Types Of Abuse Research Articles

Abstract B121: Racial disparities in the association between adverse childhood experiences and history of self-reported depression among cancer survivors

Abstract Introduction. Depression is experienced by 25% of cancer survivors in the United States, and there are racial differences in how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect depression. While previous studies have examined association between ACEs and depression in general population, studies focusing on cancer survivors are lacking. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between ACEs and history of self-reported depression among cancer survivors in different race groups. Methods. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System among 19,241 cancer survivors. The ACE category (zero, one, two-three, ≥four) included questions assessing exposure to eight types of adverse childhood experiences: three types of abuse (physical, emotional, and sexual) and five types of household challenges (household member substance misuse, incarceration, mental illness, parental divorce, or witnessing intimate partner violence) before age 18 years. The outcome is self-reported history of depression (yes/no). Three weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between ACE and depression for each race group: Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanics, adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, income, education, marital status, body mass index, health status. Results. In this sample of cancer survivors, 41%, 22%, 21% and 16% reported having experienced zero, one, two-three, and >=4 ACEs respectively. Majority of survivors were NHW (82.5%) while 6.2%, 6.4% and 4.9% were NHB, Hispanics, and Others respectively. Personal history of depression was reported by 21% of survey respondents. Among survivors experiencing >=4 ACEs, depression was reported by 46.9 % of NHW, 55.2% of NHB and 50.6% of Hispanics. In the adjusted models, among NHW survivors with 1 ACE (aOR: 1.7, 95% CI. 1.3– 2.2), 2-3 ACEs (aOR: 1.9, 95% CI. 1.5– 2.4), or >=4 ACES (aOR: 4.2, 95% CI. 3.3– 5.5) had higher odds of depression compared with those with zero ACEs. Among NHB, survivors with >=4 ACEs had higher odds of depression (aOR: 2.5, 95% CI. 1.2– 5.0) compared with those with zero ACEs; no significant difference was observed for survivors with 1 or 2-3 ACEs. Similarly, among Hispanics, survivors with >=4 ACEs had higher odds of depression (aOR: 11.3, 95% CI. 5.4– 23.8) compared with those with zero ACEs whiles no significant difference was observed for survivors with 1 or 2-3 ACEs. Conclusion. Persons with ACEs may represent an important targeted prevention group to reduce risk of depression among cancer survivors. While there is a relationship between all categories of ACE and depression among NHW cancer survivors, only those with >=4 ACEs had association with depression among NHB and Hispanics. Potential variation by race warrants additional studies regarding potential for selective prevention and identification of resilient, cultural, and healthcare access factors. Citation Format: Oluwole A. Babatunde, Melanie S. Jefferson, Swann A. Adams, Chanita Hughes Halbert, Frank Clark, Anusuiya Nagar, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters, Eric A. Boakye. Racial disparities in the association between adverse childhood experiences and history of self-reported depression among cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B121.

The Principle of Equal Treatment in the Google Shopping Case

Abstract This article reflects on the principle of equal treatment as a constant feature that pervades the European Union’s legal order and its specific role in competition law. Throughout history, this principle has been a foundation stone for developing the characteristics, such as freedom of movement, that one would consensually recognise as distinctive features that make the European Union a sui generis political construction. After a brief analysis of the principle’s development and ever-expanding contours, with new instruments emerging along the way and contributing to its importance, we will focus on the application of this principle to competition law. Paying particular attention to the Google Shopping case, we will demonstrate how the general principle of equal treatment remains relevant when confronted with new types of discriminatory abuses.

Upravlencheskie stereotipy v pole obshchestvennogo soznaniya i povedeniya serediny 1950-h – 1980-h gg. (na primere interpretacii materialov fonda RGANI)

The article, based on the party documents and letters collected in the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, reveals the problem of building public perception of the figure of a representative of power structures. It is found that in the period 1950s-1980s in the letters of citizens sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU, a mainly negative attitude was recorded, stating the facts indicating the growing distrust of the authorities. The article demonstrates the situations of the formation of the standards of behavior in a leadership environment associated with various types of abuse of official position, possessiveness, and attraction to material accumulation.

