Absolute Survival Rate Research Articles

Spirulina platensis DIET FOR MILKFISH, Chanos chanos, LARVAE

In aquaculture, Spirulina platensis is used as feed supplement in which contains amino acid phenylalanine. This study was conducted to evaluate the differences in the effect of spirulina-based microcapsules and commercial diets on the absolute, daily and specific growth and survival rates of milkfish larvae. The larvae were fed with Spirulina platensis as a core diet in microcapsules with different matrix (walls). The first capsule wall was gelatin and fish oil, while the second capsule wall was gelatin, fish oil and whole egg. The control group was fed with the commercial diet. A total of 1200 larvae were used in this experiments using the recirculation systems. The experiment was conducted in 42 days of culture. Larvae were fed three times a day and the feed was increased regularly as the size of the larvae increased. The results showed that the effects of both sprirulina-based microcapsules diets on the absolute growth rate (AG), specific growth rate (SGR) and average daily growth rate (ADGR) of Chanos chanos larvae were the same as on those larvae which were fed with the commercial diet. The survival rates were at 80.6±11.17% for those fed with Spirulina platensis with gelatin and fish oil wall; 84.6±8.44% for those fed with Spirulina platrensis with gelatin, fish oil and whole egg wall, and; 83.8±16.50% for those fed with the commercial diet. This study showed that Spirulina-based microcapsules had the same effect as the commercial feed on the growth of milkfish larvae indicating that this diet could replace the commercial diet.

Liver transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular responses to low-salinity in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea

The large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea is a euryhaline marine fish with wide consumptions and high commercial values in China. Low-salinity culture of L. crocea has been proposed to suppress the pathogens with low cost. However, the responses of L. crocea at molecular level to low salinity have not been fully understood. In this study, Illumina RNA-seq gene expression system was applied to globally screen the genes and pathways involved in the responses in liver tissues of L. crocea to low-salinity conditions. Compared with the control (24 ppt), a total of 1369, 685, 2980 and 3469 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in low-salinity treatments (8, 6, 4 and 2 ppt) for 40 days, respectively. Among them, 164 DEGs were common in 4 low-salinity groups. According to the KEGG pathway analysis, the DEGs were involved in material metabolism (carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism), energy metabolism, growth, immune system, signal transduction, transcription and translation, and apoptosis. With respect to metabolism, up-regulated oxidative phosphorylation was the primary enriched pathways in response to low salinities of 6 ppt (S6) and 4 ppt (S4). The salinities of 8 ppt (S8) and 2 ppt (S2) were characterized by enhanced anabolism and inhibited material and energy metabolism, respectively. Concerning immune responses, innate immunity was promoted in S6 and S4 groups as a general stress response. L. crocea cultured in S4 group suffered few immune and inflammation risks, indicated by the negative responses to CD209 antigen (CD209) and C-reactive protein (crp). Moreover, low salinities induced higher absolute weight gain rate (AWGR) and survival rate of L. crocea, and S4 group presented the highest AWGR and survival rate. Our findings indicated that salinity of 4 ppt was preferable for the low-salinity farming of L. crocea. Overall, this work provides new insights into the molecular responses of L. crocea to low-salinity and references for L. crocea culture in low salinities.

Abstract 111: Age-Dependent Trends in Survival After Adult In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background: While survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) has improved in recent years, it remains unknown whether this trend primarily applies to younger IHCA victims or extends to older patients as well. The aim of this study was to assess trends in survival to hospital discharge after adult IHCA across age groups from 2000 to 2016. Methods: This is an observational study of IHCA patients included in the Get With The Guidelines®-Resuscitation registry between January 2000 and December 2016. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge, while secondary outcomes included rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and neurological outcome at discharge. Patients were stratified into five age groups: < 50 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and ≥80 years. Generalized linear regression was used to obtain absolute survival rates over time. Analyses of interaction were included to assess differences in survival trends between age groups. Results: A total of 234,767 IHCA patients were included for the analyses. The absolute increase in survival per calendar year was 0.8% (95%CI 0.7 - 1.0%, p < 0.001) for patients younger than 50 years, 0.6% (95%CI 0.4 - 0.7%, p < 0.001) for patients between 50 and 59 years, 0.5% (95%CI 0.4 - 0.6%, p < 0.001) for patients between 60 and 69 years, 0.5% (95%CI 0.4 - 0.6%, p < 0.001) for patients between 70 and 79 years, and 0.5% (95%CI 0.4 - 0.6%, p < 0.001) for patients older than 80 years. Further, a significant increase in both rates of ROSC and survival with a good neurological outcome was seen for all age groups. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses of survival, we observed a significant interaction between calendar year and age group ( p < 0.001), indicating that the rate of improvement in survival over time was significantly different between age groups. Conclusions: For patients with IHCA, survival to discharge, ROSC, and survival to discharge with a good neurological outcome have improved significantly from 2000 to 2016 for all age groups.

