Absolute Power Research Articles

Topographical Features of Pediatric Electroencephalography during High Initial Concentration Sevoflurane for Inhalational Induction of Anesthesia.

High-density electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring remains underutilized in clinical anesthesia, despite its obvious utility in unraveling the profound physiologic impact of these agents on central nervous system functioning. In school-aged children, the routine practice of rapid induction with high concentrations of inspiratory sevoflurane is commonplace, given its favorable efficacy and tolerance profile. However, few studies investigate topographic EEG during the critical timepoint coinciding with loss of responsiveness-a key moment for anesthesiologists in their everyday practice. The authors hypothesized that high initial sevoflurane inhalation would better precipitate changes in brain regions due to inhomogeneities in maturation across three different age groups compared with gradual stepwise paradigms utilized by other investigators. Knowledge of these changes may inform strategies for agent titration in everyday clinical settings. A total of 37 healthy children aged 5 to 10 yr underwent induction with 4% or greater sevoflurane in high-flow oxygen. Perturbations in anesthetic state were investigated in 23 of these children using 64-channel EEG with the Hjorth Laplacian referencing scheme. Topographical maps illustrated absolute, relative, and total band power across three age groups: 5 to 6 yr (n = 7), 7 to 8 yr (n = 8), and 9 to 10 yr (n = 8). Spectral analysis revealed a large shift in total power driven by increased delta oscillations. Well-described topographic patterns of anesthesia, e.g., frontal predominance, paradoxical beta excitation, and increased slow activity, were evident in the topographic maps. However, there were no statistically significant age-related changes in spectral power observed in a midline electrode subset between the groups when responsiveness was lost compared to the resting state. High initial concentration sevoflurane induction causes large-scale topographic effects on the pediatric EEG. Within the minute after unresponsiveness, this dosage may perturb EEG activity in children to an extent where age-related differences are not discernible.

The internal structure of handwriting proficiency in beginning writers.

Fluent and automatized handwriting frees cognitive resources for more complex elements of writing (i.e., spelling or text generation) or even math tasks (i.e., operating) and is therefore a central objective in primary school years. Most previous research has focused on the development of handwriting automaticity across the school years and characteristics of handwriting difficulties in advanced writers. However, the relative and absolute predictive power of the different kinematic aspects for typically developing beginning handwriting remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether and to what extent different kinematic aspects contribute to handwriting proficiency in typically developing beginning handwriters. Further, we investigated whether gender, socioeconomic background, or interindividual differences in executive functions and visuomotor integration contribute to children's acquisition of handwriting. Therefore, 853 first-grade children aged seven copied words on a digitized tablet and completed cognitive performance tasks. We used a confirmatory factor analysis to investigate how predefined kinematic aspects of handwriting, specifically the number of inversions in velocity (NIV), pen stops, pen lifts, and pressure on the paper, are linked to an underlying handwriting factor. NIV, pen stops, and pen lifts showed the highest factor loadings and therefore appear to best explain handwriting proficiency in beginning writers. Handwriting proficiency was superior in girls than boys but, surprisingly, did not differ between children from low versus high socioeconomic backgrounds. Handwriting proficiency was related to working memory but unrelated to inhibition, shifting, and visuomotor integration. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of considering different kinematic aspects in children who have not yet automatized pen movements. Results are also important from an applied perspective, as the early detection of handwriting difficulties has not yet received much research attention, although it is the base for tailoring early interventions for children at risk for handwriting difficulties.

Resting State EEG Variability and Implications for Interpreting Clinical Effect Sizes.

Resting state electroencephalography (rsEEG) is widely used to investigate intrinsic brain activity, with the potential for detecting neurophysiological abnormalities in clinical conditions from neurodegenerative disease to developmental disorders. When interpreting quantitative rsEEG changes, a key question is: how much deviation from a healthy normal brain state indicates a clinically significant change? Here, we build on the existing rsEEG variability literature by quantifying how this baseline rsEEG range can be attributed to common but underinvestigated sources of variability: experiment day, time of day, and pre-recording exercise level. We found that even within individuals, frequency band powers and entropy measures can vary by 7% (sample entropy and relative alpha power) to 28% (absolute delta power). Absolute and relative delta power increased significantly after running, while relative theta power decreased significantly. Relative beta and gamma power were significantly higher in the afternoon compared to morning trials. Sample entropy and alpha power were relatively consistent. The coefficients of variability we found are similar to some clinical rsEEG effect sizes identified in prior literature, bringing into question the clinical significance of these effect sizes. Furthermore, time of day and activity level accounted for more rsEEG variability than experiment day, indicating the potential to reduce variability by controlling for these factors in repeated-measures studies.

