Abutilon Indicum Research Articles

Evaluation of Balya Activity of Atibala (Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sw) in Cisplatin-Induced Muscle Atrophy Model

Evaluation of Balya Activity of Atibala (Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sw) in Cisplatin-Induced Muscle Atrophy Model

An investigation on tribology performance of Abutilon Indicum fibre reinforced polymer composites

This research work investigates the tribological characteristics of Abutilon Indicum Fiber (AIF) reinforced composites with epoxy as the binding agent. The Abutilon Indicum fiber reinforced composites were manufactured by compression molding technique. These composites were fabricated by varying the fiber volume fraction ranging from 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively and considering the fiber length as a fixed factor due to its short length. This research paper illustrates the effects of different fiber volume fractions (5,10,15 and 20%) on the tribological properties such as Specific wear rate (SWR) and Coefficient of friction (µ) of Abutilon Indicum fiber reinforced composites. Sliding wear tests were carried out under dry environment conditions with pin-on-disc wear testing machine. The experiments were performed for each composite with different combinations of testing parameters, sliding loads (10, 20 and 30 N); sliding distances (1,2 and 3 km); sliding speeds (1,2 and 3 m/s). Shore D hardness of 78.22 is determined to be higher for 15% volume fraction of AIF composites. Results conclude that the addition of AIFs in these composites enhanced the tribological performance with good wear resistance in relation with the pure epoxy-based composites with 15% volume fraction of AIFs displaying best results with higher resistance to wear at various operating conditions. Composites produced with 20% volume fraction displays the effects of fiber agglomeration which in turn has an inverse effect on hardness; limits the wear resistance with higher friction and wear rate and such results agree well with the wear debris, pits and contact patches in micrographs. Optimal fiber volume fraction of 15% was suggested in fabrication of composites for usage of AIFs as friction material.

Development and characterization of Abutilon indicum (Indian mallow) leaf extract loaded electrospun nanofibres

Herbal functionalized nanofibres are widely used in wound healing, tissue engineering, and air filters due to their efficient antimicrobial properties. Spinning nanofibres using herbs requires initial studies to check the compatibility of the herb, nanofibre formation, and spinnability. Efforts are being made to spin nanofibres using Abutilon indicum. Nanofibres produced using electrospinning techniques excel in unique structural and functional properties. Their structure aids in encapsulating active substances and controlled release of these substances. Abutilon indicum, also known as Indian mallow or Thuthi leaf, is a plant with various medicinal claims and antimicrobial properties. The current study focuses on developing nanofibres using the electrospinning technique with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) polymer and Indian mallow extract (IME). Nanofibres were developed with PVA/IME in different proportions. The developed nanofibres were characterized for surface morphology, Fourier-transform infrared spectrum, material thickness, swelling ratio, tensile strength, and antimicrobial property. The addition of IME to PVA did not affect the spinnability of the nanofibres. Among the samples developed with different ratios, the 50:50 PVA/IME sample was observed to have enhanced antimicrobial activity due to the higher proportion of IME within the polymer.

Characterization of alkali treated and untreated Abutilon indicum FIBERS

The primary objective of this study is to characterize Abutilon indicum stem Fibres (AIF) obtained through the water retting method. The fundamental attributes were investigated for untreated and alkali-treated AIFs, including physical and chemical properties, thermal stability as determined by thermogravimetric analysis, functional groups as identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), crystalline properties as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, surface roughness as assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface textures as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Results convey that, the surface-modified fibers upon alkali treatment exhibit an increase in cellulose composition from 56.12 % to 65.43 % and a reduction in hemi-cellulose, lignin, moisture and wax content. Such a higher composition of cellulose content in the fibers influenced the surface roughness, crystalline size and crystalline index (CI) which thereby indicates the presence of Cellulose III1 and other crystallites arranged in order over the alkali-treated AIFs. Alkali treatment increased the degradation temperature and thermal stability from 1750 C to 2020 C and 302.60 C to 3400 C, respectively. From the above-mentioned test results, it is evident that the surface-modified AIFs from alkali treatment provided more desired results than the untreated counterparts.