Exposure to childhood maltreatment predicts adult physiological dysregulation, particularly inflammation.

Although a growing literature describes the effects of negative childhood experiences on biological outcomes, it is difficult to compare results across studies because of differences in measures of childhood experiences, biological markers, sample characteristics, and included covariates. To ensure comparability across its analyses, this study used a single national survey of adults in the United States-the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study-to examine comprehensively the association between adverse childhood experiences, operationalized as childhood maltreatment (CM), and biological markers of risk for poor health and to assess whether these associations differ by type of maltreatment, sex, or race. The sample included 1254, mostly White (78%), adults aged 34-86 years (mean age 57 years), 57% of whom were female. We present incidence rate ratios (IRR) from negative binomial and Poisson regressions to examine the relationships between exposure to CM (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; emotional and physical neglect; and a CM-index reflecting frequency across all five types of maltreatment) and four biological risk summary scores (overall physiological dysregulation, cardiometabolic risk, inflammation, and hypothalamic pituitary axis/sympathetic nervous system (HPA/SNS) function). We also tested whether the effect of each type of CM varied by sex and by race. The CM-index was associated with higher overall physiological dysregulation and inflammation, but the associations were weaker and not statistically significant for cardiometabolic risk and HPA/SNS function. With the exception of a possible sex difference in the association between sexual abuse and overall physiological dysregulation, there was little evidence that the associations varied systematically by type of CM or by sex or race. We conclude that exposure to CM predicts adult biological risk, particularly inflammation. Inconsistency with previous research suggests that additional research is needed to confirm findings regarding sex and race differences.

Disrespect and abuse during childbirth in East Hararghe Zone public health facilities, eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCompassionate and respectful maternity care during childbirth has been identified as a potential strategy to prevent and reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Despite its importance, there is a paucity of information on the level of disrespect and abuse meted out to mothers in eastern Ethiopia. This study assesses the level of disrespect and abuse suffered by women during childbirth, and the associated factors, in public health facilities in the rural East Hararghe Zone in eastern Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 530 women who gave birth in 20 public health facilities in the East Hararghe Zone during the period between 1 April and 30 April 2020. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were employed to identify the factors associated with disrespect and abuse during childbirth. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (95% CI) was used to report this association, and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsOverall, 77% (95% CI: 73%–81%) of women reported at least one type of disrespect and abuse during childbirth in the East Hararghe Zone public health facilities. In this study, factors such as households having an average monthly income of below 57.22 USD (AOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.41–3.71), mothers residing at more than 30 min away from a nearby health facility (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.30–3.39), those not receiving antenatal care (AOR = 4.29, 95% CI: 2.17–8.52), and those giving birth during nighttime (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.37–3.41) were associated with at least one type of disrespect and abuse during childbirth.ConclusionMore than three in every four women who gave birth in the East Hararghe Zone public health facilities were disrespected and abused during childbirth. Encouraging all pregnant women to pay attention to antenatal care visits and improving the quality of healthcare service during nighttime in all health facilities will be essential for preventing and reducing disrespect and abuse and its negative consequences.

FACTORS RELATED TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN JABODETABEK IN 2022

Komnas Perempuan defines sexual harassment as sexual acts through physical or non-physical touch with the sexual organs or sexuality of the victims they are subjected to, including acts of whistling, flirting, sexually suggestive speech, displaying pornography and sexual desires, touching or touching the body, gestures or gestures of a sexual nature that result in discomfort, offense, feeling degraded, and possibly to the point of causing health and safety issues. One of them was (55.7%) of respondents who had experienced sexual harassment on public transport. The most respondents who were exposed to the most sexual harassment were women (75.2%). The most frequent harassment was in the KRL (19.5%). The most frequent abuse was verbal abuse (47.7%). The most common type of verbal abuse is someone who calls beautiful/handsome sweet etc. (42.3%). The most perpetrators were other passengers (36.9%). The purpose of this study is that this research was conducted to determine the experience of sexual harassment in general transportation users in Jabodetabek in 2022. The method used This research is a type of quantitative research with a descriptive observational approach with a cross-sectional study design. Data collection was carried out primer using a questionnaire with a sample of 149 respondents taken by purposive sampling technique. The advice of every public transport officer is to provide strict protection so that there is no more sexual harassment.

