Maximum Absorption Research Articles

Efficient synthesis of conjugated 2-(9H-fluoren-7-yl)-9H-fluorene via Br elimination in 2-bromofluorene using electron beam-irradiation

This study demonstrates the synthesis of conjugated 2-(9H-fluoren-7-yl)-9H-fluorene using electron beam irradiation within 3 min in place of the conventional catalytic cross-coupling reactions. 2-bromofluorene was irradiated at various doses (10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 100 kGy), resulting in the elimination of Br from the 2-position and the formation of C–C bonds between the Br-eliminated fluorenes. The yield of 2-(9H-fluoren-7-yl)-9H-fluorene increased with higher absorbed doses, reaching 65% at 100 kGy. UV–Vis absorption of synthesized 2-(9H-fluoren-7-yl)-9H-fluorene showed an onset at 357 nm and a maximum absorption peak at 325 nm, and blue emission ranging from 340 to 450 nm in photoluminescence (PL). The results of UV–Vis absorption and PL indicated expanded conjugation of 2-(9H-fluoren-7-yl)-9H-fluorene due to the formation of C–C bonds between 2-bromofluorene through the electron beam-induced coupling reaction. Electron beam irradiation offers the potential to significantly reduce the reaction times for synthesis of conjugated organic compounds.

Spectrophotometric Analysis of Edible Salt for Iodate Quantities

Introduction: The Spectrophotometric method was used to identify iodate by utilizing a class of antidepressants known as imipramine hydrochloride (IPH), desipramine hydrochloride (DPH), clomipramine hydrochloride (CPH), and trimipramine hydrochloride (TPM). Method: Iodate in nano amounts can be measured using this method in an acidic medium with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride hydrate (MBTH) acting as an electrophilic coupling reagent. The MBTH-IPH/DPH/CPH/TPM method had a blue with a maximum absorbance at 630 nm. Beer, 's law was followed, and the blue color that was produced remained stable for up to 24 hours at room temperature (270C). Result: The boundaries depending on the situation for the assessment of the strategy like molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity gave various qualities with various reagents. The method was tested with interference from common 11 cations and 8 anions, and the results obtained were within a reasonable range. Conclusion: The procedure was used for the determination of iodate in iodized edible salts because iodate is one of the common ions in iodized salt. It was found that the method is reliable and can be used effectively for the determination. result: The methods obey Beer’s law. The colour developed was stable for 24 hours at room temperature. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity gave different values with different reagents. Interference was not observed with 11 cations and 8 anions. The method showed good reproducibility and can be satisfactorily applied for the determination in iodate in iodized edible salts.

Novel unsymmetrical squaraine dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: Synthesis, characterization, and comparative photovoltaic performance of USQI-NPh2Me2 and USQI-OMe

This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic performance of two novel unsymmetrical squaraine dyes, USQI-NPh2Me2 and USQI-OMe, engineered for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These chromophores were functionalized with distinct electron-donating groups, di-p-tolylamine for USQI-NPh2Me2 and methoxy for USQI-OMe. Their molecular structures were confirmed through FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. Comprehensive photophysical and electrochemical studies were conducted to fine-tune the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of both dyes, optimizing charge injection into the TiO2 conduction band and facilitating dye regeneration with the iodolyte (I₃⁻/I⁻) redox mediator. USQI-NPh2Me2 exhibited a strong absorption maximum at 661 nm, achieving a high short-circuit current density (JSC) of 13.17 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.71V, and an overall efficiency of 7.01 %. USQI-OMe, with its absorption peak at 651 nm, reached a JSC of 11.88 mA/cm2, a higher VOC of 0.72 V, but a slightly lower overall efficiency of 6.41 %. Both dyes demonstrated reduced aggregation on the TiO2 surface, contributing to enhanced DSSCs performance. A Comparative analysis revealed that USQI-NPh2Me2 exhibits higher efficiency, while USQI-OMe provided a greater voltage output, highlighting the influence of electron-donating groups on photovoltaic properties. These findings provide valuable insights into structure-property relationships in unsymmetrical squaraine dyes, paving the way for future DSSCs chromophore design and optimization.