Clinical Value of Pulmonary Metastasectomy for Thyroid Malignancies: A Systematic Review

Background:There is currently no consensus on the role of pulmonary metastasectomy(PM) for thyroid malignancies. The main objective of this study is therefore to systematically determine if there is any survival benefit to PM and determine good candidates for metastasectomy.
 Methods: A systematic review of relevant studies was performed, evaluating articles identified using the PubMed, Cochrane and MEDLINE databases according to PRISMA-guidelines.
 Results:The initial literature search yielded 18 articles of which 7 met inclusion criteria. Only data on thyroid cancers were included in the systematic review. A total of 174 patients who underwent PM were analyzed. The mean age was 54.8(range: 10-90), and 52.5% of patients were female. The overall absolute 5-year survival rate was 67.7% (range: 32.5-84.0%) for patients undergoing PM. The reported post-surgical complication rate overall was 14.4% and two peri-operative deaths were reported. Three papers reported the following as good prognostic factors: Papillary histology, younger age(<45), disease free interval>3 years, R0 resection, systematic lymphadenectomy, thyroglobulin <10 ng and thyroglobulin reduction >80% after metastasectomy.
 Conclusion:This study is the first systematic review evaluating the clinical role of PM for thyroid cancer in the literature to date. PM may offer prolonged survival over traditional therapy for selected patients.

The Effect of Different Thyroxine Hormone (T4) Concentration on The Growth, Survival, and Pigment Development of Pink Zebra Fish Larvae (Brachydanio reiro)

The thyroxin hormone plays an important role in the process of metabolism, yolk sac absorbsion, and growth of fish. The aims of this research were to observe the effect of various concentration of thyroxin (T4) on the absolute growth weight, total length, survival rate, and pigment development of pink zebra fish larvae (Brachydanio reiro ) after being reared 42 days. The pink zebra fish larvae at 4 day age with the average weight of 0,002 – 0,003g and average length of ± 3.10 – 3.43 mm were immersed at various concentration of T4 for 24 hours. Prior the treatment fish larvae were dipped into 1 ppt salinity for 2 minutes then transferred into 1 Liter, 1ppt saline and various T4 in plastic bags. The thyroxin concentrations were A (0 mg / L); B (0.05 mg / L); C (0.10 mg / L) and D (0.15 mg / L) respectively. The stocking density was 40 fish/L. After that they were transferred into aquariums and reared for 42 days. Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with four treatments and three replications were used. The variables observed were absolute and specific growth, total length, survival rate and hue degree. The results showed that the thyroxin hormone had significant effect on absolute growth weight, total length and specific growth rate. The dosage 0.1 mg/L was the best treatment on absolute growth, total length, and specific growth rate. Whilee the survival rate showed no significant differences across the treatments. Treatment C also demonstrated the best ppigment development (14.60 + 0.36º hue) compared to others.

Polyculture Engineering technology of larasati red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) based for protease enzyme

The objective is polyculture technology of red tilapia larasati fish and white shrimp with different combinations density. The material is saline red tilapia larasati 3.29 ± 0.018 g and white shrimp with initial weight 1.39 ± 0.025 g. Seeds are density of red tilapia larasati larvae 5 and 10 larvae / m2 fish. And white shrimp 5 larvae / m2 and 10 larvae / m2. An artificial feed used enzyme dose of 2.25 g / kg. The experimental using complete randomized design 4 treatments and 3 replications that is given seeds 5 larvae / m2 larvae red tilapia larasati and given 5 larvae / m2 white shrimp (A), 5 larvae / m2 red tilapia) and 10 m2 / m2 of white shrimp (B), 10 m2 larvae and 5 m2 white shrimp (C), 10 m2 larvae and 10 m2 white shrimp (D)). The data were growth of absolute weight, survival rate, FCR, and water quality data (temperature, salinity, pH, O2, NO2, NH3). Data were analyzed of variance (F test). The results showed significantly effect (P <0.01) on the growth. The highest absolute growth in D treatment were red tilapia larasati (185.75 ± 0.50g) and white shrimp (25.25 ± 0.95 g).