Twenty-five years of child welfare data in Ontario, Canada: Examining the response of child welfare to reports of children's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV)

BackgroundIncreases in child welfare investigations involving children's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ontario are likely the result of three factors: 1) changes to legislation, policy, and assessment instruments; 2) increased awareness of the risks of exposure to IPV for children, and 3) referrals from professionals (e.g., police). ObjectivesUsing data from 6 cycles of the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (OIS) (1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018), this paper will examine the changes of the incidence rates of IPV exposure, providing important context for a type of investigation that is not well understood in Ontario. MethodsThe incidence of investigations where the primary concern of the investigating worker is IPV was derived and compared across OIS cycles. Investigation were compared across cycles using incidence counts. ResultsAfter the nearly 2-fold increase of investigations for all maltreatment types in Ontario between 1998 and 2003, IPV investigations are the only type that continue to increase. There is a growing gap between these investigations and substantiating child maltreatment. Rates of placement have not changed over time, remaining low. Rates of transfers and referrals have increased but not significantly. ConclusionsThe continued growth in the rate of child welfare investigations involving exposure to IPV as well as the overwhelming endorsement of substantiated exposure to IPV, while maintaining the same proportion of transfers to ongoing child welfare services and low placement rates, is a significant concern for Ontario.

Identify the Prevalence and Types of Elder Abuse among Elderly in Selected Community

Background: In old age, an individual experiences a decline in physical and mental activity. There is also a gradual shift in economic status moving from economic independence to economic dependence. The elderly constitutes nearly 8.25 per cent of India’s population (Census of India, 2011). Problem statement: “A Study to Identify the Prevalence and types Of elder abuse Among Elderly In Selected Rural Community Of Bardoli, Gujarat. Objectives: 1) To identify prevalence and types of elder abuse among elderly.2) To find out the association between types of elder abuse with their selected socio demographic variables. Methodology: A Quantitative approach and descriptive survey design was used to conduct the study. A total number of 100 elderly persons were selected by using convenient sampling technique and Modified Carney and Kahan on elder abuse standardized tool of were used for assessment. Data were collected at selected village under Sarbhon PHC Bardoli. Results: The result of the study reveals that, majority of Elderly 78 (78%) had mild elder abuse and 22(22%) had moderate elder abuse. Where as in types of elder abuse majority of Elderly had 98 (98%) Neglect by others; 76 (76%) had emotional abuse, 21 (21%) had financial abuse and 15(15%) had physical abuse. There is association between financial dependency and of elder abuse with their selected socio demographic variables. Rest of all socio demographic variables there is no association. Conclusions: The result of the study reveals that, majority of Elderly 78 (78%) had mild elder abuse and 22(22%) had moderate elder abuse. Hence it concludes that in India the elder abuse rates are still high as compare to global statistics. So there is important need to educate and aware the elderly person knowledge and prevent the elder abuse.

Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence Among Latinx Women: A Call for Expanded Measurement, Screening, and Safety Planning.

Despite increased attention on intimate partner violence (IPV) among Latinx women in the United States, measurement often overlooks economic abuse, reproductive coercion, institution-related threats, and technology-facilitated abuse. Using a broad range of measures, this paper examines prevalence and correlations between different types of IPV among a sample of 38 Latinx women enrolled into a pilot study. Results indicate consistently high prevalence of IPV types and significant correlations between several types of abuse (including sexual abuse, technology-facilitated abuse, and institution-related threats). Findings emphasize the need for comprehensive IPV measurement, screening, expanded safety planning, and research on the impact of these types of abuse.