Electronic, optical, and thermoelectric behaviour of KCuX (X = S, Se, Te) monolayers.

In the past few decades, two-dimensional (2-D) materials gained huge deliberation due to their outstanding electronic and heat transport properties. These materials have effective applications in many areas such as photodetectors, battery electrodes, thermoelectrics, etc. In this work, we have calculated structural, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of KCuX (X = S, Se, Te) monolayers (MLs) with the help of first-principles-based calculations and semi-classical Boltz- mann transport equation (BTE). The phonon dispersion calculations demonstrate the dynamical stability of the KCuX (X = S, Se, Te) MLs. Our results show that the monolayers of KCuX (X = S, Se, Te) are semiconductors with band gaps of 0.193 eV, 0.26 eV, and 1.001 eV respectively, and therefore they are suitable for photovoltaic applications. The optical analysis illustrates that the maximum absorption peaks of the KCuX (X = S, Se, Te) MLs are located in visible and ultraviolet (UV) regions, which may serve as a promising candidate for designing advanced optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, thermoelectric properties of the KCuS and KCuSe MLs, including See- beck coefficient, electrical conductivity, electronic thermal conductivity, power factor, and figure of merit, are calculated at different temperatures 300 K, 600 K, and 800 K. Additionally, we also focus on the analysis of Gru ̈neisen parameter and various scattering rates to further explain their ultra-low thermal conductivity. Our results show that KCuS and KCuSe possess ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity value of 0.15 Wm-1K-1 and 0.06 Wm-1K-1 respectively, which is lower than those of recently reported KAgSe (0.26 Wm-1K-1 at 300 K) and TlCuSe (0.44 Wm-1K-1 at 300 K), indicating towards the large value of ZT. These materials are found to possess desirable thermoelectric and optical properties, making them suitable candidates for efficient thermoelectric and optoelectronic device applications.

The (un)known issue with using rose bengal as a standard of singlet oxygen photoproduction.

Rose bengal (RB) is a widely used photosensitizer for determining quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation. While it is known to aggregate in polar environments at concentrations above 2 μM, the relationship between RB concentration and singlet oxygen photogeneration remains unclear. This study investigates the shift from monomeric to dimeric RB with increasing concentration and its impact on singlet oxygen generation in D2O-based solutions and DMPC liposomes. Absorbance maxima for RB were observed at 514 nm (dimer) and 549 nm (monomer), with ionic environments influencing aggregation rates. Singlet oxygen phosphorescence showed non-linear dependency above 2 μM, indicating the effects of aggregation. Results suggest that RB concentrations should be kept at 1 μM or lower in photochemical studies to avoid aggregation-related discrepancies in singlet oxygen yield determination. These findings highlight the importance of considering RB aggregation in photochemical research and medical applications.

Synthesis of a novel water-soluble pyridine dicarboxylate and its application in fluorescence cell imaging

Abstract A novel water-soluble substituted pyridine dicarboxylate containing a quaternary ammonium ion with potential applications in fluorescence cell imaging was synthesized and characterized. Remarkably, this compound exhibited water solubility in the absence of additional solubilizers, enabling direct dissolution in phosphate-buffered saline for cell studies. No obvious cytotoxicity was observed in 4T1 cells (mouse breast cancer cells) within the concentration range of 0.2–25 μmol L−1, with a cell survival rate above 89%. Furthermore, the compound exhibited a maximum two-photon absorption cross-section of 86 GM at an excitation wavelength of 780 nm, demonstrating high cell permeability, effective distribution in the cytoplasm, and preferential targeting of organelles. Single- and two-photon fluorescence imaging of cells revealed a distinctive blue emission and strong bright green emission, respectively. The newly synthesized substituted pyridine dicarboxylate exhibited low cytotoxicity and strong fluorescence imaging properties, demonstrating its potential in cell imaging applications.