The relationship between the functional state of the brain and clinical and constitutional factors in schizophrenia

To establish the relationships of functional changes of the brain of patients with schizophrenia with clinical manifestations of the disease and their constitutional and morphological features. One hundred and eighteen patients with schizophrenia (64 men and 54 women), aged 33 [29; 40], years were examined. The following clinical and dynamic parameters were used: age of manifestation of the disease, duration of the disease, severity of clinical and psychopathological symptoms according to the PANSS. The anthropometric examination of patients was carried out according to V.V. Bunak's method in V.P. Chitetsov's modification for adult samples with calculation of Rees-Eysenk and Tanner indices. The EEG was recorded and analyzed in a state of calm, relaxed wakefulness with closed eyes with the calculation of the absolute spectral power for theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (14-30 Hz) rhythms. Significant (p<0.05) direct correlations between the age of the disease manifestation and the spectral power of the beta rhythm in the frontal leads (Fp1, Fp2, F3 and F4) were revealed. Inverse correlations (p<0.05) were found between the duration of the disease in patients with schizophrenia and the spectral power of the alpha rhythm in the left temporal (T3) and right central leads (C4), the spectral power of the beta rhythm in the parietal-occipital (P3, P4, O1,O2) and temporal leads (T3, T4, T5), the spectral power of the theta rhythm in the left occipital (O1) and posterior temporal leads (T5). Significant inverse correlations were also found between the Tanner index and the spectral power of the alpha rhythm in the frontal and temporal leads, between the Rees-Eysenk index and the spectral power of the theta rhythm in the frontal leads. The results indicate the presence of the conjugation of functional changes in the brain of patients with schizophrenia with clinical manifestations of the disease and their constitutional and morphological features. Thus, the assessment of the functional state of the central nervous system in patients with schizophrenia is an important component of the diagnostic search.

Electroencephalographic differences in patients with paranoid schizophrenia with or without a history of suicide attempts

To identify differences in electroencephalographic parameters in schizophrenia patients with and without a history of suicide attempts. Eighty-seven inpatients (50 men and 37 women) with paranoid schizophrenia were examined. Suicidal attempts in the anamnesis of patients were verified by a psychiatrist on the basis of clinical interviewing. The severity of psychopathological symptoms was assessed using The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) based on a five-factor model. Electroencephalogram (EEG) parameters were recorded and evaluated using a 16-channel encephalograph. A clinical and quantitative analysis of the recordings was carried out with the calculation of absolute spectral power indicators for theta, alpha and beta rhythms, as well as the severity of the activation reaction (Berger effect). Significantly higher rates of the PANSS depression factor were revealed in patients with a history of suicide attempts (p=0.016). Clinical analysis of EEG changes did not reveal any significant differences between the groups (p>0.05). The spectral analysis of the EEG showed significant differences only in the spectral power of the beta rhythm in the central (p=0.048) and occipital (p=0.021) leads with closed eyes, which was lower in the group with a history of suicide attempts. The degree of alpha rhythm depression in the occipital leads was also significantly lower in this group (p=0.016). The regression analysis showed that significant correlates of suicidal attempts in patients with paranoid schizophrenia are the PANSS depressive factor (t=2.784; p=0.016) and a deficiency in the activation response to EEG (t=-2.035; p=0.045). The results complement previous studies on the relationship between suicidal attempts, clinical symptoms and neurophysiological features of the functioning of the brain of patients with paranoid schizophrenia.

Executive Functions Assessment Based on Wireless EEG and 3D Gait Analysis During Dual-Task: A Feasibility Study.