Biogenic Syntheses of AgNPs With Leaf Extract Abution indicum and Its Application for Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic Activity

ABSTRACTThe biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with leaf extract Abution indicum was done, and those were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The analysis by UV–vis spectroscopy showed a peak of 450 nm, and DLS and zeta potential were utilized to determine the size distribution of the biosynthesized Abution indicum–AgNPs (AI‐AgNPs) with a size range of 24–37 nm, and the X‐ray diffraction peak 38.096o was used to confirm that the crystalline structure of AI‐AgNPs. Furthermore, the antipathogenic effect of synthesized AgNPs and standard antibiotic (Ciprofloxacin) as studied the positive control in different types of bacterial pathogens likes Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli, with the zone of inhibition values of 9 mm. The synthesized AgNPs displayed excellent photocatalytic activity against reactive blue under sunlight than a UV light irradiation, and maximum degradation of 43% was achieved with 66 min of reaction time. In view of promising activity, the AgNPs could be used photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes in wastewater, and pomegranate leaf extract can be applied as eco‐benign and cost‐effective approach for AgNPs synthesis. Hence, the current findings suggest that Abutilon indicum is a valuable source for tailoring the potential of AgNPs toward various enhanced biological, photocatalytic, and adsorption activities. Consequently, the plant biological molecule‐mediated synthesized AI‐AgNPs could be excellent contenders for future therapeutic applications.

Behavioural assay of a newly identified lepidopteran, Pexicopia tungabhadrai (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) along with a first report of larval diapause

Abstract This study examined the ovipositional and olfactory preferences of gravid pod moths in both choice and non-choice settings. In terms of olfactory preferences, pod moth neonates strongly preferred Abutilon indicum under choice conditions, showing nil interest in other hosts. Under non-choice conditions, both neonates and final-instar larvae thrived on A. indicum but refrained from feeding on other hosts or diets, leading to neonate mortality. Remarkably, neonates exhibited an absolute preference for A. indicum seeds, being unable to feed on Abutilon seed diets or green cotton bolls, resulting in starvation-induced mortality. A majority of the final-instar larvae successfully fed, entered pupation and completed their life cycle on A. indicum seeds but the majority entered diapause when exposed to other hosts or diets as compared to A. indicum at a temperature of 21°C, a relative humidity of 60% and a photoperiod of 14:10 hours (light:dark). Cage studies confirmed pod moth’s strong preference for A. indicum, allowing for successful larval feeding and adult emergence. However, pod moth failed to establish on cotton green bolls, underscoring their exclusive reliance on A. indicum as a host. These findings illuminate the intricate host preferences and behaviour of pod moth, underscoring the pivotal role of A. indicum in their life cycle, and is helpful for further research to exploit pod moth as an agent for biological control of the weed A. indicum.

Challenges in using DNA barcodes for authentication of Sida species

The Indian system of medicine’s “Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India (API)” recommends the use of Sida cordifolia Linn (root), Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. (aerial part), Sida rhombifolia Linn. (root) and Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sw. (root) in drug preparations of Bala, Nagabala, Mahabala and Atibala respectively. Moreover many Sida sp. are being used in China, South East Asia, Africa and South America in their traditional healthcare systems. It is a taxonomically complex genus often difficult to authenticate from dried/chopped herbal market samples. Many Sida sequences from the NCBI database, including published reports, were highly suspect and were redesignated into species groups during phylogenetic clustering. Among the four loci studied, ITS2 region was identified as the best for the Sida species identification followed by trnH-psbA. The trnH-psbA phylogeny however fails to differentiate between (1) S. beddomei and S. cordata, (2) S. alnifolia and S. scabrida, (3) S. cordifolia and S. fryxellii that formed monophyletic clusters. The average evolutionary divergence over Sequence Pairs within each species group for ITS2 locus ranged from 0.000 to 0.009 (Average=0.0021), while average Interspecific distance between species was 0.1175 making them ideal for authentication of Sida species. The matK and rbcL is recommended as a back-up loci for identifying intergeneric adulterants in case, the ITS2 or trnH-psbA amplification fails. The present study identified two market samples as adulterant species; (1) S. alnifolia and (2) a mixture of S. acuta and S. alnifolia/S.scabrida. The study provides a roadmap for Ayurvedic/herbal industry to utilize DNA barcoding for authentication of Sida species. At the same time the presence of “Unknown Sida group” highlights the need for further research to accurately classify and identify all Sida species at the phylogenetic level, utilizing the DNA barcode sequences to thoroughly understand the diversity and evolution of the Sida genus.

