Abutilon Indicum Research Articles

Augmenting a competent in vitro organogenesis etiquette from leaf base of country mallow, Abutilon indicum L. sweet: An ethno-botanically valuable medicinal plant

Abstract An easy, efficient and highly reproducible regeneration system was established through organogenesis from leaf base mediated callus of an ethnobotanical hairy shrub Abutilon indicum L. sweet, which is documented to possess pharmaceutically important phytochemicals. Among various explants, leaf bases produced significant callus induction (89%) with 140 mg fresh weight on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 11.31 μM 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D). Combinations of 2, 4-D and kinetin (KIN) increased the biomass (191 mg) of embryogenic calli. Regeneration medium with a combination of 8.88 μM of 6-amino benzyl purine (BAP) and 8.06 μM of naphthalene acetic acid in MS basal media significantly influenced the initiation of shoot primordium with 91% of regeneration. Proficiently regenerated shoot apical meristems (SAMs) produced higher frequency of multiple shoot induction on 4.10 μM of zeatin. The fully regenerated mature shootlets produced high root biomass (791.67 ± 48.05 mg) on half - strength MS with 4.54 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with an excellent mat root system for efficient acclimatization. In vitro established plantlets were successfully acclimatized under ex vitro conditions with high frequency. Presence of homologous DNA banding pattern with Single Primer Amplification Reaction markers confirmed the genetic similarity. FTIR and GC-MS spectrum showed similar metabolic profiles between wild and in vitro regenerated plantlets. Thus the protocol is reliable for in vitro regeneration through leaf base derived callus which could pave a way to the large scale production of secondary metabolite through biotechnological approaches.

Protective effect of Abutilon indicum against lead-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats.

Despite ample literature on the toxic impact of lead on the environment and health, the exact mechanism of pathogenesis/toxicity is not clearly known. Because it is well established that lead induces oxidative stress, it is assumed that exposure to antioxidants may reduce the toxic impact of lead. In this study, we evaluated the impact of coadministration of the methanolic root extract of a plant Abutilon indicum (50, 100, 200 mg kg -1 b.wt.) in mitigating the toxic impact of lead on the reproductive system of rats. In brief, Wistar rats were exposed to lead acetate in drinking water with or without coadministration of plant root extract and compared with that of control animals. After 45 days of exposure as outlined above, the animals were killed and the reproductive toxicity was assessed by sperm parameters, hormone and antioxidant enzyme assays, and testis histopathology. Significant reduction in testis weight, sperm count, testosterone levels, and antioxidant enzymes levels such as Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione peroxidase was seen in lead-treated animals, confirming the toxic impact. The coadministration of A. Indicum (100 and 200 mg kg -1 b.wt.) was found to bring the studied parameters close to the levels seen in untreated (control) animals. Our findings are indicative of the protective nature of A. Indicum against lead-induced reproductive toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. However, further characterization of the root extract is required to elucidate the probable mechanism of protection.

Morpho-palynological assessment of medicinal flora of district Lahore, Pakistan based on LM and SEM.

This study was carried out to identify 20 high valued medicinal plants of District Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan with the help of the palynological studies. The distinguishing characteristics for selected species were found by systematized methods using light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. In this study, important pollen qualitative and quantitative features of these medicinal species such as polar and equatorial outline and their diameter, P/E ratio, presence or absence of pore, sculpturing of pollen, exine thickness, intine thickness, intercellular distance of exine and intine, presence or absence of spines, length of spines, width of spines, presence or absence of colpi and length of colpi, were compared. Remarkable variations in these pollen characters have been observed. Pollen grains were usually circular-semicircular (Calendula officinalis), spheroidal (Convolvulus arvensis), bilobed and trilobed (Convolvulus arvensis), spiny, (Abutilon indicum), oblate (Terminalia chebula) and elongated (Euphorbia pilulifera). In polar view Conyza bonariensis exhibited the highest pollen size [195.9 (211.6-180.2) μm]. While in equatorial view Calendula officinalis and Euphorbia pilulifera had lowest value [22.5 (20-25) μm] whereas Carissa carandas [165 (140-179) μm] appeared to be the largest. Parthenium hysterophorus showed the highest P/E ratio, that is, 1.28. Colpi were reported in only 7 species. Most of the plants showed 100% fertility but Terminalia chebula showed the least value 35%. In the present, project the diversity in pollen morphology present pollen as a valuable taxonomic tool. It is also concluded that pollen features are helpful at the specific level as well as generic level and can provide us fruitful taxonomic solutions. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Palynological flora of the medicinal plant species of district Lahore, Pakistan is investigated first time on the basis of LM and SEM and the flora is found very significant for taxonomic investigations.

