Maximum Absorption Peak Research Articles

Green mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ipomoea quamoclit to explore the potential antimicrobial activity against human pathogens

Ipomoea quamoclit, a medicinal plant, known as a common medication for stomach ache, hemorrhoids and rheumatoid arthritis, has been employed for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in the current study. The phytochemical analysis of this plant revealed that it is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, triterpenes compounds. The present study has demonstrated an ecofriendly and safer method for developing a simple and cost effective production of silver nanoparticles using Ipomoea quamoclit flowers, leaves and seeds. The formation of nanoparticles was supported by color change and UV-Vis spectroscopy, showed maximum absorption peak at the range of 400-450 nm. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-Infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscope, demonstrated spherical and oval shaped nanoparticles in the sizes ranging between 25 and 45 nm. The phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles have shown a remarkable antimicrobial activity against tested gram negative and gram positive pathogenic organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Micrococcus luteus by conventional agar well diffusion in a dose dependent manner. The observations of the present investigation appear to be promising and offer a valuable agent for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Among the various nanoparticles, the silver nanoparticles synthesized using the flower extract of Ipomoea quamoclit had a notably marked reduction in biofilm formation against Salmonella typhimurium. This paves the way in designing a new alternative therapeutic management of biofilm associated infections in future.

Isomeric sp2-C-conjugated porous organic polymer-mediated photo- and sono-catalytic detoxification of sulfur mustard simulant under ambient conditions

Isomeric sp2-C-conjugated porous organic polymer-mediated photo- and sono-catalytic detoxification of sulfur mustard simulant under ambient conditions

Nitroreductase-Induced Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles for "Off-On" Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia.

Hypoxia is an important phenomenon due to insufficient oxygen supply in tumor tissue, and nitroreductase (NTR) is a characteristic enzyme used for evaluating hypoxia level in tumors. In this work, we designed a smart gold nanoparticle (AuNPs), modified by 16-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MHDA) and hypoxia-responsive 11-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)undecane-1-thiol (NI) ligand, that responds to the hypoxic environment in tumor sites. With proper surface ligand composition, the responsive nanoprobe exhibited aggregation through the bioreduction of the nitro group on NI ligands under hypoxic conditions and the UV-vis absorption peak maximum would shift to 630 nm from 530 nm, which acts as an "off-on" contrast agent for tumor hypoxic photoacoustic (PA) imaging. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that AuNPs@MHDA/NO₂ exhibited an enhanced PA signal in hypoxic conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of hypoxia-responsive AuNPs as novel and sensitive diagnostic agents, which lays a firm foundation for precise cancer treatment in the future.

Strength, Carbonation Resistance, and Chloride-Ion Penetrability of Cement Mortars Containing Catechol-Functionalized Chitosan Polymer.

There have been numerous recent studies on improving the mechanical properties and durability of cement composites by mixing them with functional polymers. However, research into applying modified biopolymer such as catechol-functionalized chitosan to cement mortar or concrete is rare to the best of our knowledge. In this study, catechol-functionalized chitosan (Cat-Chit), a well-known bioinspired polymer that imitates the basic structures and functions of living organisms and biological materials in nature, was synthesized and combined with cement mortar in various proportions. The compressive strength, tensile strength, drying shrinkage, accelerated carbonation depth, and chloride-ion penetrability of these mixes were then evaluated. In the ultraviolet–visible spectra, a maximum absorption peak appeared at 280 nm, corresponding to catechol conjugation. The sample containing 7.5% Cat-Chit polymer in water (CPW) exhibited the highest compressive strength, and its 28-day compressive strength was ~20.2% higher than that of a control sample with no added polymer. The tensile strength of the samples containing 5% or more CPW was ~2.3–11.5% higher than that of the control sample. Additionally, all the Cat-Chit polymer mixtures exhibited lower carbonation depths than compared to the control sample. The total charge passing through the samples decreased as the amount of CPW increased. Thus, incorporating this polymer effectively improved the mechanical properties, carbonation resistance, and chloride-ion penetration resistance of cement mortar.

Investigation of molecular mechanisms of interaction between myofibrillar proteins and 1-heptanol by multiple spectroscopy and molecular docking methods

In this study, we investigated the interaction between myofibrillar proteins (MPs) and selected alcohols (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol). Only 1-heptanol exhibited the binding ability to MPs, and the binding ability significantly increased with increasing protein concentration (p < 0.05). In addition, both static and dynamic quenching occurred during the interaction, with a red shift of the maximum absorption peak in the synchronous fluorescence spectra indicating a change in the microenvironment of the MPs. The results of circular dichroism measurements suggested that the interaction between MPs and 1-heptanol altered the secondary structure of the MPs. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis showed that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces dominated the interaction between MPs and 1-heptanol, which was confirmed by the results of molecular docking/dynamics simulations. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the interaction between MPs and alcohols, which can help to improve the flavor control in meat.

Biosynthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles

BackgroundIn recent decades focus of research has been toward an alternative antibacterial agent because of growing bacterial resistance and side effects of antibacterial agents. In the current study, the antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles has been evaluated on selected human pathogens. MethodsIn this study, we used panchagavya (PG) to synthesize gold nanoparticles, and the resulting nanoparticles (PG-AuNPs) were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. In addition, antibacterial activity of PG-AuNPs against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied by well diffusion method. ResultsThe synthesis of AuNPs was affirmed by a colour change, which was further validated by UV–vis spectra with a maximum absorption peak at 527 nm. Bandgap energy was calculated as 2.13 eV by Tauc method from the UV result. The presence of amino acids and proteins in PG was responsible for the conversion of gold ions to AuNPs, according to FTIR analysis. (111), (200), (220), and (311) crystallographic planes were observed by XRD; further crystalline nature was validated by SAED analysis. The size and zeta value were found to be 53.29 nm and -9.8 mV respectively. Spherical shaped nanoparticles and elemental structure of PG-AuNPs were confirmed by HRTEM and EDS analysis. The antibacterial activity of PG-AuNPs showed the maximum and minimum zone of inhibition against K. pneumoniae (17.12 ± 0.14 mm) and B. subtilis (11.42 ± 0.58 mm). ConclusionAntibacterial activity of PG-AuNPs was found to be strong against gram negative bacteria and moderate against gram positive bacteria. Based on the result, it was concluded that PG-AuNPs could be used to combat antibiotic drug resistance. Besides, in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies of PG-AuNPs should be conducted.

Green Synthesis and Characterisation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Cassia tora Seed Extract and Investigation of Antibacterial Potential.

Nanoparticle research is fascinating and getting hold of consequences due to the wide variety of applications in the biomedical field. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. It can be synthesised using fungi, algae, plant, yeast, bacteria, microbial enzymes etc. Our current research study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Cassia tora. The colour change from yellow to red colour confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesised silver nanoparticles were characterised by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and antibacterial efficacy against three different strains were analysed. The surface plasmon resonance of synthesised AgNPs using Cassia tora seed extract shows maximum absorption peak at 423nm in UV-visible spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction displays the crystalline nature of synthesised AgNPs and they exhibited four distinct peaks at 36.69°, 42.92°, 63.27° and 76.46°. The particle size of synthesised AgNPs observed through SEM was found to be 55.80nm, 58.97nm, 61.06nm, 63.26nm and 64.80nm. S.aureus exhibited maximum zone of inhibition of 12mm and 13mm when treated with 25 and 50 μl of the synthesised nanoparticles. Thus, the green synthesised silver nanoparticle using Cassia tora seed extract proved to possess strong anti-bacterial activity.

Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles

Introduction and Aim:Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively useful in biomedical applications.This study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles by lasers ablation and to use them as an anti-bacterial and anti-cancer agent.&#x0D; &#x0D; Materials and Methods:According to the current study, Ag-nanoparticles can be synthesized easily using pulsed laser ablation on a 99.81% pure silver target immersed in deionized water. The prepared nanoparticles werecharacteredbyUV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique.Using a well-diffusion process, the anti-bacterial action of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles was tested versus two Gram-positive bacteria species (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) and two species of Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa).The anticancer activity of the silver nanoparticles was evaluated by the MTT assay.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results:The generated AgNps had a maximum absorbance peak of 400 nm. The XRD analysis verified that the synthesized silver nanoparticles had been nanocrystalline. The AgNPsdid not affect any of the blood parameters. Gram-negative bacteria are more affected by silver than Gram-positive bacteria. The Ag nanoparticles had been shown a maximum anti-bacterial action at a concentration of 80 µg/mland had a lower effect with 20 µg/ml concentration while their efficacy at 40 and 60 µg/ml concentrationsappeared to be variable against all bacterial species.The findings show that AgNPshavea cytotoxic influence on cancer cellsin 80 ?g/ml concentration.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion:In comparison to Gram-positive bacteria, silver nanoparticles show high antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The prepared nanoparticles have a potent effect on cancer cells and restricted harmful effects on RBCs.