What Do We Do with the Works of Scandalous Founders in the Catholic Church?

Throughout the 20th century, new religious movements (NRMs) emerged within established religions. Within Catholicism, these NRMs are known as new ecclesial movements and communities. A significant number of founders of these Catholic NRMs have been reported and found guilty of various types of abuses, including sexual abuse, abuse of power, abuse of conscience, and spiritual abuses. This article examines the repercussions of these scandalous behaviors on the foundations and institutions established by the accused founders. Firstly, we investigate how contemporary Catholic communities employ interpretations provided by traditional congregations regarding their founders in the postcouncil era. They utilize these interpretations to legitimize the charismatic founders of their respective movements. Secondly, we assess the feasibility of disentangling the accomplishments of these communities from the shadow cast by their controversial originators. Our findings advocate for the contextualization of works authored by individuals under scrutiny. This approach is presented as a more constructive and effective alternative to wholesale dismissal.

Qualitative study on violence against women analyzed under the thought of Edmund Husserl in the context of the Society of Apurimac.

The purpose of the investigation was to analyze the experiences and perspectives on violence against women in the Apurímac region, Peru. The analysis was carried out through interviews with women in each of the provinces of Apurimac. The aim was to learn about the status of women's rights and the effectiveness of provisions and regulations for their protection. The article will also explore the vast cultural and social diversity present in the interviews themselves, in contrast to the current normative system. As a general conclusion, it became evident that women in Apurimac-Peru suffered different types of abuse and mistreatment just because they were women and that they did not feel any kind of support from the authorities, showing a lack of interest from the state in improving the current situation of women in Peruvian society.

The Association Between Child Abuse and Internet Addiction: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis.

Child abuse is an important factor for Internet addiction. Despite numerous researches had observed there was a positive correlation between child abuse and Internet addiction, the strength of this association differed considerably in the previous studies. This study aims to obtain reliable estimates for effect sizes and investigate the potential moderator of the association between child abuse and Internet addiction. Thirty-one studies reported the association between child abuse and Internet addiction (273 effect sizes and 55,585 participants) through a systematic literature search. Based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis approach, a three-level model was employed to conduct a three-level meta-analysis. The current meta-analysis found that child abuse was significantly positively correlated with Internet addiction. Besides, the study found that the type of child abuse and publication year had significant moderating effects on the association between child abuse and Internet addiction. This study suggested child abuse was a risk factor for Internet addiction. Moreover, child abuse is an essential factor should be considered when strengthening interventions for individuals' Internet addiction.

The influence of informal social control on psychological aggression against children in Asian American families

The purpose of this study is to examine how informal social control influences varied types of child abuse, such as physical assault and psychological aggression, in Asian American families. Analyzing 74 non-Hispanic Asian American mothers, results from binomial logistic regression indicate that Asian American mothers who perceived higher informal social control in their neighborhoods had significantly lower odds of engaging in child psychological aggression. However, perceived informal social control was not associated with physical assault among them. Findings suggest that promoting informal social control for Asian American families may be beneficial to prevent psychological aggression of Asian American children.

Jay Asher’s “Thirteen Reasons Why” Sexual Abuse Phenomenon

This study aims to examine the types of sexual abuse that the protagonist of the book "Thirteen Reasons Why" encounters, as well as how the psychological effects of the abuse affect the protagonist. In examining the different types of sexual abuse and their effects in the book, the researcher combined a psychoanalytical approach with descriptive and analysis methods to determine how the abuse might alter the psychological state of the characters. For the purpose of actively gathering secondary data to improve the comprehension of this research, library research, internet-based research, and book reading strategies were used. According to the study's findings, there are three different types of sexual abuse that take place in the book "Thirteen Reasons Why": verbal abuse (such as slander and negative labeling) and non-verbal abuse (such as peeping toms) as well as physical abuse (such as touching and coerced sex penetration). The character also experiences extreme shifts, unjustified feelings, overwhelming emotions, and suicidal thoughts as psychological effects.