Synthesis and Characterization of 1D-MoO3 Nanorods Using Abutilon indicum Extract for the Photoreduction of Hexavalent Chromium

In this present work, we report a novel green synthesis of MoO3 nanorods (NRs) utilizing Abutilon Indicum (A. Indicum) plant extract, containing palmitric, linoleic, linolinic acids and their derivatives which might be acting as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized catalyst has been employed to reduce toxic Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the aqueous solution which was continuously monitored by UV–Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The structural, optical and morphological characterizations are performed using PXRD, UV-DRS, PL, FESEM, TEM, FT-IR and EDAX. The optical properties were precisely investigated by calculating the Tauc’s relation. The band gap of as synthesized MoO3 was found to be 2.57 eV (483 nm) which falls under visible region, thus catalyst can be activated under solar light which could be cost effective. Biologically synthesized MoO3 NRs showed highest activity, i.e., almost 99% toward reduction of Cr(VI) under solar light. In addition to this, the photo firmness and reusability test showed that the catalyst can be reused upto five cycles without waning its activity.

Materia medica of Bala Dwaya - A Literary Review

Literary Dwaya means two, Bala Dwaya means two types of Bala i.e. Bala and Atibala. Bala means strength promoting, hence it bestows strength and is a tonic in general as well as rejuvenator for all kinds of Vataja disorders. The Bala is Sida cordifolia Linn. and Atibala is Abutilon indicum Linn. both belongs to Malvaceae family. Both are having Madhura Rasa, Madhura Vipaka and Sheeta Virya. In Brimhaniya Mahakashaya of Charaka Samhita it is enumerated that Vatyayani as Bala and Bhadroudini is Atibala. There are two varieties of Atibala one is big and the other is small. The big one is named as Abutilon hirtum where as the second one is named as Abutilon indicum Linn. which is smaller variety. In the Atharva Parishishta the Bala flowers can be used as Pushpabhisheka. The present study of Bala and Atibala reveals the pharmacological actions, their controversies, therapeutic application, etc. according to different Ayurvedic lexicons.

Road side flora of Pazhavoor, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, South India

Roadsides are habitats with very specific environmental conditions, often substantially differing from their natural surroundings. However, roads can have a positive effect on local vascular plant species richness. The vegetation of Pazhavoor were surveyed, the Road side flora of, a total of 103 species belongs to 87 genera and 34 families are recorded. Out of 34 families, 13 families belongs to Monocot (Liliaceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Ascelepiadaceae etc) and 90 families are Dicots (Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiceae, Meliaceae, Acanthaceae, etc). Fabaceae is the most dominant family with 12 species. Euphorbiaceae is the second largest families with 11 species followed by Malavaceae (10), Amaranthaceae (9), Poaceae (8), Acanthaceae (7), Asterceae (4), Solanaceae (3), Rubiaceae (2), Vitaceae (1). No endemic species has been found from the study area. The commonly occurring species are Abutilon indicum, Acalphaindica, Barleria sps, Cassia auriculata, Chlorsis barbata, Cocus nucifera, Euphorbia sps, Jatropha curcus, Mollugo nudicaulis, Tamarindus indica, Tribulus terrestris, Tridax prcumbens, Vernoniacinerea. The dominant tree species found are Azadirachta indica, Cocus nucifera, Ficus religiosa followed by Tectona grandis. Among the total 103 species, 12 are trees, 22 shrubs, 64 herbs and 5 climbers. More over 96 species are wild and 7 species are cultivated. Seeds is used to propagate 103 plant species, 2 species by seeds/stem cutting, 3 species were propagated using their bulbs, 2 species were propagated by stem cutting, Rest of the plants propagated using their different plant parts (bud, corm, Rhizome, seed, tubers). In this study environmental conditions and propagules maturity etc were found key factors for their regeneration. These results show that roadside vegetation can contribute to the conservation of the flora of study area.