Engineering Technology Of Fish Farming Floating Nets Cages On Polka Dot Grouper (Cromileptes Altivelis) Used Artificial Feed Enriched Phytase Enzyme

One solution is to utilize engineering technology cultivation floating cage net polka dot grouper (ducker grouper), which is given artificial feed enriched with phytase enzymes. The objectives of this study was to examine the use of technology engineering floating net on ducker grouper on artificial feed that is enriched with different dose phytase enzymes to accelerate growth and survival. The research method used ducker grouper fish size 15,5 ± 0,5 cm in the net cages unit (1 m x 1 m x 1 m), 250 fish per cage, using 12 cages. Each net-cages was made of polyethylens netting, mesh size 12.5 mm. with complete randomized design (CRD) 4 treatment and 3 replication were feed Artificial enriched of phytase enzyme with the doses of A (0 FTU · kg-1 diet), B (200 FTU · kg-1 diet), C (500 FTU · kg-1 diet), and D (800 FTU · kg-1 diet) phytase enzyme. Feed was given 2 times a day in the morning and afternoon with 5% biomass per day. Data includes the growth of absolute weight polka dot grouper, FCR, and survival rate analyzed variety and Test Tukey.The result of the research showed that the difference of artificial feeding enriched phytase enzyme significantly (P <0,05) to growth, food conversion ratio (FCR), survival rete of polka dot grouper. The best treatment at C (500 mg / kg of feed) increase growth of absolute weight of 128.75 g, 1.75 (FCR), and a survival rate of 93.5%.

SINTASAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN TRANSPLANTASI KARANG HIAS ACROPORA SP DI DESA TONYAMAN, KECAMATAN BINUANG, KABUPATEN POLEWALI MANDAR

Culture of ornamental corals applying transplantation technique was aimed to know the successful of this transplantation technique in the ornamental coral culture based on its growth and survival rate of various coral fragments. The location of the medium settlement was in the western side of the waters of Tonyaman Village, Binuang Subdistrict, Polewali Mandar Regency with 3-4 meter depth during low tide. One of coral species i.e. Acropora sp with 48 fragments was put on 4 transplantation tables. During the experiment, cleaning of fungi and biofouling at the transplant tables and the culture tables. Measurements of the absolute growth and survival rate were done at the 21st day using calliphers and numbers of dead and live fragments were counted directly. Coral transplantation workshop for ornamental coral culture was attended by 4 fisherman groups with total 23 participants. This event was understood by the training participants from the seed selection to the monitoring. Number of coral fragment cultured was 48 fragments obtained from one of stony corals (Scleractania), i.e. Acropora sp. The range of survival rate that has been cultured for 21 days was adequately high i.e. 91.7 – 100 %. The highest survival rate was observed at the transplant table B, i.e. 100%, whereas, the table A, C, and D were 91.7 %. Average absolute growth of the coral Acropora sp cultured during this study were ranged from 4.2 – 4.9 mm/month. Aaverage absolute growth was found at table transplant B and C, while the lowest value was observed at the transplant table D.Keywords: cultivation, ornamental coral, transplantation technique, Tonyaman

The effect of fermented coconut waste to the growth of catfish (ClariasSp)

This study aimed to determine the effect of fermented coconut waste on the growth of catfish (Clariassp). The study design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments included P0 (0% of fermented coconut waste in the feed), P1 (10% of fermented coconut waste in the feed), P2 (20% of fermented coconut waste in feed), and P3 (30% of fermented coconut waste in the feed). The observed variables were feed consumption, absolute body weight, feed conversion and survival rate. The results showed that using fermented coconut waste for catfish diet significantly (P &lt;0.05) affected feed intake, absolute body weight, feed conversion and live survival of the fish. The conclusion of this research was using 20% of fermented coconut waste in the diet can increase the growth of catfish (Clariassp).

