Academic Entrepreneurial Intentions Research Articles

The Role of Individual Resource Capital, University Support Environment and Government Policy in Academic Entrepreneurship: Evidence from China

There is a growing understanding that professors worldwide are engaging in academic entrepreneurship. Still, many issues remain unresolved about the personal and institutional factors that influence professors' decisions to pursue such endeavours. This study aims to understand better the factors that influence academic entrepreneurship intentions in Chinese institutions. This work creates a model associating China's university context and academic researchers' psychological characteristics with establishing academic entrepreneurship using a classic entrepreneurial model and some studies on academic entrepreneurial intention. We use Smart PLS 4.0 software and a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach to evaluate the model on 364 samples from China's teaching and research universities, with the findings indicating: 1) personality, individual resource capital, and government policy can significantly affect academic entrepreneurship; 2) university support environment can both moderate the relation between government policy and academic entrepreneurship, but also university support environment can significantly affect the academic entrepreneurship directly. The findings have significant implications for China's goal to encourage more extraordinary academic entrepreneurship around universities, as well as the strategy to establish an entrepreneurial university.

What kind of support can promote academic entrepreneurial intention: An analysis of the Qualitative Comparative Analysis configuration effect of multiple support

AbstractThrough one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), it is found that monthly salary and academic entrepreneurial intention have a “U‐shaped” relationship. In qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), single‐factor necessity analysis found that self‐emotional support and family emotional support constitute the necessary conditions. Through multifactor configuration analysis, four paths are summarized as follows: “internal drive type,” “resource utilization type,” “relationship infection type,” and “opportunity capture type.” Through cross‐configuration comparative analysis, it is found that different support subjects have a substitution effect, the strong linkage relationship between self and family becomes a necessary condition, and emotional support is better than instrumental support.

What motivates academics toward entrepreneurship? Examining the formation of academic entrepreneurial intention from the push-pull perspective.

Although academic entrepreneurship has received considerable attention over the last decades, little attention has been devoted to discussing the formation process of academic entrepreneurial intention underlying the push-pull perspective. This study attempts to explore the mechanism of how academic entrepreneurial intention is shaped, with job-related negative elements as push factors, and entrepreneurship-related positive attractors as pull factors. In this paper, regression analysis and Bootstrap were conducted using SPSS 26.0 and MPLUS 7.0, whose applicability has been widely demonstrated in research. Findings were derived from 1042 academics from Chinese universities. Results showed that both push and pull factors do contribute to boosting academic entrepreneurial intention. Particularly, the entrepreneurship-related pull factors including entrepreneurial opportunity identification and expected entrepreneurial benefits play a dominant role in trigging academic intention to engaging entrepreneurship. Moreover, our findings further confirmed the moderating role of social network in the process of academics pushed by negative job-related factors to emerge entrepreneurial intention. This study extends the research perspective on the factors influencing academic entrepreneurial intention by examines the impact of push and pull factors on academic entrepreneurial intention simultaneously. This deepens the formation mechanism of academic entrepreneurial intention. Besides, the current study identifies a new look at the role that social network plays in academic entrepreneurship.

Big Five Personality, Academic Entrepreneurial Motivation, and Academic Entrepreneurial Intention: A Research Method Based on Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis.

Scholars are the main force behind academic entrepreneurship. The method of how to stimulate scholars’ academic entrepreneurial intention and how to further promote social and economic development are important questions for the academic community. Research on the “net effect” of the factors affecting academic entrepreneurial intention has achieved some theoretical results. However, the results that affect academic entrepreneurial intention are complex and not influenced by a single factor, but rather by the interaction between various factors. Therefore, this study used a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis research method to explore how various factors can affect scholars’ academic entrepreneurial intention from two dimensions: the Big Five personality traits and academic entrepreneurial motivation. Our findings showed two configurations that affect high academic entrepreneurial intention of university scholars: the openness to experience—ribbon—dominant path, and the ribbon—dominant path. Additionally, two configurations were revealed for the formation of not-high academic entrepreneurial intention: extraversion—conscientiousness—inhibition and extraversion—agreeableness—gold—hindrance paths. Moreover, this study revealed that a causal asymmetry exists between the high and the not-high academic entrepreneurial intention configurations. This study broadens the application of the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method in the research of academic entrepreneurial intention and provides theoretical and practical insights for researchers and practitioners on how to effectively stimulate scholars’ academic entrepreneurial intention.