Medicinal properties of Abutilon indicum

Abutilon indicum is a common Indian shrub, belonging to the family Malvaceae; Also known as Mallow in english, Abutilon indicum is used as a medicinal plant. It has been extensively used as a traditional medicine as a laxative, emollient, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and blood tonic agent and also in the treatment of leprosy, urinary disease, jaundice, piles, relieving thirst, cleaning wounds and ulcers, vaginal infections, diarrhea, rheumatism, mumps, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchitis, allergy, blood dysentery, some nervous and some ear problems. Various studies on the plant extract have been performed to confirm the anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, hepato-protective, immuno-modulatory and larvicidal activities of the plant. This plant is often used as a medicinal plant and is considered invasive on certain tropical islands. In traditional medicine, A. indicum is used as a aphrodisiac, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, pulmonary and sedative (leaves). The bark is astringent and diuretic; laxative, expectorant and demulcent (seeds); laxative and tonic, anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic (plant); analgesic (fixed oil); diuretic and for leprosy (roots). The plant is very much used in Siddha medicines. In fact, the bark, root, leaves, flowers and seeds are all used for medicinal purposes by Tamils. The leaves are also used to treat for pile complaints. The flowers are traditionally used to increase semen in men. The phytochemical analysis showed the Presence of Alkaloid, Saponins, Amino acid, Flavonoids, Glycosides and steroids. This plant exhibits several potential pharmacological activities. A review on the various studies on the plant has been provided for the purpose of understanding its medicinal properties.

Identification of biological activities of Abutilon indicum fruit by in silico and in vitro approach

Abutilon indicum is a plant that belongs to the Malvaceae family, which is distributed throughout a number of tropical and subtropical areas and has been used for various disorders in traditional and folk medicine. The various medicinal applications of this plant include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, demulcent, aphrodisiac, laxative, diuretic, pulmonary and sedative. Thus the present study was formed to identify the biological activities of A. indicum fruit by in silico and in vivo approach. The ethanolic extract was prepared and screened for in vitro antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis and also against a fungi Aspergillus niger. The ethanolic extract was subjected to Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for identification of compounds present in fruit sample. The identified compounds were then screened for anti-inflammatory activity by molecular docking against the Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Also, Density Functional Theory (DFT) & Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) studies were carried out to assess the quantum-chemical parameters and pharmacokinetics behaviour respectively. The ethanolic fruit extract of A. indicum showed moderate antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. faecalis and Aspergillus niger at the MIC of 25 μg/μl. AI 1003, AI 1004 and AI 1005 were identified as lead compounds against the target Cyclooxygenase −2 which exhibited strong hydrogen bond interaction & also desirable pharmacokinetic properties. DFT studies also showed the promising reactivity with lowest energy gap of compounds AI 1004 &AI 1005. Thus, owing to the significant interaction of the compounds with the target COX-2 and desirable pharmacokinetic properties of compounds of ethanolic extract of A. indicum could be further explored for anti-inflammatory properties by in vitro &in vivo analysis.