F-45 インフルエンザの感染に影響するインフルエンザウィルス生存率と絶対湿度の関係について

F-45 インフルエンザの感染に影響するインフルエンザウィルス生存率と絶対湿度の関係について

BANK OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF INSTITUTE OF ANIMALS BREEDING AND GENETICS ND. A. M.V.ZUBETS OF NAAS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF UKRAINE

BANK OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF INSTITUTE OF ANIMALS BREEDING AND GENETICS ND. A. M.V.ZUBETS OF NAAS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF UKRAINE

Pemanfaatan tepung cangkang kijing taiwan untuk pertumbuhan kijing taiwan (Anodonta woodiana)

The purpuse of this research was to determine the effect of shell powder of Taiwanese mussel (Anodonta woodiana) at different doses on absolute growth, relative growth and survival rate of Taiwanese mussel. The treatment dosages of shell powder included A: 0 ppm, B: 10 ppm, C: 20 ppm, D: 30 ppm, and E: 40 ppm. Experimental design used was Complete Randomized Design with five treatments, each with three replications. The results showed that supplementation of 40 ppm of shell powder resulted in the best absolute growth and relative growth, namely 0.475 g and 1.84% respectively. Survival rate of Taiwanese mussel in all treatments during the experimental period was 100%. Keywords: Anodonta woodiana, Taiwanese mussel, shell powder, absolute growth, relative growth, survival rate

Lung Cancer Prevalence in Iran by Histologic Subtypes.

Background:Prevalence statistics are essential for cancer control in addition to incidence and mortality data. As we know, there is no published report regarding lung cancer (LC) prevalence in Iran. Herein, we provide model-based estimates of limited time LC prevalence in Iran, 2015.Materials and Methods:Incidence numbers of LC were extracted from Iranian National Cancer Registry reports for 2003–2009. Trends were analyzed by joinpoint regression, assuming a logarithmic poisson model. Incidence numbers were projected up to 2015, using linear regression models which were trained by corrected annual percentage changes. A Monte Carlo-based model was generated, and absolute survival rates, number of incident cases, and incompleteness of Iranian cancer registry for LC were included into it. Limited-time prevalence (within 1, 2–3, and 4–5 years from diagnosis) and its respective 95% uncertainty level (UL) were estimated by age, gender, and histopathological type.Results:Five-year prevalence was estimated to be 4.21 (95% UL: 3.37–5.38) per 100,000 adult person, with a male:female ratio of 2.01. Estimated number of patients within 1, 2–3, and 4–5 years from diagnosis were 1871 (1497–2392), 993 (770–1285), and 420 (322–550), respectively. Most prevalent form of LC were squamous cell carcinoma (802; 579–999) and adenocarcinoma (319; 230–389) in males and females, respectively.Conclusion:According to our results, the most plausible estimates of number of alive LC patients within initial treatment, clinical follow-up, and cure phases were 2392, 1285, and 550 cases in Iran in 2015.

