Absolute Authority Research Articles

Kur'an'da Sınırlayıcı Bir Kayıt İfadesi: Allah’ın İzni

Kur’an, insanların Allah’la, diğer insanlarla ve toplumla ilişkilerini düzenleyen; onların dünya ve ahiret hayatında mutluluğa erişme yollarını onlara sunan pek çok konuya temas etmektedir. Ayetlerde üzerinde durulan meseleler kimi zaman ana hatlarıyla ve genel manada ele alınırken kimi zaman ayrıntılar üzerinde durulmakta, istisnai durumlardan bahsedilmektedir. Farklılık arz eden bu durum Kur’an’ın ana konuları açısından ilgili meselenin önemli olması kadar muhatap insanların iddiaları ve yanlış inançlarının dikkate alınmasıyla da ilgili olabilmektedir. Kur’an’ın temel hedefleriyle alakalı bu durum, meselenin ayetlerde konu edilmesinde etkilidir. Yüce Allah ilahi vahyinde beyan ettiği kimi konularda istisnai durumları ve özel ifadeleri zikretmektedir. Söz konusu ifade içerisinde bazı lafızların öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Bunlardan biri de “izin” ifadesinin Allah’a isnat edilerek zikredilmesidir. Allah Teâla, bazı konularda kendi iznini bir kayıt ifadesi olarak beyan etmekte ve konunun ancak bu sınırlayıcı lafızla birlikte değerlendirilmesini emretmektedir. Sözü edilen bu durum bazen muhatapların yanlış inanç ve tavırlarıyla alakalı olan bir meseleyle ilgili olabilmektedir. Kimi zaman ise sahih dini anlayış konusunda değer verilen bir konuyla alakalı olarak bu lafzın zikredildiği görülmektedir. İlahi vahyin insanlara iletilmesinde peygamberin önemli bir konumda olduğu açıktır. Bu bakımdan peygamberin Allah tarafından gönderildiği konusunda inancın din algısının sağlam zemine oturması açısından önemi büyüktür. Kur’an ayetlerinde peygamberin ancak Allah’ın izniyle gönderildiği üzerinde hassasiyetle durulmaktadır. Allah’ın vahyinin peygambere iletilmesi ve peygamberin seçimiyle ilgili ayetlerde “Allah’ın izni” ifadeleri dikkat çekmektedir. Özellikle muhatapların Hz. Peygamber’den mucize istekleri de ayetlerde konu edilmiştir. Mucize konusunda ancak Allah’ın izninin belirleyici olduğu beyan edilmektedir. Bu bakımdan mucize konusunda esas failin Allah olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Diğer bazı peygamberlerin mucizelerine de atıf yapılarak Allah’ın izni kaydı zikredilmektedir. Dinin muhataplar tarafından kabul edilmesi ve hayata geçirilmesi meselesi Kur’an’da öne çıkan konular arasındadır. Gerek iman gerekse amel boyutunda insanların farklı seçimlerinin olabileceği, bu bakımdan kimsenin zorlanmayacağı hakikatine ayetlerde dikkat çekilmektedir. Sözü edilen bu ayetlerde imana ermenin, dinin gereklerini yerine getirmenin ve böylece gerçek kurtuluş yeri olan cennete ulaşmanın ancak Allah’ın izniyle mümkün olacağı beyan edilmektedir. Kur’an’da helal ve haram hususunda mutlak hüküm verme yetkisinin sadece Allah’a ait olduğu konusunun vurgulandığı bilinmektedir. Bu bakımdan helal ve haram hükmü verilirken bunun Allah’ın iznine dayanması üzerinde durulmaktadır. İnsanların Allah’a şirk koştukları varlıkların kendilerine şefaatçi olacakları şeklindeki batıl inançları da ayetlerde konu edilmektedir. Sözü edilen algının büyük bir yanlış olduğu, Allah’ın şefaat konusundaki izninin belirleyici olduğu beyan edilmektedir. Bu açıdan kıyamet günü mutlak yetkinin sadece Allah’ın olduğu, konuşmanın bile ancak O’nun izin vermesiyle mümkün olacağı beyan edilmektedir. Musibet, zarar ve savaş Allah’ın izin kaydıyla beyan ettiği konular arasındadır. Bir musibet ya da zarar verici durumun ancak Allah’ın izniyle gerçekleşebileceği beyan edilirken Allah’ın yüce iradesi ve kapsayıcı kudretine işaret edilmektedir. Savaşın insanlık tarihi adına karşı konulamaz bir gerçek olduğu ortadadır. Ayetlerde savaşa izin verilmesinden savaşta takip edilecek metoda kadar Allah’ın izninin öne çıkartıldığı görülmektedir. Aynı zamanda Allah’ın izniyle savaştaki dengeleri değiştireceği ve galibiyeti ihsan edeceği beyan edilmektedir. Çalışmada “izin” ifadesinin Allah’a nispet edilerek zikredildiği ayetlerden bahsedilmektedir. Ayetlerde bahsi geçen konulardaki istisnai durumların, Kur’an’ın genel anlam ağı içindeki değerinden ve öneminden söz edilmektedir. “İzin” kelimesinin sahip olduğu anlamlara işaret edilerek tefsir kaynaklarındaki farklı yorumlar üzerinde durulmaktadır. İslam düşünce tarihi içinde değişkenlik gösteren bu yorumların arka planlarından bahsedilmektedir. Kur’an’ın, muhatapların inanç ve algılarını yönlendiren, yanlış ve batıl yollara sapmaktan onları sakındıran, sınırlandıran dil örgüsünün beyan edilmesi bakımından çalışmanın yol gösterici olması umulmaktadır.