Medicinal properties of Abutilon Indicum

Abutilon indicum is a common Indian shrub, belonging to the family Malvaceae; Also known as Mallow in english, Abutilon indicum is used as a medicinal plant. It has been extensively used as a traditional medicine as a laxative, emollient, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and blood tonic agent and also in the treatment of leprosy, urinary disease, jaundice, piles, relieving thirst, cleaning wounds and ulcers, vaginal infections, diarrhea, rheumatism, mumps, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchitis, allergy, blood dysentery, some nervous and some ear problems.

Toxicity of Cadmium and their effect on some Heamatological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) exposed to crude leaf extract of Abutilon Indicum

The present work aimed to estimate the toxicity of cadmium and their common carp Cyprinus carpio fish, as well as the effect of different concentrations of Cadmium and some haematological parameters. such as, the red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) Survival mortality was observed in the blood of Common carp Cyprinus carpio treated with Abutilon indicum extract and the result showed that the RBC counts, WBC counts, Hb, Survival mortality were much increased when compared to the control. 8, 16, 24 and 32 of RBC, WBC, and haemoglobin, Survival mortality levels were P significantly elevated in the experimental fish over the control and the WBC level was decreased significantly P in experimental fish.

A study on food-medicine continuum among the non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India

BackgroundMedicinal properties of the food species are one of the poorly documented and important areas of ethnopharmacology. The present survey quantitatively documented the medicinal foods prescribed by the non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu.MethodsField work was carried out between December 2014 and April 2017 using a questionnaire. The illnesses mentioned by the informants were grouped as illness categories on the basis of emic perceptions. Sufficiency of sampling of this survey was assessed by plotting the cumulative number of UR and Shannon-Wiener’s index. The indices such as informant consensus factor (FIC), Index of Agreement on Remedies (IAR), and Cultural Food Significance Index (CFSI) were calculated.ResultsThis study documented 165 medicinal foods used by 82 non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Tiruvallur district, and 73.93% of these preparations were plant based. Among the animal taxa, 82.05% were represented by fish taxa. The illness category gastrointestinal ailments is the majorly cited illness category treated with plant-based formulations. The illness categories viz., gastrointestinal ailments, hemorrhoids, and neural ailments had high consensus under the group of plant-based medicinal foods. In animal-based medicinal foods, kapha ailments had gained 23.07% of UR. The illness categories such as bone fractures, male reproductive ailments, blood ailments, and anabolic had high FIC values.ConclusionsDeeper studies on different dietary cultures of India may help to derive better interpretations on food-medicine continuum. This study identified some important claims such as the use of citron, pomegranate and Solanum americanum (gastrointestinal ailments), Abutilon indicum, onions and elephant foot yam (hemorrhoids), Boerhavia diffusa (urinary ailments), Moringa oleifera (anemia), Aloe vera (gynecological ailments), Eclipta prostrata (liver ailments), ivy gourd (diabetes), citron (hypertension), Centella asiatica (psychological ailments), spade nose shark (lactogogue), reticulate whipray (wheezing and bronchitis), Katelysia opima (impotence), Indian squid (anemia), and Indian oil sardine (anabolic). More studies on these claims will help identify novel functional foods to add to the field of medical nutrition therapy, with traditional brand identity. Robust studies on the documentation of the traditional knowledge on marine resources will yield a good database for various stakeholders and policy makers.

Studies on the Production of Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Compound Polypeptide (Actinomycins) and Lipopeptide (Fengycin) from Streptomyces sp. K-R1 Associated with Root of Abutilon indicum against Multidrug Resistant Human Pathogens