Twistarenes with eleven linearly-annulated aromatic rings: synthesis, photophysics and radical characteristics

<p indent=0mm>Organic open-shell conjugated systems are of great importance because of their fascinating properties and potential applications in organic electronics and biological fields. Inspired by these features, we herein reported the synthesis and photophysics of two novel <italic>s-</italic>indacene-based twistarene derivatives (<bold>7a</bold> and <bold>7b</bold>) with linearly-annulated eleven aromatic rings. Both of them exhibit the blue-shift of the maximum absorption peaks of <sc>683 nm</sc> for <bold>7a</bold> and <sc>678 nm</sc> for <bold>7b</bold> compared with 6,8,10,17,19,21-hexaphenyl-1.22,4.5,11.12,15.16-tetrabenzonona twistacene <sc>(739 nm),</sc> which might be attributed to the incorporation of cyclopenta units that destroy the π-conjugation to a certain extent. In addition, molecule <bold>7b</bold> including two strong electron-withdrawing pentafluorophenyl groups displays better stability than <bold>7a</bold>. The radical cations were conveniently generated upon the addition of silver hexafluoroantimonate (AgSbF₆) to <bold>7</bold>, which was verified by NIR-UV-Vis spectra, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and density fumctional theory (DFT) calculation. In addition, molecules <bold>7a</bold> and <bold>7b</bold> can also show obvious electron paramagnetic signals after heating, resulting in stable free radicals.

Synthesis, spectroscopic and computational studies on hydrogen bonded charge transfer complex of duvelisib with chloranilic acid: Application to development of novel 96-microwell spectrophotometric assay

Duvelisib (DUV) is a is a small-molecule with inhibitory action for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). It has been recently approved for the effective treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). Novel charge transfer complex (CTC) between DUV, as electron donor, with chloranilic acid (CLA), as π electron acceptor has been synthesized and characterized using different spectroscopic and thermogravimetric techniques. UV–visible spectroscopy ascertained the formation of the CTC in different solvents of varying polarity indexes and dielectric constants via formation of new broad absorption band with maximum absorption peak (λmax) in the range of 488–532 nm. The molar absorptivity of the CTC was dependent on the polarity index and dielectric constant of the solvent; the correlation coefficients were 0.9955 and 0.9749, respectively. The stoichiometric ratio of DUV:CLA was 1:1. Electronic spectral analysis was conducted for characterization of the complex in terms of its electronic constants. Computational calculation for atomic charges of energy minimized DUV was conducted and the site of interaction on DUV molecule was assigned. The solid-state CTC of DUV:CLA (1:1) was synthesized, and its structure was characterized by UV–visible, mass, FT-IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. Both FT-IR and 1H NMR confirmed that both CT and hydrogen bonding contributed to the molecular composition of the complex. The reaction was adopted as a basis for developing a novel 96-microwell spectrophotometric assay (MW-SPA) for DUV. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 0.57 and 1.72 µg/well, respectively. The assay was validated and all validation parameters were acceptable. The method was implemented successfully with great precision and accuracy to the analysis of the DUV in its bulk and capsules.

Hydrogen-Bonding-Induced H-Aggregation of Charge-Transfer Complexes for Ultra-Efficient Second Near-Infrared Region Photothermal Conversion

Hydrogen-Bonding-Induced H-Aggregation of Charge-Transfer Complexes for Ultra-Efficient Second Near-Infrared Region Photothermal Conversion

Radical Photopolymerization Using 1,4-Dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole Derivatives Prepared via One-Pot Synthesis.

Radical photopolymerization has attracted significant attention for manufacturing products with complicated structures. Herein, the synthesized 1,4-bis(4-bromophenyl)-2,5-bis(4-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyrrole[3,2-b]pyrrole (PyBN) is found to show varying photoactivity upon irradiation at different wavelengths. PyBN affords two main absorption bands, and its maximum absorption peak is at 462 nm, attributing to its strong intramolecular charge transfer property based on the donor–acceptor structure. It efficiently photoinitiates the radical photopolymerization of different (meth)acrylate materials under 365 and 395 nm LED irradiation. The highest double bond conversion of 99.86% is achieved for these materials. Under 470 nm LED, PyBN does not show molecular structure change from photolysis results as a result of intramolecular charge transfer. Therefore, PyBN shows wavelength-selective photoactivity with potential application in dual-wavelength volumetric additive manufacturing. A unique solid product is successfully fabricated using a 365 nm LED with co-irradiation of a 470 nm LED. Additionally, PyBN incorporating camphorquinone (CQ) as a two-component visible light photoinitiator system is investigated under 470 nm LED irradiation. As PyBN has a charge transfer activity at 470 nm, the combination with CQ exhibits a good synergistic interaction. Besides nitro-based PyBN, a methyl-based PyBC was prepared as a reference compound.

Enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate by boosting internal electron transfer in a bimetallic Fe3O4-MnO2 nanocomposite

Transition metal-based bimetallic oxides can effectively activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of organic contaminants, which may be attributed to the enhanced electron transfer efficiency between transition metals. Here, we investigated the high-efficiency catalytic activation reaction of PMS on a well-defined bimetallic Fe-Mn nanocomposite (BFMN) catalyst. The surface topography and chemical information of BFMN were simultaneously mapped with nanoscale resolution. Rhodamine B (RhB, as a model pollutant) was used to evaluate the oxidation activity of PMS activation system. The maximum absorption peak of RhB obviously blue shifted from 554 nm to 501 nm, and decreased sharply to disappear completely within 60 min. The removal performance is better than most of the reported single transition metal oxide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) imaging of the BFMN electronic structure after catalytic activation confirmed that the accelerated internal electron transfer is mainly caused by the synergy effect of Mn and Fe sites at the catalysis boundary. The outstanding ability of BFMN for PMS chemical adsorption and activation may attribute to the enhanced covalency and reactivity of Mn-O. These results of this study can advance understandings on the origins of bimetallic oxides activity for PMS activation and developing the efficient metal oxide catalysts in real practice.

Antimicrobial green silver nanoparticles in bone grafts functionalization for biomedical applications

In maxillofacial surgery and implantology clinical practice, infection processes are common during the healing and graft osseointegration. Microorganisms’ resistance to various antimicrobials has increased steadily through the widespread use of topical antibiotics, and new substances with antimicrobial properties are urgently necessary to avoid the infection processes in bone grafts. In the present study, bovine bone grafts (BG) for dental application were functionalized with silver nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by the bioreduction technique using extracted (EEO) and commercial orange essential oil (CEO). The majoritarian compound identified in EEO and CEO was d-limonene, with a concentration up to 95%. The UV–Vis spectroscopy of NPs demonstrated the maximum absorbance peak around 400 nm and the average diameter obtained by transmission electron microscopy was 50 and 80 nm, respectively for NPs-EEO and NPs-CEO. The physicochemical stability of the NPs was studied for 60 days, at refrigerated temperature (6 ± 2 °C), and NPs-EEO presented better results of zeta potential, polydispersity index, and particle size during storage. The antioxidant activity was determined by the inhibition of DPPH and ABTS free radicals and by the Fe3+ reducing power (FRAP assay). NPs showed better results of antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP methods when compared to individualized essential oils. NPs and functionalized bone grafts showed greater antagonistic actions than individualized essential oils against the seven studied microorganisms. Therefore, it is possible to affirm the biological importance of the biosynthesized NPs for use as an antimicrobial agent in dental biomaterials, being a promising alternative to avoid the infection processes in bone grafts.

Antibacterial Activity of Biofabricated Molybdenum Nanoparticles

The study is the first report on Molybdenum nanoparticles synthesis using wood apple shell extract. Microorganisms, fungus, enzymes and plants are used for biosynthesis of nanoparticle, which acts as ecofriendly alternative to chemical and physical methods. Molybdenum nanoparticles or nanopowder are black high surface area particles. The Molybdenum nanoparticle was synthesised using Wood Apple shell extract through calcination process. The characterization of synthesized Molybdenum nanoparticles was done using UV Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis showed maximum absorption peak at 260 nm. The observed spectrum of FTIR analysis shows distinct bands at 2735.29 cm −1 , 2396.44 cm −1 , 1763.99 cm −1 , 1383.79 cm −1 , 875.15 cm −1 and 825.74 cm −1 . In SEM study the shape of Molybdenum nanoparticles was found to be spherical. The antibacterial activity of Molybdenum nanoparticles is studied against Gram positive and Gram negative broth cultures and highest inhibitory effect was observed for Gram negative bacteria Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia. These findings confirm that the Molybdenum nanoparticle has complimentary potential to treat various bacterial infections like Urinary tract infection, Blood stream infections and Meningitis.

Phytosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Spices and Their Antibacterial Properties

To prevent microbial growth, chemical solvents are typically utilized. However, chemical solvents are hazardous to human health with low antimicrobial effects. Metallic-element (such as copper, silver, and gold) nanoparticles have many applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are efficient owing to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties. The objective of this study was to perform biogenic synthesis of copper nanoparticles using three different spices (star anise, seed of Illicium verum; nutmeg, seed of Myristica fragrans; and mace, membrane covering the seed of Myristica fragrans) and determine their antibacterial properties. CuNPs of spices were prepared by dissolving copper sulfate in the respective plant extract. They were then characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, GC-MS, EDAX, and SEM analysis. Results of UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the maximum absorbance peak at 350 nm. SEM analysis showed that the sizes of these CuNPs were in the range of 150–200 nm. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of copper and oxygen and revealed that copper existed in an oxidized form. FTIR spectroscopy showed the presence of different functional groups in these synthesized nanoparticles. GC-MS analysis revealed compounds such as Anethole D-limonene, heptadecanoic acid, 16-methyl-, methyl ester, myristene, methyl eugenol, and methyl stearate, indicating the presence of functional groups. The antibacterial activities of the three extracts from spices were analyzed using growth zone inhibition and TLC-bioautography methods. The results showed that star anise spice extract had the highest antibacterial activity. These results indicate that such CuNPs phyto-formulated with spice extracts having antibacterial properties could be used as potential therapeutics for microbial diseases.

A Cathodic Electrochromic Material Based on Thick Perylene Bisimide Film with High Optical Contrast and High Stability

A Cathodic Electrochromic Material Based on Thick Perylene Bisimide Film with High Optical Contrast and High Stability

Green Roccella phycopsis Ach. mediated silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase capacities.

In this study, we develop here for the first time an easy, eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the lichen Roccella phycopsis. AgNPs formation was first determined by a color change of the lichen filtrate to brown, subsequent to addition of AgNO3 solution, and confirmed by a maximum absorbance peak at 425nm in UV-vis spectrum. Scanning electron microscope images showed a spherical shape with a size distribution between 11 and 18nm, while the elemental composition was elucidated by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The chemical compounds responsible for reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles were detected by Frourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The synthesized R. phycopsis silver nanoparticles displayed a strong antioxidant activity. Further, the antibacterial activity was more effective against Gram-negative than Gram-positive bacteria. Besides, the R. phycopsis-AgNPs were potent in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme with IC50 value of 1.65 ± 0.07mg/mL.

Microwave Assisted Green Synthesis of Ag, Ag2O, and Ag2O3 Nanoparticles

In this study, nanoparticles containing Ag, Ag2O, and Ag2O3 mixture were synthesized by using a microwave-assisted green synthesis method. For the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0, Rhododendron ponticum plant extract was used while the microwave synthesis method was used for the formation of silver oxides. Nanoparticles synthesized under 90 °C, 450 W, and 30-minute microwave synthesis conditions were characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, and STEM. As a result of characterization, Ag-NPs were found to show maximum absorbance peak at 432 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, crystallite size was 46 nm according to XRD analysis, and nanoparticles showed in a spherical homogeneous distribution by STEM analysis. Our results showed that the phytochemicals in the plant extract of R. ponticum reduce Ag+ ions to Ag-NPs and that the mixture of silver and silver oxide can be synthesized quickly and easily with microwave heating support. This study is important to increase the use of Ag2O and Ag2O3 nanoparticles in industrial production and medical applications. In particular, nanoparticles of silver and silver(I) oxide show great promise for widespread usage in medical polymers and nanodrugs. Because in this study, toxic chemicals were not used in the synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles and it is a safe synthesis because there is no risk of explosion.

Enhanced production of prodigiosin by Serratia marcescens UCP 1549 using agrosubstrates in solid-state fermentation.

This work aimed to investigate the production of prodigiosin by S. marcescens UCP 1549 in solid-state fermentation (SSF), as a sustainable alternative for reducing the production costs and environmental impact. Thus, different agro-industrial substrates were used in the formulation of the prodigiosin production medium, obtaining the maximum yield of pigment (119.8g/kg dry substrate) in medium consisting of 5g wheat bran, 5% waste soybean oil and saline solution. The pigment was confirmed as prodigiosin by the maximum absorbance peak at 535nm, Rf 0.9 in TLC, and the functional groups by infrared spectrum (FTIR). Prodigiosin demonstrated stability at different values of temperature, pH and NaCl concentrations and antimicrobial properties, as well as not show any toxicity. These results confirm the applicability of SSF as a sustainable and promising technology and wheat bran as potential agrosubstrate to produce prodigiosin, making the bioprocess economic and competitive for industrial purposes.