Executive functions (EFs) are neurocognitive processes planning and regulating daily life actions. Performance of two simultaneous tasks, requiring the same cognitive resources, lead to a cognitive fatigue. Several studies investigated cognitive-motor task and the interference during walking, highlighting an increasing risk of falls especially in elderly and people with neurological diseases. A few studies instrumentally explored relationship between activation-no-activation of two EFs (working memory and inhibition) and spatial-temporal gait parameters. Aim of our study was to detect activation of inhibition and working memory during progressive difficulty levels of cognitive tasks and spontaneous walking using, respectively, wireless electroencephalography (EEG) and 3D-gait analysis. Thirteen healthy subjects were recruited. Two cognitive tasks were performed, activating inhibition (Go-NoGo) and working memory (N-back). EEG features (absolute and relative power in different bands) and kinematic parameters (7 spatial-temporal ones and Gait Variable Score for 9 range of motion of lower limbs) were analyzed. A significant decrease of stride length and an increase of external-rotation of foot progression were found during dual task with Go-NoGo. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the relative power in the delta band at channels Fz, C4 and progressive difficulty levels of Go-NoGo (activating inhibition) during walking, whereas working memory showed no correlation. This study reinforces the hypothesis of the prevalent involvement of inhibition with respect to working memory during dual task walking and reveals specific kinematic adaptations. The foundations for EEG-based monitoring of cognitive processes involved in gait are laid. Clinical and Translational Impact Statement: Clinical and instrumental evaluation and training of executive functions (as inhibition), during cognitive-motor task, could be useful for rehabilitation treatment of gait disorder in elderly and people with neurological disease.

Comparison of energy system contributions in lower body Wingate tests between sexes

The aim of this study was to compare energy system contributions and examine the relationship between mechanical variables and energy system variables in lower body Wingate tests, with a focus on gender differences. A total of thirty martial artists participated in the study. Participants performed 30-second lower body Wingate tests. Mathematical methods were used to estimate the contributions of the oxidative, glycolytic and ATP-PCr pathways based on lactate levels and oxygen consumption kinetics during rest, exercise and recovery. The main results showed that in men the relative contributions of the oxidative, glycolytic and ATP-PCr pathways were 16%, 37% and 47% respectively. In women the relative contributions for the same pathways were 16%, 38% and 46% respectively. In men the total energy expenditure and the absolute contributions of the oxidative, glycolytic and ATP-PCr pathways were 132 kJ, 22 kJ, 49 kJ and 61 kJ, respectively. In women these values were 106 kJ, 17 kJ, 41 kJ and 49 kJ. Although the relative energy contributions were similar, men had higher total energy expenditure and absolute energy contributions than women. In addition, men had higher absolute and relative power outputs than women, while showing similarities in fatigue index, lactate levels, heart rate and perceived exertion ratings. The ATP-PCr pathway was able to explain the variation in mechanical variables in both male and female participants. The results suggest that the contribution of energy systems, physiological responses and performance variables varies according to gender.

The State and the Class in Qajar Iran, 1794-1925

The form of the relationship between the state and social class throughout the history of Iran has always been explained by theories of the ‘Asiatic mode of production’ and ‘Oriental Despotism’. According to these theories, the power of the state is unlimited and it has all classes under its control. Meanwhile, many historical data of the Qajar era question this point of view and represent a situation in which various social forces limit the power of the state. The present article was written in response to the conflict between the theory of the ‘Asian state’ and the historical reality of the Qajar era. The main question of the article is: was the Qajar state limited by the social classes or did it have absolute and supra-class power? In answer to this question, the state classifications of Elman Service, Andrew Vincent, Max Weber, Karl Marx and Samuel Huntington are used. The research method is a historical case study that collects and analyzes data using two documentary methods and pattern matching. The results of the research show that the pattern of “balance, opposition and limitation” is established in the relationship between the state and the social classes of the Qajar era. This pattern can be described according to the classification of states based on the criterion of “accumulation and distribution of power”. It is split into three periods. The first period is characterized as a “patriarchal” state, the second — as a “patrimonial” state, and the third — as a “constitutional” state. The state in the first and second Qajar periods was associated with a low accumulation of power and centralized power distribution, and in the third period, that of post-constitutionality, it took the form of a low accumulation of power and scattered power distribution.

Heart rate variability is reduced in COVID-19 survivors and associated with physical activity and fatigue.

Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and fatigue are common after COVID-19 infection and both are potentially influenced by physical activity (PA). We compared resting HRV, PA from accelerometers and questionnaires, and self-reported fatigue in 41 COVID-19 survivors (~8 months postinfection, 38 ± 17 years) with 41 matched controls. Differences in HRV were observed on acceleration capacity (p = 0.041), deceleration capacity (p = 0.032), high-frequency peak frequency (p = 0.019), absolute low-frequency power (p = 0.042), relative very low-frequency power (p = 0.012), SD2 (from Poincare plot; p = 0.047), and DFA2 (slope of long-term detrended fluctuation analysis; p = 0.004). Fatigue was greater in COVID-19 survivors (p < 0.001) with no differences in PA. Moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (Standardized Beta = -0.427, p = 0.003) and steps per day (Standardized Beta = -0.402, p = 0.007) were associated with DFA2 in COVID-19 survivors after controlling for age, sex, and body fat percentage. Fatigue was correlated to less MVPA (Spearman's rho = 0.342, p = 0.031) and fewer steps per day (rho = 0.329, p = 0.038) in COVID-19 survivors, and was indirectly linked to HRV through these PA mediators (Estimate = -0.20; p = 0.040). We present a model showing the complex relations between HRV, PA, and fatigue that provides the foundation for strategies to improve outcomes and rehabilitation after COVID-19 infection.

“Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely?” : A Political Agency Theoretic Approach

“Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely?” : A Political Agency Theoretic Approach

How Far Will the Autocratic Model of Governance in Education System Prevail?

Much has being discussed about autarchies in Angola lately. If it was not for the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 would be the year of either gradual decentralization, proposed by the political party in power, or the totalitarian decentralization as proposed by the political party at opposition. The debate about autarchies seems pertinent due to the fact that locals are to have political, economic and administrative freedom in some way. The same figurine should be enhanced in education system. However, nowadays, Luanda detains an absolute power over the policies of education and the local counterparts are simply ignored and left under a laissez faire pace in detriment of an autocratic model, which clearly denies the development of Angolan Education at some point. In this position paper, we present a clear example of how this autocratic model of governance in education prevails, not only in terms of leadership, but also at the level of methodological sphere. Then some line caps as remedy are suggested. To attain such a desideratum, we first present a scenario, followed by some mismatches, first in terms of leadership, then academic and finally methodologically

Changes of alpha and beta brain waves in exposure to different levels of noise

Introduction: Noise is one of the most important environmental stressors, which, along with the prevalence of exposure in the work and living environment, has various effects. Noise exposure can create positive or negative consequences at different levels. Based on this, in the present study, brain wave changes in exposure to different levels of noise were investigated.&#x0D; Methods &amp; Materials: In this experimental study, 72 student volunteers with an average age of 26.27 years, participated in this study after meeting the exclusion criteria and receiving sufficient training regarding the implementation procedure. Before starting the test, demographic questionnaires, noise sensitivity, and audiometry were completed for the participants. A noise level of 45 dB was chosen as the background sound, and 75, 85, and 95 dB levels were selected for exposure. The participants were exposed to the determined facial pressure level for half an hour and rested for half an hour. During exposure to the noise, the volunteers' brain waves were used by the portable EEG device E wave, 16 channels. The results were analyzed by the mat lab v12 software.&#x0D; Result: The results show that exposure to two levels of 75 and 85 dB of absolute power alpha has increased in 14 brain channels, including CZ and O2. The results showed that the noise level of 75 dB compared to the background state did not change significantly at any channels (P&gt;0.05). At the 85 and 95 dB levels, the absolute power of the beta frequency band has increased. At the 95 dB level, this increase is statistically noticeable and significant in almost all brain regions (P&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that exposure to noise causes changes in neuronal activities in the brain, and can affect the performance of the exposed workers.