Implementation of a Regional Telephone Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Program and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) significantly improves survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest but is provided in less than half of events on average. Telephone CPR (TCPR) can significantly increase bystander CPR rates and improve clinical outcomes. To investigate the effect of a TCPR bundle of care on TCPR process measures and outcomes. A prospective, before-after, observational study of adult patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest not receiving bystander CPR before the 9-1-1 call between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2013. A TCPR program, including guideline-based protocols, telecommunicator training, data collection, and feedback, in 2 regional dispatch centers servicing metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Audio recordings of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls were audited and linked with emergency medical services and hospital outcome data. Survival to hospital discharge and functional outcome at hospital discharge. There were 2334 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (798 phase 1 [P1] and 1536 phase 2 [P2]) in the study group; 64% (1499) were male, and the median age was 63 years (age range, 9-101 years; interquartile range, 51-75 years). Provision of TCPR increased from 43.5% in P1 to 52.8% in P2 (P < .001), yielding an increase of 9.3% (95% CI, 4.9%-13.8%). The median time to first chest compression decreased from 256 seconds in P1 to 212 seconds in P2 (P < .001). All rhythm survival was significantly higher in P2 (184 of 1536 [12.0%]) compared with P1 (73 of 798 [9.1%]), with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.47 (95% CI, 1.08-2.02; P = .02) in a logistic regression model and an adjusted difference in absolute survival rates (adjusted rate difference) of 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5%-4.9%). Survival for patients with a shockable initial rhythm significantly improved in P2 (107 of 306 [35.0%]) compared with P1 (42 of 170 [24.7%]), with an aOR of 1.70 (95% CI, 1.09-2.65; P = .02) and an adjusted rate difference of 9.6% (95% CI, 4.8%-14.4%). The rate of favorable functional outcome was significantly higher in P2 (127 of 1536 [8.3%]; 95% CI, 6.9%-9.8%) than in P1 (45 of 798 [5.6%]; 95% CI, 4.1%-7.5%), with an aOR of 1.68 (95% CI, 1.13-2.48; P = .01) and an adjusted rate difference of 2.7% (95% CI, 1.3%-4.4%). Implementation of a guideline-based TCPR bundle of care was independently associated with significant improvements in the provision and timeliness of TCPR, survival to hospital discharge, and survival with favorable functional outcome.

Automated external defibrillator prevalence among the municipal police agencies of New Jersey: how regional differences affect national data

As sudden cardiac death continues to be among the nation's leading causes ofmortality, interventions aimed at treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been studied extensively. Recent investigations have examined intravenous drug administration and institution of the advanced cardiac life support algorithm, but the only therapy that has been repeatedly proven effective is early defibrillation with a manual or automatic external defibrillator (AED). In particular, the use of AEDs by law enforcement personnel has been shown to reduce time to defibrillation by an average of 4min and improve absolute survival rates by up to 8.2% for patients presenting in ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. According to the 2006 study conducted by Hawkins et al., the national prevalence of AEDs is 31.0% (95% CI: 27e36%). However, Fig. 1 may be misleading, as prevalence rates vary by geography from 10.6% in self-reported ‘urban’ areas to as

Resection of subsequent pulmonary metastases from treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pulmonary metastasectomy involves the surgical removal of pulmonary nodules. It is a recognised therapeutic modality for the treatment of metastatic disease. There is no consensus as to the role of pulmonary metastasectomy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The objective of this study was to determine whether, in selected patients, resection of subsequent pulmonary metastases prolongs survival in patients already treated for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and to identify independent risk factors that influence 5-year survival of patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy. A systematic review of English and non-English articles using MEDLINE (1950-present), EMBASE (1980-present), NHS evidence and Cochrane databases. Search terms included but were not limited to: squamous cell carcinoma, pulmonary metastasectomy or resection, head and neck cancer, malignancy or tumour. Studies examining outcomes for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy for metachronous pulmonary metastases were included. Independent data extraction of articles by two trained researchers using predefined data fields was performed. Thirteen of 47 studies (all retrospective) fulfilled eligibility criteria, with a total of 403 patients. In total, 11 papers reported 5-year survival rates (Kaplan-Meier) in 387 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma following pulmonary metastasectomy. Meta-analysis of survival data showed an overall absolute 5-year survival rate of 29.1% for patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy for metachronous metastases from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Two papers reported significantly worse 5-year survival rates in patients with oral head and neck squamous cell carcinoma compared with other sites (9.2% versus 32.4%, P < 0.001 and 15.4% versus 45.2%, P = 0.01). Two papers reported that the presence of cervical lymph node metastases at diagnosis of the primary tumour significantly worsened 5-year survival rates following pulmonary metastasectomy (13.8% (N+) versus 32% (N0) P = 0.01 and 24% (N+) versus 60% (N0) P = 0.025). Other significant poor prognostic factors included incomplete pulmonary resection and the presence of multiple pulmonary nodules. This systematic review provides level 2a evidence of the effectiveness of pulmonary metastasectomy for metachronous pulmonary metastases from head and neck squamous carcinoma, which may offer prolonged survival for selected patients. Poor prognostic factors for pulmonary metastasectomy in this cohort of patients include the presence of lymph node metastasis at the diagnosis of the original tumour, squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, incomplete pulmonary resection and the presence of multiple pulmonary nodules.