From lab to market: An analysis of gender role in academic entrepreneurial intention

ABSTRACT Interest in academic entrepreneurship is increasing. Nowadays, it is more common that many private and public initiatives aim to boost entrepreneurship based on science and technology. Some empirical evidence demonstrates that males present higher entrepreneurial intention levels than women. This research seeks to explore the gender role in academic entrepreneurial intention. We study 593 responses from business accelerator program participants linked to higher education institutions and public research centers in Mexico. To analyze the data, we set up structural equation modeling. Preliminary results show a gender effect on entrepreneurial intention. Male academics are more likely to be academic entrepreneurs. Also, we found that academics with higher entrepreneurial experience are more likely to be entrepreneurs regardless of gender. Preliminary findings provide insights for scholars and practitioners in establishing policies that help promote entrepreneurial behavior within academics, especially women.

The Determinants of China’s Academic Entrepreneurial Intention: the Moderating Effects of University and Research Type

The Determinants of China’s Academic Entrepreneurial Intention: the Moderating Effects of University and Research Type

From a Deliberative to an Implementing Mindset a Process-oriented View of the Formation of Academic Entrepreneurial Intention

Background: Previous intention-based research has not considered whether participants are in the motivational or in the actional phase. In turn, this creates a gap of knowledge concerning the cognitive and motivational processes involved in the formation of Entrepreneurial Intention (EI). By applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the present study addresses the formation of EI to commercialize research knowledge, focusing on the transition from motivation to implementation in the context of academia. Methods: Drawing on cross-sectional data of 490 researchers, segmented regression analysis was conducted to analyze the influence of entrepreneurial engagement on EI-growth. Multi-group Structural Equalization Modeling (SEM) was then used to test the moderation effects of engagement on the relationship between motivational factors and entrepreneurial intention. Results and Discussion: The analysis revealed a direct influence of engagement on EI, as well as a threshold of EI-growth per the context of a Rubicon crossing after the initiation of the first gestation action. Our data also show a growing influence of endogenous factors (e.g., attitudes and perceived behavior control) on EI during the venture creation process. The second part of the study contributes by testing the effects of entrepreneurial rewards on TPB-antecedents moderated by engagement. Conclusion: Until today, research mostly relied on cross-sectional data to predict and measure the strength of EI in the phase preceding the launch of a new business without considering whether participants are in the motivational or in the actional phase. Our finding highlights the need to shift from focusing entrepreneurship research solely on intentions to now on the process and implementation perspective.

Intención Emprendedora Académica: un estudio a través de la Teoría del Comportamiento Planeado

The study of Entrepreneurial Intention is essential to understand the beginning of the entrepreneurship process. The literature on academic entrepreneurship sustains a shortage of research related to how an individual, in the academic environment, develops the entrepreneurial intention of starting a spin-off. Starting from the Theory of Planned Behavior, the objective of the present study is to analyze the incidence of motivational antecedents (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control) on Academic Entrepreneurial Intention and examine the effect of individual factors (creativity, perceived utility, self-confidence, business experience) and context (business experience, entrepreneurship training, and business environment) in said antecedents. Method: The data collection was through a survey applied randomly to 172 academics from the Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa in various areas of knowledge (technical and social). Data analysis was carried out using the multivariate Structural Equation Model technique, through the Partial Least Squares approach, for which the Smart PLS software was used. Results: The result of the structural equation model showed that the main antecedent of the academic entrepreneurial intention is the attitude towards entrepreneurship. This, in turn, is influenced by Creativity and Perceived Utility. Discussion: The research’s structural model allows predictive evidence of unobservable variables that influence entrepreneurial intention’s formation in the academic environment. Also, the findings present practical implications that are useful for university management to promote academic entrepreneurship.