Comparison of ACE-IQ and CTQ-SF for child maltreatment assessment: Reliability, prevalence, and risk prediction

BackgroundChild maltreatment has profound effects on mental health. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF) and the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) are commonly used retrospective assessment tools for evaluating child maltreatment. ObjectiveThis study aims to conduct a comprehensive comparison of the CTQ-SF and ACE-IQ, encompassing internal consistency, prevalence, and the predictive efficacy of trauma-related outcomes. It also seeks to enhance the scoring method of ACE-IQ based on the established comparability between the two instruments. Participants and setting1484 college students from northern China were recruited, assessing demographic characteristics and outcomes related to traumatic experiences, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), borderline personality disorder (BPD), anxiety, and depression. MethodsA contingency correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the degree of agreement between the CTQ-SF and ACE-IQ. Binary logistic regression models were utilized to compare the predictive capabilities of distinct instruments. ResultsCTQ-SF and ACE-IQ instruments display favorable internal consistency and notable correlations across shared categories. However, the predictive relationships between trauma type and adverse outcomes are inconsistent across instruments. The ACE-IQ, encompassing 13 trauma categories, demonstrate a lower AIC and BIC index, indicating a superior model fit for elucidating outcomes. ConclusionThis study introduces a scoring methodology for ACE-IQ, improving the comparability of the two measures and emphasizing the importance of capturing the full range of maltreatment types a child may have experienced. These findings have significant implications for clinical and epidemiological research, providing valuable insights for understanding the impact of child maltreatment.

Perceptions of parenthood and child development among parents who experienced child maltreatment.

Maltreatment survivors may be at risk for parenting challenges, although the previous literature is inconsistent, has focused on individual maltreatment forms, and has overlooked posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and other trauma exposure. The current study, thus, aimed to expand this research in four key ways by (a) examining all five maltreatment forms; (b) controlling for other nonmaltreatment trauma exposure to better isolate the role of maltreatment; (c) investigating maltreatment types and PTSS simultaneously; and (d) exploring novel parenting factors, specifically four types of parenting beliefs and developmental knowledge. Trauma-exposed parents (N = 301; Mage = 26.49 years, SD = 8.34, range: 18-69 years; 66.8% female; 59.8% White) participated in the study. A path analytic model indicated that, surprisingly, none of the maltreatment types nor cumulative trauma exposure corresponded with parental beliefs related to one's child, self, partner, or social relationships. PTSS, however, were tied to all four parenting belief types as well as developmental knowledge, βs = -.05-.40. Physical and emotional abuse were linked to less accurate developmental knowledge, β = .02, and maladaptive parenting practices, β = .03. Sexual abuse, neglect, and witnessing domestic violence were not associated with any of the parenting factors. Thus, current trauma symptoms are likely a more critical intervention focus than maltreatment experiences, although physical and emotional abuse may also play a role in parenting knowledge and behaviors. These findings also signal the importance of including all five maltreatment forms and PTSS when conducting research on the interaction between trauma and parenting.

Prevalance Of Substance Abuse Among Street Children In West Bengal, India

The term substance abuse implies on the use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, glue, opioids, gasoline and legal or illegal substances excessively or in a wrong way. The most commonly used substances are inhalants while they are volatile in nature i.e. volatile substances (VS). The most vulnerable groups are the street children aged between 5-15yrs. in India. Children from broken family, without caregiver, of extreme poverty, food insecurity, often ended up on street life and indulged into these types of addiction. Initially the main cause has always been the appetite. Some studies have identified the substance abuse as remedy for hunger pain. Substance abuse is one of the main reasons to claim lives on the streets of India. Recent studies have shown that out of all inhalants are mostly in trend as those are inexpensive and easy to obtain and legally available in any market. These types of substance abuse are widely spread all over the India, especially in West Bengal. The study aims at prevalence of substance abuse among the street children of West Bengal, India. The literature review is based on about 24 journal articles and some other organizational articles etc. After proper screening of the sources, analysis has done and reviewed to draw findings and discussion for the study. Extensive work and vigorous studies are required to get a clear picture about the prevalence of substance abuse in street children in West Bengal, India as the studies are limited in this area of research.