MANIPULASI TEGANGAN LISTRIK PADA SALINITAS YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP BENIH IKAN KERLING (Tor tambroides)

Tor tambroides (local name is kerling) is one of commercial fish espicially in Aceh, West Java, and North Sumatra. Salinity and electrical conductivity is known can affecting to fish physiologi. Purpose of this study is to knowing survival rate and growth rate of Tor tambroides juvenile, with different salinity and electrical conductivity as treatment. Survival rate, daily growth rate, absolute length growth and biomass growth rate was used as variable test. Result of study show that electrical conductivity with different salinty (0,3,5,7 ppt) (during 30 days) unaffecting to daily growth rate and biomass growth rate. However, manipulation of electrical conductivity with different salinity have been affecting to absolute length growth and survival rate. The range of value for survival rate is ±83,33 – 100%, daily growth rate is ±0,40 – 0,71%, absolute length growth is ±1,30 – 2,27% and the range of value for biomass growth rate is ±0,102 – 0,183 gram.

Incidence and overall survival of malignant ameloblastoma.

BackgroundMalignant ameloblastoma, comprising metastasizing ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma, represents 1.6–2.2% of all odontogenic tumors. Due to its rare nature, malignant ameloblastoma has only been reported in the literature in small case series or case reports. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End-Results (SEER) database, we have performed a population-based study to determine the incidence rate and the absolute survival of malignant ameloblastoma.MethodUsing the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) codes 9310/3 and 9270/3, data from the SEER database were used to calculate the incidence rate and absolute survival rate of population with malignant ameloblastoma.ResultsThe overall incidence rate of malignant ameloblastoma was 1.79 per 10 million person/year. The incidence rate was higher in males than females and also higher in black versus white population. The median overall survival was 17.6 years from the time of diagnosis and increasing age was associated with a statistically significant poorer survival.ConclusionsTo our best knowledge, we report the largest population-based series of malignant ameloblastoma. The incidence rate was 1.79 per 10 million person/year and the overall survival was 17.6 years.

Effect of different thawing procedures on the quality and fertility of the bull spermatozoa

Abstract Objective To improve the indicators of motility, survival and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa by optimizing temperature factors and the duration of exposure at unfreezing straws. Methods Straws by volume 0.25 mL were thawed at water bath temperatures at 65 °C, 67 °C and 70 °C for 6–7 seconds and at 75 °C for 4–6 seconds. Impact of exposure time and temperature thawing in the water bath on motility and survival of spermatozoa were studied. Results Studies indicate that for the procedure of defrost water bath straws in seven seconds for temperature conditions of 65 °C, 67 °C and 70 °C, indicators of progressive motility and absolute survival rate were significantly higher than for the control group an average on 11.4 % (P Conclusions Owing obtained the positive result, method of thawing was developed which increases the indicators of motility, survival and fertilizing capacity of bull semen.

Dietary fucoidan enhance the non-specific immune response and disease resistance in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, immunosuppressed by cadmium chloride

Fucoidan is sulfated polysaccharide extracted from seaweed brown algae. This study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects and disease resistance of dietary fucoidan on catfish, Clarias gariepinus, immunosuppressed by cadmium. Three hundred and sixty African catfish, C. gariepinus, was allocated into six equal groups. The first group served as a control. Groups (F1 and F2) were fed on fucoidan supplemented ration at concentrations of 4 and 6g/kg diet respectively for 21 days. Groups (Cd, CdF1 and CdF2) were subjected throughout the experiment to a sub-lethal concentration of 5ppm cadmium chloride solution and groups (CdF1 and CdF2) were fed on a ration supplemented with fucoidan. Macrophages oxidative burst, phagocytic activity percentages and lymphocytes transformation index were a significant increase in the fucoidan-treated groups (F1 and F2), while serum lysozyme, nitric oxide and bactericidal activity were enhanced only in group (F2) when compared with controls. These parameters as well as absolute lymphocyte count and survival rate were significantly increased in group (CdF2) when compared with cadmium chloride immunosuppressed group (Cd). It could be concluded that the fucoidan can be used as immunostimulant for the farmed African catfish, C. gariepinus as it can improve its resistance to immunosuppressive stressful conditions.