Scientist or Entrepreneur? Identity centrality, university entrepreneurial mission, and academic entrepreneurial intention

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between identity centrality and entrepreneurial intention. Based on a survey of 275 academic scientists from 14 Chinese universities, the results show that entrepreneurial identity centrality positively influences the intention to engage in research commercialisation activities, such as spin-off creation, patenting and licensing, contracting research and consulting. We also found that the conflict between entrepreneurial and scientific identity centrality is less problematic than expected in the literature. In fact, the interaction between both identity centralities strengthens academics scientists’ intention to involve in academic entrepreneurship. Concerning the influence of institutional factor on academic entrepreneurship, the finding confirms that university entrepreneurial mission moderates the relationship between both identity centralities and the intention to establish spin-offs. Finally, this paper provides insights for academic entrepreneurship in China and practical recommendation for policy makers.

Promoting entrepreneurial intentions for academic scientists: combining the social cognition theory and theory of planned behaviour in broadly-defined academic entrepreneurship

PurposeDrawing on the social cognition theory, the purpose of this research is to explore how selected individual and organizational determinants, namely individual academic output (AO) and previous commercialization experience, organizational scientific reputation and entrepreneurial support policies (ESPs) influence their broadly-defined academic entrepreneurial intentions, involving spin-off intention (SOI), patenting and licensing intention (PLI), contract research and consulting intention (CCI) through theory of planned behaviour (TPB) modelling.Design/methodology/approachThe current research constructs the framework by combining reciprocal determinism in the social cognition theory with TPB. To testify the hypotheses, partial least squares structural equational modelling (PLS–SEM) technique with 272 observations from Chinese universities was utilized.FindingsThe findings show that academic-related determinants, namely individual AO and organizational reputation (OR), are more likely to influence academic scientists' SOI through TPB modelling, while entrepreneurial-related determinants in terms of individual previous commercialization experience (PCE) and ESPs in higher education organizations are more influential for promoting behavioural intention to all kinds of academic entrepreneurship activities through TPB modelling. The more formal academic entrepreneurship involvement (engaging in creating spin-offs) is better explained through TPB modelling, especially the continuous mediating effects of subjective norms and entrepreneurial attitude and perceived behavioural control are more effective on spin-off activities. In addition, subjective norms are more influential in mediating relationships between individual or organizational antecedents and academic entrepreneurial intentions in the Chinese context.Originality/valueCombining the social cognition theory and TPB, this study first investigated how individual intentions to engage in broadly-defined academic entrepreneurial activities are promoted through TPB modelling. The results, relating to the divergence of different determinants shaping different academic entrepreneurial intentions through various paths in TPB modelling, will provide insight into university managers and policymakers to improve academic entrepreneurship engagement in the Chinese context.

Academic entrepreneurship in China: individual human capital and institutional context in higher education organisations

ABSTRACT Drawing on the theory of complexity, the purpose of current research is to utilise fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs-QCA) to explore how casual configurations of academic scientists’ human capital– scientific output, previous commercialisation experience, as well as institutional context, such as organisational scientific reputation, disciplines, entrepreneurial support and culture, lead to high individual intention in engaging in spin-off creations, patenting, licensing, contract research and consulting activities. Based on the samples in Chinese higher education organisations, the results revealed no single individual and institutional determinants alone are necessary to produce high academic entrepreneurial intention, while various configurations of these determinants will contribute to enhance academic entrepreneurial intention complementarily. Additionally, the findings also suggest significant divergence of different individual and institutional factors in explaining various commercialisation activities. These findings will provide theoretical insights for academic entrepreneurship literature and also add practical recommendations for policy makers.

Academic entrepreneurship in Sudanese universities: explaining entrepreneurial intention using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

This study aimed to fill the literature gap of entrepreneurial intention antecedents from the academic staff’s perspective using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in an underdeveloped country context. Empirical results were derived from a quantitative approach based on a survey method with a selected academic staff sample of 97 Sudanese public universities. Hypotheses testing was done using the structural equation modeling (SEM) through the partial least squares (PLS) method to test the impact of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control as the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. The study results revealed the applicability and consistency of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in explaining Sudan’s academic entrepreneurial intention. The results indicated that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived control explained 61.70% of the entrepreneurial intention (EI) variance. Perceived control (PC) proved to be the primary antecedent of EI, which explained 42.20% of EI variance, while the business environment and experience were the leading influencers of perceived control. This result can guide the authorities to formulate policies that encourage the transformation of the Sudanese universities to be entrepreneurial.