Stress tolerance activity and diversification of endophytic fungi from the medicinal plant Abutilon indicum

This study aimed to assess the diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from Abutilon indicum using morphological and molecular techniques. The isolates were exposed to various levels of salinity, temperatures, and heavy metals, including Ag2+ and Zn2+, at concentrations of 3.6 and 11.5 mM. Thirty root segments were isolated from each plant and cultured on potato dextrose agar plates. Four endophytic fungi were randomly isolated from infected root segments, belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Meyerozyma, and Penicillium. The phylogenetic analysis revealed significant diversity among the isolates of Aspergillus welwitschiae, Aspergillus indologenus, Meyerozyma carpophila, and Penicillium citrinum, with a 99% similarity in their sequences. Most isolates were able to thrive under salt stress conditions at NaCl concentrations of 200 mM (26%), 400 mM (24%), 600 mM (21%), 800 mM (13%), and 1000 mM (16%). Tolerant to temperature, endophytes could survive in the range of 25 °C to 35 °C but could not survive above 50 °C. Heavy metals tolerance of 89% of these isolates led to a significant decrease in biomass production when exposed to Ag2+. Endophytic fungal isolates showed decreased sensitivity to Zn2+, but between 33% and 60% showed strong growth in conditions with high levels of Zn2+. These findings revealed that endophytic fungi of A. welwitschiae enhanced growth when exposed to various stress conditions. Our findings indicate that the presence of fungal endophytes in different stress conditions leads to significant growth, and this could be useful for phytoremediation purposes.

Abutilon indicum: Bioactive Compounds and Diverse Therapeutic Applications

: A large variety of secondary metabolites are found in medicinal plants, and the majority are significant in medicine. One of the well-known plant species used to cure a wide range of human illnesses is Abutilon indicum. The plant Abutilon indicum has a wide range of therapeutic uses, and its varied parts have been employed to cure a wide range of ailments. Numerous bioactive substances, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides are present in the plant. Potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, analgesic, sedative, and diuretic activities have been demonstrated in these compounds. Additionally, the plant has been shown to have cytoprotective properties and to guard against DNA damage brought on by oxidative stress. Future research is required to pinpoint the specific bioactive chemicals responsible for the pharmacological effects of Abutilon indicum and the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant's therapeutic uses. Overall, Abutilon indicum has demonstrated great therapeutic potential and deserves further study as a possible source of homeopathic treatments for various illnesses. The present study covers a summary of the phytochemical and ethnomedicinal applications of Abutilon Indicum that would further help in exploring the research in natural medicine.

Green synthesis of Abutilon indicum (L) derived iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles with excellent biological, anticancer and photocatalytic activities

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death all over the world. Although there are many treatments available none of them are without side-effect and most of them are very expensive. Similarly, Inflammation is one of another common medical condition worldwide but most of the therapies available are not environment and pocket friendly. Thus, the aim of our study was to synthesize environmentally friendly, cost-effective FeO NPs with significant anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties. The green synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeO NPs) using plant extract is one of the environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and a secure alternative to physical or chemical synthesis methods. In the present study we used Abutilon indicum leaf extract to synthesize the Ai-FeO NPs and performed various experiments to confirm the therapeutic potential of green synthesized Ai-FeO nanoparticles. In this method, an aqueous plant leaf extract (A. indicum: Ai) was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of FeO nanoparticles. The synthesized Ai-FeO NPs were characterized by the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorbance of the surface at a resonance band 415 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study confirmed the inherent bioactive functional groups as capping and stabilizing agents for Ai-FeO NPs. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed crystalline nature of the NPs. Further, the synthesized NPs have been isolated in highly stable, crystalline nature with spherical shape having size 10–95 nm. In addition, the green synthesized Ai-FeO-NPs demonstrated dose-dependent antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The findings of this study suggested that A. indicum leaf extract mediated FeO nanoparticles could be potentially used as a therapeutic agent for many human diseases and breast cancer.

Biogenic and hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, antioxidant and anticancer activities of PdNPs using Abutilon indicum leaf extract