국립중앙박물관 소장 청자 투각칠보문뚜껑 향로를 받치는 토끼 조형의 맥락과 함의

This study discusses the symbolism of the rabbit statue on the base of a celadon incense burner with an openwork auspicious-character design lid in the National Museum of Korea. Chapter II analyzes the overall design of the incense burner, pointing out that although the rabbit statue is small in size, it is a three-dimensional figure with detailed carving of each part of the body and inlaid techniques used to express the eyes, making it an important component that embodies artistry beyond a simple base. Chapter III explores the spectrum of perceptions of the rabbit by examining rabbit sculptures from before the Goryeo period. As a symbol of fertility and longevity, thought to be a guide to the quick passage of the souls of the dead to the afterlife, rabbits were attached to funerary urns in the Silla period. They were depicted as moon symbols in Goguryeo tomb paintings and Unified Silla roof-end tiles. In Unified Silla, rabbits were also carved into royal tombs as members of the Twelve Great Deities to show the despotic kingship of the kings guarding the tomb, or were majestically displayed in stupas to represent the authority of Bhaisajyaguru. In Chapter IV, the meaning of the three rabbits supporting the incense burner was derived from three aspects. First, the intention of the rabbit's representation on the incense was inferred from the similarities between the rabbit's self-sacrifice and the offering of incense in The Jataka Tales of the Rabbit's Original Life (Sasa Jataka), which is to burn oneself and offer it to the gods. Since the rabbit was Buddha in the previous life, the life in which he practiced the great act of selflessness, it is believed that the rabbit was chosen to stand alone on the base of the incense burner, even though it does not symbolize absolute physical power. Through this carving of the rabbit, it can be seen that the 12th-century Goryeo people understood the offering of incense and the act of self-sacrifice in the same context. Second, the appearance of rabbits in historical texts and geographical journals from the Three Kingdoms and Goryeo periods was examined. In doing so, the chapter describes who recognized rabbits as auspicious animals in addition to being a symbol in Buddhism. Third, it discusses the internationalization of Goryeo culture, which is reflected in the sculpture of the atlas that supports the top. It is interpreted that the incense burner represents the cosmopolitanism of Goryeo culture because the rabbit statue on the incense burner was arranged in a form similar to the atlas statues popular in ancient Greece, Persia, and India and spread along the Silk Road.

Cardio-Metabolic Indices in Relation to Serum Vitamin D Levels among Middle-Aged Adults

A plethora of research showed that vitamin D deficiency is one of the most prevalent dietary inadequacies in India. The condition is addressed as hypovitaminosis-D and often intervenes with the occurrence of diseases like cardio-metabolic disease. Though several epidemiological studies have supported this fact, there is an insufficiency of rational data to support the fact. Hence the current study investigates the relationship between vitamin D levels and markers of cardio-metabolic diseases among middle-aged adults. This study recruited 100 healthy middle-aged adults, and the participants underwent evaluation of their anthropometric measurements, Heart Rate Variability (HRV), and serum vitamin D levels. Analysis was done by taking consideration of total power (TP), absolute, and normalized power of high-frequency (HF), and low-frequency (LF) power spectrum including their ratio (LF/HF) as HRV indices. Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation test. Data analysis showed a negative correlation between vitamin D and anthropometric measurements and a positive correlation with cardiac sympathovagal balance as determined by waist circumference and LF/HF ratio. However, there was no discernible correlation between vitamin D levels and the BMI, fat percentage, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), absolute power spectrum of HRV. The results of this study conclude that serum vitamin D levels affect central obesity and cardiac sympathovagal balance, indicating low levels of serum vitamin D might contribute higher risk for cardiovascular diseases.

헌법정신과 인권에 관한 연구

In relation to social contract, T. Hobbes is significant in that he presented the prototype of modern contract theory, but there is a limits in that it is necessary to have a state dominated by a ruler with absolute power to guarantee human rights. In order to solve this problem, J. Locke proposed a new social contract theory by transferring the sovereignty from the state to the people. In this way, it can be seen that there is a big difference between the national identity and the human view proposed by Hobbes and Locke, and the way of guaranteeing human rights accordingly. If Hobbes is a legal positivism and pragmatism based on the state, Locke is approaching from the point of view of natural human rights before the state. The idea of natural rights is based on 「the Virginia Bill of Rights」(1776. 6), 「the Declaration of Independence」(1776. 7) in America, 「the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen」(1789) in France, and 「the Declaration of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights」(1948) of the United Nations. It is also reflected in 「the Constitution of the Republic of Korea」(1948) and has related regulations. However, since the establishment of the government of the Republic of Korea, human rights have been infringed in the name of maintaining public well-being and order in the unstable political system and political dynamics. This problem has already been foreseen in the Constitution of the First Republic, which stipulates individual legal provisions related to the restriction of basic rights, and since then amendments to the Constitution have been made several times, but this problem has not been solved under the long-term military regime. Fortunately, the 6th Republic Constitution(1987~present), which was finally revised, is meaningful in that the governing system has been reorganized and the provisions for guaranteeing basic rights have been considerably newly established and added. However, if the ruling party to which the president belongs fails to secure a majority of seats in the National Assembly, there is no institutional mechanism to coordinate the instability of the state administration and political conflicts, which raises concerns that the fundamental rights of the people are not properly guaranteed. For this reason, the claim that the basic rights required by the times should be guaranteed through the amendment of the Constitution coexists with the prudence of this, and therefore, national and social consensus should be made once again at this time.