Academic Entrepreneurial Intention and Its Determinants: Exploring the Moderating Role of Innovation Ecosystem

The paper aims to study factors that affect entrepreneurial intention among academicians (Prodan & Drnovsek 2010). We develop a framework in which the classical intention determinants derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB, Ajzen, 1991) interact with some elements of the environmental innovation ecosystem as identified in the Triple Helix Model (THM, Etzkovitz et al., 2007), namely financial/industrial, university and government supports. We contend that when individuals perceive high support from all these factors, the predictive power of entrepreneurial attitude, perceived behavioral control and social norms in shaping academic entrepreneurial intention generally increases. This study theoretically advances research on academic entrepreneurial intention, highlighting the interplay between individual cognitions and environmental cues and proposes some insights for practice and national policy makers.

Academic entrepreneurship intentions: a systematic literature review

PurposeThe objective of this research is to have an up-to-date and comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge regarding the variables that encourage the individuals, within the academic community, to get involved in knowledge exploitation activities. It is influenced by the observation that there is a need for more systematic scrutiny of micro-level processes to deepen our understanding of academic entrepreneurship (Balven et al., 2018; Wright and Phan, 2018). The study proposes to answer to ‘What are the drivers of academic entrepreneurial intentions?’ and ‘What are the emerging topics for future research?’Design/methodology/approachThe paper follows a Systematic Literature Review process (Tranfield et al., 2003) and adopts a four-step process format from previous literature reviews within the entrepreneurship context (Miller et al., 2018). From the results within Scopus and Web of Science databases, this research selected, evaluated, summarised and synthesised 66 relevant papers.FindingsThis study provides a factor-listed representation of the individual, organisational and institutional variables that should be considered in the strategies defined by the university. Moreover, the study concludes that the push factors behind the intentions are multiple, context-dependent, hierarchy-dependent, heterogeneous and, at the same time, dependent on each other and against each other. Lastly, the study contributes to academic entrepreneurship literature, especially entrepreneurial intention literature, which has recently received more researchers' attention.Originality/valueThe study corroborates that the individual factors, directly and indirectly via Theory of Planned Behaviour, strongly impact the academics' intentions. While the focus of the papers under review was an in-depth analysis of a selected group of factors, this SLR sought to compile the factors that were identified and provide a broader picture of all those factors to be considered by the university management. It contributes to the identification and clustering of the drivers that encourage academics to engage in knowledge valorisation activities, differentiating them by activity. For the practitioners, this list can be used by university managers, TTOs and department managers, and policymakers to guide questionnaires or interviews to analyse their academics' intentions and adequately support its academic engagement strategy. Lastly, this study also suggests worthwhile avenues for future research.

Academic Performance and Entrepreneurial Intention of Pre – Service Technology and Livelihood Education Teachers

Several studies revealed that entrepreneurship education affects the development of the intention of a person to become an entrepreneur. Cognizant of the previous findings, this study examined the entrepreneurial intention of the pre-service Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) teachers based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and determined its relationship to academic performance. The descriptive correlation research design was used to come up with an objective description of the relationship of the variables involved. The statistical treatment used was frequency, percentage, Pearson correlation and formulas developed by Icek Ajzen in the TPB. The results showed that students have satisfactory academic performance, very much favorable attitude toward becoming entrepreneurs, moderately favorable perceived subjective norm, and very much easy perceived behavioral control. The variables involved in this study revealed a negligible relationship. In light of these findings, the researcher recommends that important people belong in the university should engage themselves to entrepreneurial capability activities such as seminars, training, workshops, conferences, among others to develop entrepreneurial mindset because they were influencers of the development of entrepreneurial intention among students. Parents and other family members should be involved in entrepreneurial activities to serve as role models. Collaboration between family and the university is highly encouraged to make entrepreneurial programs effective. Moreover, by providing simulations, practicum or authentic entrepreneurial activities, students utilize practical knowledge, skills, values, and attitude; thus, these activities improve their academic performance.