In this study, PdNPs are synthesized by using various concentrations of leaf extract of Abutilon indicum (AI), which acts as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing through a hydrothermal method. The synthesized AI leaf extract stabilized PdNPs (AI@PdNPs) were characterized by various analytical techniques such as UV–visible, Powder XRD, DLS, FTIR, and TEM analysis. The formation of PdNPs was primarily confirmed by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The synthesized AI@ PdNPs was found to be FCC crystal structure, spherical, well dispersed, without any agglomeration. PdNPs are highly stable with an average particle size of 7 ± 4 nm by using powder XRD, DLS and TEM studies respectively. FTIR spectra supports the hypothesis that biomolecules presented in AI extract are effectively involved in the reduction, stabilization and capping of AI@ PdNPs. The AI@ PdNPs were assessed for antioxidant capacity using free radical scavenging activity by DPPH and found to be 76.02 % compared to standard ascorbic acid, which is 96.7 %. The cytotoxicity study was showed that AI@ PdNPs have shown marked cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells with IC50 value of 157.5 μg/mL and did not show marked cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells. The standard drug (Doxorubicin) was shown the IC50 value of 18.02 µM and 66.88 µM with a maximum inhibition up to 87.26 % and 72.48 % at the highest concentration tested at 100 µM for MCF-7 and HEK-293 cells, respectively. Therefore, AI@ PdNPs could be a potential candidate for future drug development as an anticancer agent.

Studies on the characteristic features of Abutilon indicum fibre with chemical treatments for the potential application in cement composites

Studies on the characteristic features of Abutilon indicum fibre with chemical treatments for the potential application in cement composites

Analyzing the Phytochemistry and Bioactive Compounds of Abutilon indicum for antidiabetic activity Using TLC, HPTLC, GC-MS in Aqueous, Ethanol, and Chloroform Solvents for Pharmacognosy Determinations

In this systematic investigation of Abutilon indicum extracts for antidiabetic activity, using TLC and HPTLC were employed to analyze bioactive compounds. The ethanolic extract (EA) exhibited specific RF values: 0.16 for catechin, 0.57 for gallic acid, and 0.70 for quercetin, with Abutilon indicum (EA) containing the highest percentages—48.87% catechin, 27.45% gallic acid, and 7.25% quercetin. The robustly developed and validated HPTLC process, applied to ethanolic extracts, demonstrated clear bands and sharp peaks, ensuring precise separation of bioactive compounds. Similar methodologies were employed for chloroform extract (CA) and aqueous extract (AA), revealing RF values of 0.10, 0.36, and 0.54 for CA, and 0.087, 0.36, and 0.53 for AA, corresponding to catechin, gallic acid, and quercetin, respectively. Fingerprinting analysis confirmed the simultaneous presence of these compounds, highlighting the method's utility for quality control. Statistical analysis supported the reliability and cost-effective suitability of HPTLC for quantitative analysis in assessing herbal material and formulations. GC-MS exploration of Abutilon indicum extracts revealed over 20 compounds in each, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids in the ethanolic extract, and phytosterols, alkaloids, and terpenoids in the chloroform extract. The aqueous extract displayed a diverse phytochemical composition, affirming medicinal potential. These results collectively endorse Abutilon indicum's versatility and therapeutic potential in herbal medicine and pharmaceutical formulations. Keywords Pharmacognosy, Bioactive Compounds, Analytical Study, Abutilon indicum etc

Oral administration of the methanolic extract of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet seed proves effective in reducing cystic follicles and restoring the metabolic profile of Wistar albino rats with letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome

BackgroundAbutilon indicum(L.) Sweet, a member of the Malvaceae family, is widely distributed in China and is commonly known as Dong Kui Zi. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is extensively utilized in herbal formulations to address various health conditions, and the seeds of this plant have exhibited medicinal activities relevant to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The current investigation aimed to provide a scientific foundation for assessing the efficacy of the methanolic extract derived from A. indicum seeds (AISE) on the ovarian and metabolic functions of rats, displaying letrozole-induced PCOS. MethodologyFor this experiment, 30 Female Wistar rats were initially divided into five groups (n = 6), namely Vehicle control (VC), Low dose (LD), High dose (HD), Positive control (PC), and Negative control (NC). Four groups (LD, HD, PC, and NC) were treated with daily letrozole doses (0.5 mg/kg body weight) dissolved with 1 % Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 21 days for inducing PCOS. To assess PCOS induction, a daily examination of the estrus cycle and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) were conducted on the 22ndday of the experiment. From the 22nd day, the LD and HD groups received daily oral AISE supplementation at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight (bw), respectively, for 28 days. Metformin (500 mg/kg) served as the PC treatment. After completion of the experimental duration, various assessments were performed to evaluate ovarian and metabolic functions. These included evaluations such as estrous cycle assessment, percentage of body weight gain, white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition, OGTT, measurement of testosterone levels, analysis of steroidogenic enzyme activity, examination of lipid profiles, assessment of oxidative stress profiles, and histopathological examinations. ResultsFollowing 21 days of letrozole treatment, the rats exhibited irregular estrous cycles and elevated OGTT. However, after 28 days of treatment with AISE and metformin, the experimental HD group demonstrated restored estrous cycle irregularity, normalized body weight gain along with WAT deposition, normalized glucose tolerance, lipid profile, antioxidative parameters, and the reinstatement of healthy ovarian architecture compared to the vehicle control group. ConclusionAdministration of AISE restores regular ovarian function in consort with homeostatic metabolic parameters in female Wister rats with PCOS and oxidative stress. These findings support the traditional use of A. indicum and further research may lead to the development of an effective natural therapy for PCOS.