Balancing Democracy and Adz-Dzari'ah Principles: Legal Reasoning on Term Limits for Political Party Chairpersons in Indonesia

This study explores the issue of term limits for political party chairpersons from the perspective of democracy and the principles of az-zari'ah. In 2022-2023, there was a surge in lawsuits to the Constitutional Court regarding the absence of rules regarding the term of office of political party chairpersons in Indonesia. The number of lawsuits shows that the absence of such rules has caused considerable problems, both within and outside political parties and the state. Various political diseases have become increasingly apparent, such as the perception that public officials only follow the direction of party leaders (bossism), and this has the potential to lead to abuse of power by political party chairmen in the context of public policy. Using a qualitative literature review methodology, this study uses a comparative philosophical approach, namely by paying attention to the principles of democracy and applying methods derived from az-zari'ah. Both of these are used because, on the one hand, Indonesia is a country that applies the principles of democracy; on the other hand, many Indonesian people believe in the truth of Islamic law, including the principles of az-zari'ah. It was found that, from the perspective of az-zari'ah, the term of office of the party chairman must be limited (closed) so as not to become a vehicle for political disease. By Az-zari'ah, limiting the term of party leaders becomes a crucial matter, as it helps mitigate potential harms that may arise in the absence of such limitations. Meanwhile, from a democratic perspective, it also has the same value implications, namely the need to limit the term of office of the chairman. Democracy has the basic function of limiting political power in a person and not expanding or giving unlimited power like a monarchical system. This is because democracy believes that power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts. So, since Indonesia uses the philosophy of democracy in its country, every political institution, in this case, political parties, must abide by the same rules.

Moderasi Teologi Balā’ Dalam Tafsir Al-Amtsal Nashir Makarim Shiraz: Respon Atas Fatalisme Dan Eskapisme

Fatalism and escapism are two human responses to the occurrence of balā' from two conflicting theological perspectives, namely the Ash'ariyah who view balā' as an absolute power of God, and the Mu'tazilah who view it as stemming from the absolute freedom of human action. Therefore, there is a need for a moderate mediating attitude between the two. This research aims to uncover the meaning of bala' in a moderate manner so as to provide a solution between fatalism and escapism. This research is a qualitative research with a thematic method and using a theological approach. The primary source of this article is the interpretation of the verses of balā' from Nasir Makarim Shirazi's perspective in Tafsir Al-Amthal, which tends to be moderate and tries to compromise the fatalist and escapist attitudes in responding to bala'. The research findings are that balā' in Nasir Makarim Shirazi's perspective is a means towards human development and perfection through efforts in his life so that his potentials will be seen and his abilities will be actualised. Balā' in the form of bad and good is a test of Allah. Nasir Makarim Shirazi divides the causes of balā' in humans into two. Firstly, because of God's will (irādah takwīniyah), which is based on the natural system he created. Secondly, it occurs due to the effects of man's actions on nature and his life, because balā' does not occur without man's own will and endeavours. From there, it can be concluded that humans are in a moderate and proportional position by not being fatalistic or escapist in their attitude when facing balā'

The Ideology and Practice of Rashism: Reconstruction of the Origins and Imperial Essence