ANALISIS PENGARUH UPAH MINIMUM DAN TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN TERHADAP PENYERAPAN TENAGA KERJA DI PULAU JAWA

Java island is the economic center with the largest population in Indonesia. So this causes the inequality that occurs in Indonesia to this day. Dense population growth without being accompanied by maximum labor absorption on the island of Java is the cause of employment problems in Indonesia. Many problems arise, for example poverty, unemployment,This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of minimum wages and education on labor absorption on the island of Java. This research also includes inflation and economic growth as a control variable. The analytical method used is a quantitative method using time series data (2012-2022) and cross section (six provinces on the island of Java) or what is called panel data with the selection of the best model, Random Effect Model (REM) and used regression analysis. This research shows that the minimum wage and level of education has a significant effect on labor absorption on the island of Java.

Spectrophotometric determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride in pharmaceutical tablets, by diazotization-coupling method with 1-naphthol as the coupling agent

Simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method was proposed for the analysis of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MPH) in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical tablets. The method is based on the diazotization reaction of MPH with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid medium to form diazonium salt, which is coupled with 1-naphthol in sodium hydroxide medium to form azo dye, showing absorption maxima at 550 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.4 – 18 µg mL-1 of MPH with detection limit 0.5448 µg mL-1. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity are 3.4969 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1 and 0.0101 µg cm-2, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of MPH in pharmaceutical tablets without any interference from common excipients used as additives in tablets. The results agree favorably with the official British Pharmacopoeia method.

Electron Migratory Polarization of Interfacial Electric Fields Facilitates Efficient Microwave Absorption

AbstractHigh‐performance microwave absorption materials (MAM) are often accompanied by synergistic effects of multiple loss mechanisms, but the contribution share of various loss mechanisms has been neglected to provide a template and reference for the design of MAM. Here, a highly conductive 2D structure is designed through a functional group‐induced structure modulation strategy, composite L‐Ni@C can reach an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.45 GHz at 15% fill rate, with a maximum absorption efficiency of 99.9999%. Through the layer‐by‐layer analysis of the loss mechanism, it is found that the strong loss originates from the polarization loss at the heterogeneous interface. The movement of space charge between the two‐phase interface forms an interfacial electric field, and the in situ doping of nitrogen is cleverly achieved by the introduction of amino functional groups, which significantly enhances the rate of space charge transfer between the two‐phase interface and greatly facilitates the electron migration polarization. The space charge motion law of the interfacial electric field is also simulated using COMSOL simulation software to illustrate the electron migration polarization mechanism at heterogeneous interfaces. This work fills the gap of functional group‐induced structural modulation and presents new theories into the mechanism of space charge movement at heterogeneous interfaces.

Near-infrared probes based on the phenanthridinium for dynamic monitoring of viscosity fluctuations during mitophagy

Abnormal changes in the mitochondrial microenvironment can cause a variety of diseases. Consequently, based on the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) theory, three hemicyanine fluorescent probes 1a-c were designed and developed by linking the phenanthridine group with different electron donor groups for the dynamic detection of mitochondrial viscosity in this paper. They have the advantages of near-infrared emission, excellent pH stability and viscosity sensitivity. Optical experiments showed that the maximum absorption and emission wavelengths of the probes in different solvents located at 411 − 529 nm and 623 − 684 nm with large Stokes shifts of 133 – 230 nm. In addition, when the viscosity increased from 0.89 cP to 856 cP, their fluorescence intensities in glycerol enhanced by 115-fold, 83-fold and 303-fold compared with water, respectively. The fluorescence intensities of probes showed excellent fit to the Forster Hoffmann equation, and exhibited nearly OFF-ON response to viscosity. Moreover, the probe 1a with good photostability and low cytotoxicity could target mitochondria. It was verified that 1a also could detect variation in mitochondrial viscosity during autophagy by modelling starvation and drug-induced (rapamycin and nystatin) in HeLa cells. Therefore, this study provides a useful probe for the analysis of mitophagy process in HeLa cells by the viscosity variation of mitochondria.