A review on phytochemical screening and pharmacological activities of fruit of Indian mallow

a native traditional plant commonly known as Indian Mallow, is a versatile plant species that brings enormous amounts of medicinal uses from the history of traditional culture. This review emphasizes the current body of knowledge surrounding the effects of , highlighting its potential therapeutic application. The plant is well renowned for its diverse phytochemical composition, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which contribute to its wide-ranging biological activity. It has been discovered through research that Abutilon indicum extracts possess noteworthy pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective properties. In addition to its immunomodulatory effects, larvicidal, anti-convulsant, neuroprotective, and cognitive-enhancing capacities have gained attention in recent years and serve as natural alternatives to available allopathic medicine.The focus of the review revolves around various noteworthy pharmacological effects of , including its anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-convulsant properties. Furthermore, the examination of the plant extracts' phytochemical composition is also emphasized.Those activities were discussed and reported with standard methods and compared with the available standard drugs. Overall, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the pharmacological effects of , underscoring its potential as a source of novel therapeutic agents and paving the way for future research and development.

Incidence of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on various malvaceous plants in North Eastern region of Karnataka, India

Pink bollworm roving survey on Bt-cotton and some malvaceous plants, in and around the cotton field across themajor cotton growing districts of North Eastern region of Karnataka recorded the highest green boll damage in Raichurdistrict (70.79%) followed by Ballari (63.46%) and Yadgir (55.80%) district. Whereas, no incidence of pink bollworm wasrecorded on the malvaceous plants viz., Abutilon indicum (L.), Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) and Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.).

Enhanced photochemical efficiency of PSII in Prosopis juliflora suggests contribution to invasion advantage over native C3 xero-halophytes under salt stress.

Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters related to PSII photochemistry, photoprotection and photoinhibition were investigated in four C3 plant species growing in their natural habitat: Prosopis juliflora ; Abutilon indicum ; Salvadora persica ; and Phragmites karka . This study compared the light reaction responses of P. juliflora , an invasive species, with three native co-existing species, which adapt to varying water deficit and high salt stress. Chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching analyses revealed that P. juliflora had the highest photochemical quantum efficiency and yield, regulated by higher fraction of open reaction centres and reduced photoprotective energy dissipation without compromising the integrity of photosynthetic apparatus due to photoinhibition. Moreover, the elevated values of parameters obtained through polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics, which characterise the photochemistry of PSII and electron transport, highlighted the superior performance index of energy conservation in the transition from excitation to the reduction of intersystem electron carriers for P. juliflora compared to other species. Enhanced pigment contents and their stoichiometry in P. juliflora apparently contributed to upregulating fluxes and yields of energy absorbance, trapping and transport. This enhanced photochemistry, along with reduced non-photochemical processes, could explain the proclivity for invasion advantage in P. juliflora across diverse stress conditions.

Densitometric method for assessment of six specialized metabolites in four Sida sp. and its congener Abutilon indicum: Targeted metabolomics, greenness assessment, and chemometrics analysis

Sida is one of the most diverse genera, with about 200 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among 18 species distributed in India, Sida acuta, Sida cordifolia, Sida rhombifolia, and Sida cordata are used in traditional medicines along with its possible adulterant Abutilon indicum for several therapeutic uses. The non-availability of marker-based validated methods for the identification and classification of these species leads to adulteration. Indoloquinoline and quinazoline are the major bioactive alkaloids distributed in Sida spp. First time, a simple, economical and high throughput method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 20-hydroxyecdysone (1), vasicine (2), vasicinone (3), cryptolepine (4), quindolinone (5), and cryptolepinone (6) using HPTLC-UV densitometry. The method was validated to meet globally accepted ICH guidelines. The method was sensitive with LOD and LOQ ranging from 0.38–0.63 and 1.57–2.12 µg/band. The samples were spiked at 3 different concentrations, the recovery values were 93.49–98.88%. In addition, the greenness index of the HPTLC method was estimated using four different greenness assessment techniques. Targeted HPTLC analysis indicated the distribution of specialized metabolites in Sida spp. and A. indicum. However, the occurrence of cryptolepine in A. indicum was not reported in the literature, so this was further confirmed by liquid chromatographic studies of the samples from different locations. The chromatographic data was statistically evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA). HPTLC-based targeted metabolite quantitation explains the adulteration/substitution in Sida raw material and derived herbal preparations.