The current russian-Ukrainian war is a continuation of the systemic strategy of the russian empire to subjugate Ukraine and destroy its identity. The ideology of this policy is fed by traditional historical narratives of moscow, updated according to the realities of today. The essence and strategy of the existence of the russian empire (regardless of the name of this state) is the total usurpation and use of the resources of subordinate countries and peoples while appropriating their material, cultural, and intellectual heritage. The criminal mechanisms for achieving this goal are totalitarianism and autocracy, aimed at ensuring absolute power over people. The organising principle of such a policy is a certain ideology, that is, a system of defining norms and rules for the functioning of the state. Its structure includes both inherited models of behaviour and acquired strategies of action according to the situational requirements of the time. In muscovy, the principles of eastern despotism, with its features of unconditional autocracy as a form of government, imperial "spiritual bonds," European trends of Byzantism (theocracy), communism, and fascism, were combined. For the Russian state in all its historical political forms (ulus-khanate-kingdom-empire-union-federation), the ideological toolkit of influence has always been part of the strategic arsenal of its expansionist advances. At the same time, the content itself of the respective ideologues could be variable, depending on the situational circumstances. During the time of Genghis Khan, this function was performed by the prescriptions of "Yasa," in the Christianized uluses of the Golden Horde (in Muscovy), Orthodoxy, in the USSR – Marxism-Leninism, in the modern rf – an eclectic mixture of both in the form of "spiritual bonds," with the addition of personalized despotism. The corresponding functional structures of power instilled such matrices into the real life of society, using their violent and destructive means and approaches, thus implementing the policy of totalitarianism.

CREATION AND ACTIVITY OF «ELITE» SCHOOLS IN GERMANY (1933–1945)

The article highlights the activities of elite schools and their creation. It has been revealed that from the very beginning of its existence, the Nazi regime in Germany sought absolute power over all spheres of German life. The field of education and upbringing had a specific importance in the ideology of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (hereinafter NSDAP).&#x0D; Significantly, the ideologues of the Third Reich emphasized the non-class nature of their movement, and the main criterion for achieving personal growth of social peaks was not belonging to a particular class, not property qualifications, but a person’s own abilities and personal qualities. However, the main qualities were blind faith in the Führer, ruthlessness towards enemies, and cooperative personality. For the first time in the entire existence of Germany, young people had a sense of their importance. Never before in German history have youth been so needed, and, at the same time, so criminally used. Social selection began to play a fundamental role in society, so it is not surprising that it also affected the sphere of school and youth education. The emergence of elite schools that educated future generals, Gauleiters, and party officials was a logical reaction to the current regime in Germany.&#x0D; In Hitler’s elite schools, the dream of educating new German people-lords was to become a reality. In schools named after Adolf Hitler, national-political educational institutions, and Reich schools of the NSDAP, the regime wanted to raise capable performers who, as Hitler’s heirs, should have the future. Children were drilled, taught military affairs, and formed their worldviews. They were obliged to “believe, obey and fight”, to fulfill the role of political fighters. Young people, attracted by the opportunity to engage in various sports, to have rich leisure time, and to have a promising future career, entered elite boarding schools. There, they were brought up with unconditional loyalty to the regime. During the war, graduates of Hitler’s schools were often fanatics. Only one in two survived.

Body Composition As Indicators of Upper and Lower Limp Anaerobic Power in Men and Women Weightlifters

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anaerobic power and body composition in weightlifters. A total of 58 weightlifters, 28 females and 30 males, actively competing in national and international competitions participated in the study. Body composition of the weightlifters was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis method and upper and lower extremity anaerobic power was determined by Wingate test. Data normality was verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A preliminary bivariate correlation analy¬sis was used to assess the association between body composition, lower and upper PP(W), body composition and upper and lower absolute anaerobic power variables were compared using the independent t-test to control within the values of men and women. Gender-specific multiple regressions evaluated whether the body composition was associated with the upper and lower absolute anaerobic power. The alpha level was set at p&amp;lt;0.05 for all the analyses. According to the results of the analysis, there was a difference between the peak power values of men and women. There is a different level (medium-high) relationship between body composition and lower and upper extremity peak power in both men and women. According to linear regression analysis, women and men have high predictive values for lower body peak power and low predictive values for upper extremity. In conclusion, it was determined that men and women use different variables effectively in peak power production. According to research results, monitoring body composition may contribute to the improvement of weight lifters' weight lifting performances.