An Ultra-Wideband Metamaterial Absorber Ranging from Near-Infrared to Mid-Infrared

This study focused on designing an ultra-wideband metamaterial absorber, consisting of layers of Mn (manganese) and MoO3 (molybdenum trioxide) arranged in a planar interleaving pattern, with a matrix square-shaped Ti (titanium) on the top MoO3 layer. Key features of this research included the novel use of Mn and MoO3 in a planar interleaving configuration for designing an ultra-wideband absorber, which was rarely explored in previous studies. MoO3 thin film served as the fundamental material, leveraging its favorable optical properties and absorption capabilities in the infrared spectrum. Alternating layers of Mn and MoO3 were adjusted in thickness and order to optimize absorptivity across desired wavelength ranges. Another feature is that the Mn and MoO3 materials in the investigated absorber had a planar structure, which simplified the manufacturing of the absorber. Furthermore, the topmost layer of square-shaped Ti was strategically placed to enhance the absorber’s bandwidth and efficiency. When the investigated absorber lacked a Ti layer, its absorptivity and bandwidth significantly decreased. This structural design leveraged the optical properties of Mn, MoO3, and Ti to significantly expand the absorption range across an ultra-wideband spectrum. When the Ti height was 280 nm, the investigated absorber exhibited a bandwidth with absorptivity greater than 0.9, spanning from the near-infrared (0.80 μm) to the mid-infrared (9.07 μm). The average absorptivity in this range was 0.950 with a maximum absorptivity of 0.989. Additionally, three absorption peaks were observed at 1010, 2510, and 6580 nm. This broad absorption capability makes it suitable for a variety of optical applications, ranging from near-infrared to mid-infrared wavelengths, including thermal imaging and optical sensing.

Mechanical deviation in 3D-Printed PLA bone scaffolds during biodegradation

Large or carcinogenic bone defects may require a challenging bone tissue scaffold design ensuring a proper mechanobiological setting. Porosity and biodegradation rate are the key parameters controlling the bone-remodeling process. PLA presents a great potential for geometrically flexible 3-D scaffold design. This study aims to investigate the mechanical variation throughout the biodegradation process for lattice-type PLA scaffolds using both experimental observations and simulations. Three different unit-cell geometries are used for creating the scaffolds: basic cube (BC), body-centered structure (BCS), and body-centered cube (BCC). Three different porosity ratios, 50 %, 62.5 %, and 75 %, are assigned to all three structures by altering their strut dimensions. 3-D printed scaffolds are soaked in PBS solution at 37 °C for 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days both unloaded and under dead load. Water absorption, weight loss, and compression stiffness are measured to characterize the first-stage degradation and investigate the possible influences of these parameters on the whole biodegradation process. The strength reduction stage of biodegradation is simulated by solving pseudo-first-order kinetics-based molecular weight change equation using FEA with equisized cubic (voxel-like) elements.For the first stage, mechanical load does not have a statistically significant effect on biodegradation. BCC with 62.5 % porosity shows a maximum water absorption rate of around 25 % by the 60th day which brings an advantage in creating an aquatic environment for cell growth. Results indicate a significant water deposition inside almost all scaffolds and water content is determined to be the main reason for the retained or increased compression stiffness. A distinguishable stiffness increase in the initial degradation process occurs for 75 % porous BC and 50 % porous BCC scaffolds. Following the quasi-stable stage of biodegradation, almost all scaffolds lost their rigidity by around 44–48 % within 120 days based on numerical results. Therefore, initial stiffness increase in the quasi-stable stage of biodegradation can be advantageous and BCC geometry with a porosity between 50% and 62 % is the optimum solution for the whole biodegradation process.

Upcycling Spent Graphite from Li-ion Batteries into Cu/Expanded Graphite Composites as high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbers.