Triple Helix and academic entrepreneurial intention: understanding motivating factors for academic spin-off among young researchers

Academic Spin-off is receiving a growing attention in entrepreneurship research due to increase in the number of ventures coming out from academia working at universities. The role of triple helix is key among many factors that derive young researchers to establish new venture as an outcome of their research. Thus, there is a need to determine the factors that derive young researchers for venture creation in order to identify and understand the determinants of Academic Entrepreneurial Intention (AEI) and how they are influenced by different helices of Triple Helix Model (THM). This study used sample of 310 young academic researchers studying/working in different universities of Pakistan. The finding of this study highlighted that government and academia have significantly positive relationship with the academic entrepreneurial intentions of young researchers while industry has positive, but insignificant relationship. The findings of this study have implication for promoting academic spin-off from developed and developing countries context.

The Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention of Young Researchers: Combining the Theory of Planned Behavior with the Triple Helix Model

Although the theme of academic spin‐off has received increasing consideration in entrepreneurship literature, little attention has been devoted to identifying the factors that drive young researchers to set up ventures based on the results of their research. To identify the determinants of academic entrepreneurial intention (AEI), we tested a model on a sample of Italian researchers using structural equation modeling and integrating the Triple Helix Model with the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The findings highlight that all psychological variables of TPB are relevant in predicting AEI, whereas only some contextual and exogenous variables (namely, government and industrial/financial support) directly influence AEI.

Academic entrepreneurial intentions in science and engineering: validation of the scale in Turkey

Academic entrepreneurship is defined as entrepreneurial activities engaged by faculty in order to commercialize research results and deliver societal and economic benefits. It is closely related to the “Entrepreneurial University” which extends the mission of universities beyond teaching and research. Higher education institutions and their affiliated faculty members in sciences and engineering disciplines are important actors of innovation ecosystems. This study investigates academic entrepreneurial intentions distinguished by soft level intentions (industry collaboration) and hard level intentions (spin-off formation). The data was collected between December 2015, and March 2016 from a national online survey of Turkish academics in science and engineering faculties at approximately 90 universities of which 402 full responses were gathered. Major methodology included multivariate analysis technique namely as Structural Equation Modelling. Within the scope of this study, the constructs of academic entrepreneurship intentions were created and applied comprehensively in sciences and engineering disciplines in Turkey for the first time.

Academic entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender

PurposeThe purpose of this study is firstly to analyze whether the determining factors of the entrepreneurial intention of academics are the same for men and women and test whether their degree of importance varies depending on gender, and secondly to test whether the lesser entrepreneurial intention of women detected in previous studies is because of the lesser presence of the determining factors of entrepreneurial intention among women or, on the contrary, is determined by the existence of implicit barriers that do not depend on these factors.Design/methodology/approachAfter conducting a survey on a sample of 1,178 academics, the results of a linear regression model confirm the hypothesis that female academics have less of an entrepreneurial intention.FindingsMoreover, through the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition, it is observed that this lesser female entrepreneurial behavior is not because of the absence of any of the factors considered as determinants of entrepreneurial intention, but instead is related to the existence of implicit barriers for women that influence their entrepreneurial intention.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a study of this nature has been conducted internationally. Unlike other studies on academic entrepreneurship, the authors do not restrict the sample to one or two universities but rather aim the study at all universities in Spain and, therefore, at all academics from all branches of knowledge.

A BEHAVIORAL MODEL FOR MEASURING UNIVERSITY CLIMATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP SEBAGAI SALAH SATU SOLUSI KESEJAHTERAAN KELUARGA DI SURABAYA

This study uses a model of behavior that involves the integration of individuals, organizations, and institutions as determinant factors and their effects on academic entrepreneurial behavior. In a comprehensive model of behavior puts academic entrepreneurial intention as intervening varible that affect academic entrepreneurial behavior. Academic entrepreneurial intentions are directly affected by the perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, and innovation values fit. And these variables indirectly affect academic entrepreneurial behavior. This behavioral model using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as a tool to test the statistical test that the institutional environment which will positively affect mempengarruhi individual entrepreneurial intentions among members of the university community as a solution to the welfare of the family. The results of this study prove that all proposed hypothesis is accepted.