Exploring gender differences in the relationships among childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and depression in young adults through network analysis

Background and objectivesCollege students who have experienced childhood maltreatment commonly exhibit adverse psychological consequences such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. The aim of this study is to use network analysis to investigate the gender differences in complex connections among various types of childhood maltreatment, PTSD, and depression. MethodsThis study involved 481 participants (M = 19.25 years, 54.5 % female) who were selected from a larger sample of 5231 college students. These participants had experienced childhood maltreatment and exhibited significant clinical symptoms of PTSD and depression. The participants completed validated measures that assessed childhood trauma, PTSD, and depression. ResultsThe network analysis performed on the entire sample revealed robust connections among various types of childhood maltreatment, symptom clusters of PTSD, and depression. The most central symptom that emerged was negative alterations in cognitions and mood (NACM), with emotional abuse displaying the highest centrality measure among the various types of childhood maltreatment. Upon comparing the subnetworks, the centrality analysis identified significant gender differences in nodes such as sexual abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, and avoidance. ConclusionsThe study's findings confirm that various forms of childhood abuse have intricate and multifaceted connections with depression and PTSD symptoms in adulthood. The study suggests that NACM could be the most significant symptom, and emotional abuse may play a vital role in adverse psychological outcomes. Furthermore, notable gender discrepancies were identified in the relationship between various forms of maltreatment and psychopathological symptoms.

Forensic investigations of religious rituals involving poultry: a case report

Animal victims of human cruelty are receiving increasing attention from the press and society. Veterinary pathologists and civic authorities have a duty not only to elucidate the cause, method and manner of death but also to address the motivation behind a case. Poultry are commonly used as offering to gods in Santería rituals (ebós). Only a few cases have been reported in scientific journals, in contrast with the number of cases described in the media. Here, a hen and a cockerel (Gallus domesticus) were submitted to the VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre for autopsy, which comprised macroscopic and histological studies and microbiological testing for Chlamydia psittaci, avian orthoavulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus), West Nile virus and avian influenza virus. The carcasses were in an active decay stage of decomposition, containing larvae of Lucilia eximia. Both animals had been decapitated and haemorrhages in the cutting region were observed histologically. Post-mortem burns were also observed. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first post-mortem description of lesions in a domestic avian species due to religious rituals. European Union and Spanish forensic practitioners should be aware that these ritual sacrifices occur in some European countries. Moreover, future European and national legislation updates should consider this type of animal abuse.

Elderly Abuse in Rural and Urban Areas of Guntur District - A Comparative Study

Beautiful old people are works of art!". There is still time for us to help the 'art' that is our beautiful elders” said by Eleanor Roosevelt. Elder abuse is a term referring to any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a care-given or any other person that causes harm or a serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult. Therefore, we can say that mistreatment by the care given to the elderly is a normal thing or phenomenon as the family structure is changed from a joint to a nuclear family. There is no space for elderly people in the family. They are considered a burden and useless, which results, in ignorance of the elderly. According to the 2011 Census, there are 104 million elderly persons (aged 60 years or above) in India. The proportion of the elderly was 8.6% in 2011 and is rising. Also, the average Indian can expect to live at least 18 years beyond the age of 60, which means the dependency ratio is also rising. In this connection since the elderly abuse is a burning topic there is a great need in studying and knowing the problems of elderly, types of elderly abuse and features of elderly abuse etc. An attempt is made in this paper to Examining the socioeconomic and demographic profiles of respondents of the age of abuse and analysis of responses of elderly people on different types of abuse faced in the study area.