With the widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries and modern electronic components in both daily life and industrial production, there is a growing focus on the high-value recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries and the development of absorbents with high electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities. Efficiently regenerating recycling graphite from spent batteries through low-cost methods and utilizing it to prepare high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials holds significant importance in addressing both the utilization of waste graphite and electromagnetic pollution issues simultaneously. This work presents a method to transform spent graphite into expanded graphite with a three-dimensional conductive structure using an enhanced Hummer's treatment and thermal reduction process. Subsequently, Cu/EG composite materials were efficiently prepared through straightforward mechanical ball milling and calcination. The unique honeycomb-like porous structure of expanded graphite facilitates the reflection and scattering of electromagnetic waves, electron transfer, and defect polarization. Additionally, the incorporation of copper nanoparticles improves the conduction loss and enhances interface polarization, allowing for precise tuning of the composite material's absorption performance. The results demonstrate that Cu/EG composite materials exhibit excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The Cu/EG(1:3) sample exhibits effective absorption in the C, X, and Ku bands, achieving a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -54 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) of 5.28 GHz. This performance is attained with a thickness of just 2.2 mm and a filler content of only 15 wt.%.

Seeing and Cleaving: Turn-Off Fluorophore Uncaging and Its Application in Hydrogel Photopatterning and Traceable Neurotransmitter Photocages.

The advancements in targeted drug release and experimental neuroscience have amplified the scientific interest in photolabile protecting groups (PPGs) and photouncaging. The growing need for the detection of uncaging events has led to the development of reporters with fluorescence turn-on upon uncaging. In contrast, fluorescent tags with turn-off properties have been drastically underexplored, although there are applications where they would be sought after. In this work, a rhodamine-based fluorescent tag is developed with signal turn-off following photouncaging. One-photon photolysis experiments reveal a ready loss of red fluorescence signal upon UV (365 nm) irradiation, while no significant change is observed in control experiments in the absence of PPG or with irradiation around the absorption maximum of the fluorophore (595 nm). The two-photon photolysis of the turn-off fluorescent tag is explored in hydrogel photolithography experiments. The hydrogel-bound tag enables the power-, dwell time-, and wavelength-dependent construction of intricate patterns and gradients. Finally, a prominent caged neurotransmitter (MNI-Glu) is modified with the fluorescent tag, resulting in the glutamate precursor named as GlutaTrace with fluorescence traceability and turn-off upon photouncaging. GlutaTrace is successfully applied for the visualization of glutamate precursor distribution following capillary microinjection and for the selective excitation of neurons in a mouse brain model.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of various vasopressin doses and routes of administration in a neonatal piglet model

Epinephrine is the only recommended vasopressor during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, there are concerns about the potential adverse effects of epinephrine, which might hamper efficacy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. An alternative might be vasopressin, which has a preferable adverse effect profile, however, its optimal dose and route of administration is unknown. We aimed to compare the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of various vasopressin doses administered via intravenous (IV), intraosseous (IO), endotracheal (ETT), and intranasal (IN) routes in healthy neonatal piglets. Forty-four post-transitional piglets (1–3 days of age) were anesthetized, intubated via a tracheostomy, and randomized to receive vasopressin via intravenous (control), IO, ETT, or IN route. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, carotid blood flow, and cardiac function (e.g., stroke volume, ejection fraction) were continuously recorded throughout the experiment. Blood was collected prior to drug administration and throughout the observation period for pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic analysis. Significant changes in hemodynamic parameters were observed following IO administration of vasopressin while pharmacokinetic parameters were not different between IV and IO vasopressin. Administration of vasopressin via ETT or IN did not change hemodynamic parameters and had significantly lower maximum plasma concentrations and systemic absorption compared to piglets administered IV vasopressin (p < 0.05). The IV and IO routes appear the most effective for vasopressin administration in neonatal piglets, while the ETT and IN routes appear unsuitable for vasopressin administration.