Curative Potential of Abutilon indicum Extract against Heat Stress-induced Kidney Damage in Adult Male Rats

Introduction: The pharmacological activity of Abutilon indicum plant has been studied in various animal groups and clinical trials. This study aimed to investigate the protective role and mechanism of Abutilon indicum on adult male rats with heat stress-induced acute kidney injury. Materials and methods: Abutilon indicum was obtained from the Botany Department of Al-Muthanna University, Iraq. The seeds, roots, and leaves of Abutilon indicium were prepared as an aqueous extract. In this experiment, 30 male albino rats, aged eight weeks, with an average weight of 200 ± 20 g. were recruited. After acclimation for a week, the rats were divided randomly into three groups, 10 male rats in each group. The GI group (negative control) received daily oral treatment with saline via gavage for 28 days. In contrast, the GII group (positive control) was subjected to heat exposure and moisture stress. The GIII group was exposed to heat stress, involving a temperature increase of 40°C for 5 hours each day using electric heaters and humidity levels ranging from 75% to 85% for 5 hours daily (from 12:00 pm to 03:00 pm) over a four-week period. Additionally, the GIII group received oral treatment with fresh Abutilon Indicum extract at a dosage of 400 mg/kg of body weight for the first 12 hours of each day for 28 days. Results: The results of this study revealed a significant decrease in biochemical parameters (blood urea and serum creatinine) in the GIII group, compared to GII group. Additionally, the histological analysis identified glomerulolysis and degeneration with dilation of the capsule zone in the GII group, while the GIII showed a decrease in capillary congestion with the severity of pathological damage reduced. Conclusion: Considering the obtained results, it can be concluded that Abutilon Indicum extract has a significant positive effect on the biochemical parameters of the rats’ kidney damage induced by heat stress.

Evaluation of the Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Abutilon indicum on Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide-Induced Proinflammatory Marker Gene Expression Changes.

Abutilon indicum, widely found in India, Sri Lanka, and parts of America and Malaysia, is renowned for its rich bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, and sesquiterpene lactones. Due to its diverse pharmacological potential, it has garnered significant attention in traditional medicine. In particular, the ethanolic leaf extract of Abutilon indicum (ELEAI) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, notably targeting the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme pivotal in inflammatory responses. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of the ELEAI on proinflammatory marker gene expression induced by isoniazid (INH). A total of 36 rats were systematically divided into six experimental groups. The control group received DMSO orally for the initial 30 days followed by distilled water for the subsequent 30 days. The INH group received a daily dose of INH (30 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) for 30 days and the rats were then sacrificed on day 30. The ELEAI (250 mg/kg) group was administered INH daily for 30 days, followed by daily post-treatment with ELEAI (250 mg/kg) for another 30 days. Similarly, the ELEAI (500 mg/kg) group received INH daily for 30 days, followed by daily post-treatment with ELEAI (500 mg/kg) for another 30 days. The silymarin (SIL) group was given INH daily for 30 days, followed by post-treatment with SIL at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight daily for the subsequent 30 days. Finally, the ELEAI (500 mg/kg) alone group was administered distilled water orally for the first 30 days and then received ELEAI at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. orally once daily for the next 30 days. Continuous INH exposure for a month led to a pronounced increase in proinflammatory genes like TNF-α, TGF-β, and NF-kB and a decrease in the IkB gene in rat liver tissues. Subsequent treatment with SIL (100 mg/kg) and ELEAI (250 and 500 mg/kg) post-INH exposure resulted in a marked decrease in proinflammatory genes and a surge in IkB expression. The findings suggest that the ELEAI exerts a dose-responsive influence on proinflammatory activities. Notably, A. indicum counteracts inflammation, especially that triggered by bradykinin and prostaglandins. The ELEAI showcases promising therapeutic potential, exhibiting both pro and anti-inflammatory propertiesand antiproliferative characteristics.