Endophytic actinomycetes associated with medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh are rich source of novel antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of antibiotics by endophytic Streptomyces sp. K-R1 associated with root of Abutilon indicum against multidrug resistant human pathogens. The 16S rRNA sequence of the isolate K-R1 has been identified as Streptomyces parvulus NBRC 13193T (AB184326) with the GenBank database (accession number KY777591). Streptomyces parvulus K-R1 grown under submerged fermentation condition optimized by central composite design (glucose—11.25 g/l, soybean meal 12.17 g/l, calcium carbonate—1.47 g/l, sodium chloride—11.25 g/l; pH 7.18 at 30.51 °C with 4% seed inoculum for 10 days of incubation) exhibited highest activity against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus JNMC-3, Staphylococcus epidermidis JNMC-4, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC-3384, Klebsiella pneumoniae JNMC-6, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC-741, Proteus vulgaris JNMC-7, Candida albicans MTCC-183 and Aspergillus niger MTCC-872. The structures of the active compounds were elucidated by UV–Vis spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR and ESIMS. Actinomycin D, actinomycin X0β and fengycin were detected in crude extracts and major components were eluted by HPLC at 10.63, 10.88 and 6.3 min respectively. In this case, a high yield of antibiotics was achieved with Streptomyces parvulus K-R1 fermented in glucose soybean meal broth media with a production of 240 mg/l after 5 days, 290 mg/l after 8 days and 340 mg/l after 11 days, which can be used in industrial fermentation process to obtain high yields. To the author’s best knowledge, it is the first report of fengycin production by Streptomyces parvulus.

BIODIVERSITICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF NATURALIZED SHRUB, ATI BALA (ABUTILON INDICUM) IN AGRA (UP) INDIA

For the study of Biodiversity characterization and Biochemical analysis, the natural herb was transplanted at Botanical Garden, R.B.S. College, Agra. For the study of species diversity at four natural sites of Agra district, four formulae were used to study the maximum and minimum diversity of species at its natural sites. Shannon Wienner’s Index, Menhinick’s Index, Margalef’s Index value at four different sites was given in Table -1. These values determined the biodiversity variation at natural sites in Abutilon indium. The values of Moisture contents (%), Oil content (%) and Protein concentration (μ”/ml) in Abutilon indicum were also determined with variation at biochemical level Table -2. With the help of SDS-PAGE, in four samples of seeds of Abutilon indicum from four natural sites ( Bichpuri site -Lane 1, Kailash site -Lane 2, Kheria site - Lane 3, Chhalesar site - Lane 4). The total no. of protein bands showed diversity in Abutilon indicum plant in Table: 3. Shannon- Wiener’s Index, Menhinick’s Index, Margalei’s Index and Similarity Index (S) were applied to determine the distribution patterns and concentrations of wild species to pinpoint the diversity built-up and variation in the gene pool and identifying sites for in-situ conservation. The present work determined the status of diversity of experimental herb at particular four sites the need to conserve this diversity for current and future use.

Effect of Thai Folklore Recipe from Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Context: Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica were a folklore recipe in Northeastern of Thailand. The recipe was reported that claim to diabetic treatment. Aims: The studies were evaluated to hypoglycemic effect, serum insulin secretion and blood biochemistry in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The recipe were composed of whole plants from A. indicum and M. Pudica (1:1 w/w) powder. The pound plants were macerated with aqueous (AMA), hydro-ethanol (AMHE) and 80% ethanol (AME) to crude extracts. The AMA, AMHE and AME at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) were administered orally daily in diabetic rats during eight weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) were measured at weekly. The serum insulin levels and blood biochemical data including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA), total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were estimated at the end of experiment. Results: All doses of the extracts were showed significantly (p<0.05) decreasing percent age of FBG in diabetic rats. Especially, AME 125 mg/ kg b.w. was showed more potent significantly (p<0.05) decreasing percentage of FBG at week of 2, 5, 7 and 8. The serum insulin levels of all doses administered with the extracts were significantly (p< 0.05) higher than diabetic control group. On the other hand, all doses of the extracts were significantly (p< 0.05) decreasing ALT and ALP lower than diabetic control group. While, AMA and AMHE at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. were increased HDL, but decreased TC, TG and LDL. Conclusion: The study was proved to diabetic treatment and improvement of diabetic stage and blood biochemical parameters. In addition, the experiment was confirmed to folklore traditional use.