Synthesis and Characterization of CL-PA Ionic Liquid

Caprolactam is most commonly used in the production of Nylon 6 in industry and is generally produced from cyclohexanone by the Beckmann rearrangement. Orthophosphoric acid is generally used in fertilizer production and is produced through two processes: wet and dry. In this study, detailed characterization of CL-PA was carried out by synthesizing CL-PA ionic liquid from orthophosphoric acid (PA) and caprolactam (CL). FTIR, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopic analyses reveal that a bond is formed between CL and PA. The thermal behavior of CL-PA ionic liquid was inspected by TGA and DSC. It has been observed that the decomposition temperature of CL-PA ionic liquid is different from that of the starting materials (CL and PA). It was disclosed by DSC analysis that CL-PA ionic liquid only has a glass transition temperature. The room-temperature CL-PA ionic liquid synthesized from solid CL with melting point of 70.34 ℃ and 85 wt.% PA did not show any melting or freezing point and the glass transition temperature was found to be −27 ℃. It was revealed that CL-PA ionic liquid was more thermally stable than CL which alone almost completely evaporated at about 197 ℃. As a result of FTIR analysis of CL-PA ionic liquid and its constituents, it was demonstrated that –NH peaks of CL disappeared in the CL-PA spectrum and the peak of C=O group shifted to a lower frequency (i.e., 1604 cm⁻1). In the Raman analysis of CL-PA and its constituents, it was observed that the asymmetric C=O bending vibration and C=O stretching vibration of CL disappeared in the CL-PA spectrum. In the UV spectrum, it was observed that the maximum absorbance of CL-PA ionic liquid varied with respect to that of CL.

Green synthesis of graphene oxide and magnetite nanoparticles and their arsenic removal efficiency from arsenic contaminated soil

Graphene-based nanomaterials have been proved to be robust sorbents for efficient removal of environmental contaminants including arsenic (As). Biobased graphene oxide (bGO-P) derived from sugarcane bagasse via pyrolysis, GO-C via chemical exfoliation, and magnetite nanoparticles (FeNPs) via green approach using Azadirachta indica leaf extract were synthesized and characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-vis.), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mean particle size and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Compared to cellulose and hemicellulose, the lignin fraction was less in the precursor material. The GOC, bGO-P and FeNPs displayed maximum absorption at 230, 236, and 374 nm, respectively. FTIR spectrum showed different functional groups (C-OH, C-O-C, COOH and O-H) modifying the surfaces of synthesized materials. Graphene based nanomaterials showed clustered dense flakes of GO-C and thin transparent flakes of bGO-P. Elemental composition by EDX analysis of GO-C (71.26% C and 27.36% O), bGO-P (74.54% C and 24.61% O) and FeNPs (55.61% Fe, 4.1% C and 35.72% O) confirmed the presence of carbon, oxygen, and iron in synthesized nanomaterials. Sorption study was conducted with soil amended with different doses of synthesized nanomaterials (10, 50 and 250 mg) and exposed to 100, 300 and 500 ppm of As. Arsenic concentrations were estimated by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). GO-C, bGO-P, and FeNPs showed substantial As removal efficiency i.e., 81 to 99.3%, 65 to 98.8% and 73.1–89.9%, respectively. Green synthesis of bGO-P and magnetite nanoparticles removed substantial amounts of As compared to GO-C and can be effectively deployed for As removal or immobilization. Higher and medium sorbent doses (250 and 50 mg) exhibited greater As removal and data was best fitted for Freundlich isotherm evidencing favorable sorption. Nevertheless, at low sorbent doses, data was best fitted for both models. Newly synthesized nanomaterials emerged as promising materials for As removal strategy for soil nano-remediation and can be effectively deployed in As contaminated soils.

