Value Index (IVI) in the seedling stage was found in Acanthus ilicifolius, while at the sapling and tree stages, S. alba was the highest. The highest diversity index was obtained at the sapling stage, which was 1.46 (medium), and the lowest was obtained at the tree stages, which were 0.26 (low). The result showed a new recruitment of seedlings in the research location, although the species diversity value is still lower. The appearance of new species, particularly pioneer species, in the research area indicates that natural succession processes are currently taking place. Keywords: floristic, mangrove, monospecies, restoration, Sonneratia alba

Mangrove plants are promising bioindicator of coastal atmospheric microplastics pollution

Plastics are commonly used by society and their break down into millimeter-sized bits known as microplastics (MPs). Due to the possibility of exposure, reports of them in atmospheric deposition, indoor, and outdoor air have sparked worry for public health. In tropical and subtropical regions all throughout the world, mangroves constitute a distinctive and significant type of coastal wetlands. Mangrove plants are considered to have the effect of accumulating sediment MPs, but the sedimentation of atmospheric MPs has not been reported. In this study, we illustrated the characteristics, abundance and spatial distribution of MPs in different species of mangrove leaves along the Seagull Island in Guangzhou. MPs samples from leaves in five species showed various shapes, colors, compositions, sizes and abundance. Acanthus ilicifolius had an average fallout rate of 1223 items/m2/day which has the highest abundance of MPs in all samples. Four shapes of MPs were found in all leaves surfaces including fiber, fragment, pellet, and film, with fiber is the most. The dominant types of MPs in all leaves were cellulose and rayon. Most of the total MPs size were smaller than 2 mm. Clearly, the microstructures of each species leaf surfaces had an impact on its ability to retain MPs. The plants rough blade surfaces and big folds or gullies caused more particles to accumulate and had a higher MPs retention capacity. Overall, our study contributes to a better knowledge of the condition of MPs pollution in atmosphere and the connection between leaves structure and the retention of MPs, which indicates that mangrove plants are promising bioindicator of coastal atmospheric MPs pollution.

EXAMINING THE ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF ACANTHUS ILICIFOLIUS L.'S JURJU LEAF INFUSION ON MUS MUSCULUS, A MALE WHITE MICE

In this work, male white mice (Mus musculus) are used to test the analgesic effects of Jeruju leaf infusion (Acanthus ilicifolius L.). Jeruju, or Acanthus ilicifolius, has long been used for its possible medicinal benefits, which include pain alleviation. The experimental group was given Jeruju leaf infusion at different concentrations, whereas the control group was given a placebo. Standard pain-inducing stimuli were used to gauge the analgesic effect, and the responses were noted and examined. Initial results point to a dose-dependent response in the experimental group, suggesting that Jeruju leaf infusion may have analgesic properties. In comparison to the control group, the data showed a decrease in pain responses, which was statistically significant. More research into the underlying processes and active ingredients that give rise to the analgesic effect that has been observed is.