Effect of Thai Folklore Recipe from Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Effect of Thai Folklore Recipe from Abutilon indicum and Mimosa pudica in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

In vivo bio-distribution, clearance and toxicity assessment of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles synthesized from Abutilon indicum in Wistar rats

This study reports the bio-distribution and clearance of Abutilon indicum silver and gold nanoparticles (AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs) in Wistar rats. Rats in different groups were orally administered with 5 and 10 mg/Kg BW of AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs (size 1–25 nm) for 28 days and few were maintained until 58 days of washout period. Serum biochemical parameters were not changed significantly at both doses of AIAuNPs and at lower concentration of AIAgNPs. But, with 10 mg/Kg BW of AIAgNPs rats showed elevated levels of AST, ALP and ALT on day 29, however, these levels were restored to normal after washout period. Liver oxidative stress markers were not altered with the treatment of AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs. ICP-OES analysis indicated bio-distribution of Ag and Au more in liver, kidney and spleen on day 29 and was found cleared on day 59. Histological analysis of nine vital organs indicated normal tissue architecture at both doses of AIAuNPs and lower dose of AIAgNPs. While the rats treated with higher dose of AIAgNPs showed mild liver sinusoid cell swelling on day 29, which also was recovered on day 59. Findings of this preclinical study indicate biocompatible nature of biogenic nanoparticles supporting their future biomedical applications.

In vitro organogenesis of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet from leaf derived callus and assessment of genetic fidelity using ISSR markers

ABSTRACTThis study reports on in vitro regeneration of Abutilon indicum plantlets through callus mediated organogenesis. The leaf explants implanted on Murashige and Skoogs (MS) medium supplemented with 4.52 µM 2, 4-Dicholorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 8.88 µM 6 Benzyladenine (BA) showed highest response (70.3%) for callus proliferation, but these callus did not showed any morphogenetic differentiation on the same medium even after 12 weeks. Whereas, subsequent sub-culture of this green proliferated callus on MS medium added with 2.68µM α-Napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 8.88µM BA and 543 µM Adenine sulphate showed the highest frequency (62.2%) of multiple shoot-buds production and also elongation of shoots. Well developed shoots were efficiently rooted in vitro on half strength MS medium supplemented with 7.38 µM Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Seventy per cent of in vitro regenerated plantlets were successfully established in garden and were morphologically alike to the donor plants. The genetic homogeneity of these in vitro regenerated plantlets was also affirmed by inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis using eight ISSR primers. This standardised in vitro organogenesis protocol supplements a good platform for the conservation of A. indicum germplasms and also caters for the needs of the herbal industry.

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Leaf Extracts Assisted Bio-Inspired Synthesis of Electronically Charged Silver Nano-Particles with Potential Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties

<i>Abutilon indicum</i> (L.) Sweet Leaf Extracts Assisted Bio-Inspired Synthesis of Electronically Charged Silver Nano-Particles with Potential Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties

Studies on macromorphological taxonomic variations in Abutilon species of Indian Thar Desert

Abutilon is an important medicinal plant. Its various plant parts such as leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds were used to treat various diseases and ailments from the ancient time. Present work deals with the investigation of three species of Abutilonviz. Abutilon indicum, Abutilon pannosumand Abutilon ramosum with a view to study macro morphological variations and to identify a set of diagnostic characters for individual Abutilon species. Distinct variations exist in stem surface and colour, leaf shape and size, flower diameter, fruit colour, shape and size, number of mericarps per fruit and seed structure. All these macromorphological variations were helpful in identification and delineation of the plant species.

EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ABUTILON INDICUM, ZEA MAYS AND COMBINATION ON CALCIUM OXALATE UROLITHIASIS IN RAT

In the present study the effect of calcium oxalate urolithiasis urinary risk factor of ethanolic extract of Abutilon indicum, Zea mays and their combination have been studied in albino rats. From this study it is deduced that the possible effect of the ethanolic extract of Abutilon indicum, Zea mays and their combination can be assigned to be positive effect on the main urolithiasis risk factors.