Spray-Deposited TiO2 Layers on Aluminum Foil for Sustainable Water Remediation

In this study, we developed TiO2-coated aluminum (TiO2/Al) surfaces using eco-friendly methods to create efficient and environmentally friendly photoactive materials with the potential to enhance water purification systems. TiO2 particles were deposited onto aluminum foil surfaces via a spray method, followed by heat treatment at 200 °C for 15 min. The morphology of the TiO2/Al surfaces, both before and after photocatalytic treatment, was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The photocatalytic properties of these modified surfaces were evaluated through the degradation of rhodamine B (RB), methylene blue (MB), and methyl orange (MO) under simulated solar and UV–LED irradiation. Among the dyes tested, MO exhibited the highest degradation, influenced by factors such as absorption maximum, molecular structure, charge, and the number of condensed rings. The computational study of interactions between dye molecules and the combined nanoparticle revealed that the binding was the strongest in the case of MO dye. This study also explored the influence of varying the number of TiO2/Al surfaces in solution (one, five, and ten) on the photodegradation efficiency. The solution with five TiO2/Al surfaces demonstrated optimal performance, achieving a 16% degradation of RB. The reusability of the TiO2/Al surfaces was confirmed through five successive runs of RB degradation. The results indicate that TiO2/Al surfaces are a promising solution for addressing water contamination challenges and advancing sustainable water treatment practices.

Photocatalytic removal of aldrin and dieldrin using graphene oxide and TiO2‐doped CuFe2O4

AbstractBACKGROUNDConventional treatment processes and existing photocatalysts have proven insufficient in efficiently removing aldrin and dieldrin. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the removal of aldrin and dieldrin from surface water using a titanium dioxide/graphene oxide/copper ferrite (TiO₂/GO/CuFe₂O₄) nanocomposite.RESULTSThe highest photodegradation efficiencies for aldrin (100%) and dieldrin (99%) were achieved with a TiO₂/GO/CuFe₂O₄ nanocomposite dosage of 1.3 mg L−1, at a sunlight intensity of 9 W m−2 and an optimal photodegradation time of 25 min. The maximum UV absorption wavelength of the TiO₂/GO/CuFe₂O₄ nanocomposite was observed at 365 nm. The quantum yield of the nanocomposite was recorded as 2.69 × 102 mol einstein−1, and its bandgap energy was determined to be 3.31 eV. The first‐order kinetic rate constants for aldrin and dieldrin were calculated as 0.05 and 0.047 min−1, respectively. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystal structure of CuFe₂O₄/TiO₂, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy detected carboxylic, epoxy, carbonyl and other oxygenated groups within the TiO₂/GO/CuFe₂O₄ nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images revealed that CuFe₂O₄ was situated on the outer layer of GO. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis identified the elemental composition of the TiO₂/GO/CuFe₂O₄ nanocomposite as comprising GO, C, Cu, Fe, Ti and O. A reusability study demonstrated that the nanocomposite maintained excellent performance, achieving 99% removal efficiency after 79 cycles and 97% after 100 cycles.CONCLUSIONSThe TiO₂/GO/CuFe₂O₄ nanocomposite effectively removed aldrin and dieldrin from surface water. This nanocomposite holds promise for the remediation of other aquatic ecosystems, such as bays, rivers and ocean waters. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Absorption and emission maxima prediction of fluorescent organic materials using optimized neural network models

Abstract The aim of the study is to predict the absorption and emission maxima from the given dataset, which consists of 3066 fluorescent organic materials. To fulfill this requirement, five optimized neural network models are employed. Out of them, the wide neural network (WNN) model outperformed the other models on validation as well as test results. The results were obtained on the basis of three evaluation parameters: mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R2). According to the validation scores, the WNN was the best-predictive model with MAE-18.05 nm, RMSE-28.93 nm, and R2-89.55%, and MAE-29.58 nm, RMSE-42.62 nm, and R2-78.87% for absorption and emission maxima, respectively. On the other hand, on the basis of tested scores, the WNN was the best-predictive model with MAE-19.35 nm, RMSE-29.33 nm, and R2-92.14%, and MAE-29.17 nm, RMSE-41.87 nm, and R2-79.46% for absorption and emission maxima, respectively. The presented automated method does not require an extensive understanding of computer programming to estimate the absorption and emission maxima. The absorption and emission maxima may be predicted, which helps with the design of new fluorescent organic materials and their many uses in electronics, chemistry, materials science, medicine, and other areas.