ТРАДИЦИОННОЕ КЫРГЫЗСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО И ВОПРОСЫ ФИЛОСОФИИ ГЕНДЕРА

The article discusses the features of the traditional Kyrgyz society. It is noted that the nature of gender relations was influenced by the nomadic way of being, the tribal, patriarchal nature of the Kyrgyz society. Particular attention is paid to the social roles of women and men in the division of labour, gender characteristics in customary law, peculiarities of inheritance law, etiquette proxemics in the kinship system and traditional games. The author notes that the patterns of male and female behaviour were laid down in the institution of the family. In the traditional Kyrgyz society, a man being a husband and a father, then subsequently a son had indisputable absolute authority. All family members unquestionably obeyed the head of the family - a man. The material, moral and psychological environment completely depended on the husband.

Theoretical explanation of Sovereignty and Statehood in Islam within the purview of Modern Time

Purpose: The main theme of the present study was to provide previous empirical and other literature reviews of sovereignty and statehood in Islam and particularly its compression with modern times.
 Approach: Prior study on statehood was examined from various aspects. Findings: It has been releveled that Statehood and sovereignty is one of the important elements of an Islamic state in the modern world. Besides, in Islam, one of the greatest attributes of God is sovereignty. However, the western notion of sovereignty developed by declining God’s sovereignty is rejected on two grounds; the first slam lacks any historical evidence to grant ultimate power to any political authority or ruler. Second, the notion of sovereignty in a specific historical and present social European setting is an attempt to undermine the absolute authority of the church. Notwithstanding, there are three notions of Islamic sovereignty.
 Implications: The study concluded that in the Islamic State, sovereignty belongs to Allah and Allah is the only one who rules which is viewed in the form of divine laws and Jurisprudence. The interpretation of this rule of sovereignty as that there is no concept of people’s sovereignty in Islam is not correct because Allah cannot be an immediate ruler in the political connotation.

The Moral Authority of Consensus.

Prompted by recent comments on the moral authority of dialogic consensus, we argue that consensus, specifically dialogic consensus, possesses a unique form of moral authority. Given our multicultural era and its plurality of values, we contend that traditional ethical frameworks or principles derived from them cannot be viewed substantively. Both philosophers and clinicians prioritize the need for a decision to be morally justifiable, and also for the decision to be action-guiding. We argue that, especially against the background of our pluralistic society, it is only via unforced dialogue and properly founded argumentation, aiming for consensus, that we can ascribe rightness or wrongness in a normative fashion to dilemmatic situations. We argue that both the process of dialogue, properly constituted, and the consensual outcome itself have moral authority vested within them. Finally, we argue that the consensual decision made is able to withstand moral scrutiny and is action-guiding, without claiming absolute moral authority in other contexts.

Tay Nguyen University

In M’nong epics (Ot Ndrong), symbolic characters appear with a dense frequency and dominates all aspects of human life; it is a life simulation of ancient M'nong people, through the prism of mythological thinking. Spirits in Ot Ndrong have no absolute authority and do not dwell in a holy place at all. If in Iliat, spirits dwells on the top of Olympia and have divided the split rank, in Ot Ndrong, which spirits are innocent, simple, close to people's lives. In Ot Ndrong, between spirits and humans there has not already been such a strict limit on the heroic songs of Homer. Charms and ghosts have a very important role in the structure of Ot Ndrong plot. This is a product of mythical imagination but M'nong people believe that it is real. Charms appear in Ot Ndrong as a magic, it is a means of spiritual experience for some of the characters performing their wishes.

Family Policing as Counterinsurgency and the Gathering Abolitionist Force

Family Policing as Counterinsurgency and the Gathering Abolitionist Force Dorothy Roberts (bio) I spent the first year of the pandemic writing a book about abolishing the so-called child welfare system—what I call the family policing system. When I heard Dylan Rodríguez’s remarkable presidential address, I was already proofing the galleys of Torn Apart: How the Child Welfare System Destroys Black Families—and How Abolition Can Build a Safer World.1 Every word Rodríguez spoke resonated with my thinking and activism around the need to dismantle the child welfare system and replace it with a radically reimagined way of caring for families and keeping children safe. The invitation to write a response to his address gave me the opportunity to frame my arguments in terms of his valuable conceptualization of counterinsurgency and the gathering abolitionist force. Conceptualizing family policing—US government surveillance and destruction of politically marginalized families—as state counterinsurgency usefully illustrates and illuminates his key points. A central theme of Rodríguez’s address is that “counterinsurgency not only is directed by the state’s repressive military, policing, and political might but—especially in moments like this—is commonly performed through narratives, aesthetics, rhetorics, and institutional solicitations of a scrambling reformism.” This seemingly contradictory stance of simultaneous repression and reform is essential to US family policing, characterized by inflicting violence on politically marginalized families under the pretense of protecting children from parental maltreatment. The US child welfare system has historically terrorized Black and Indigenous people in the United States by forcibly removing large numbers of children from their homes and placing them in state custody. It regulates even greater numbers of families by subjecting them to intense supervision under the threat of child removal. The legitimacy of family policing depends on maintaining the mirage that its brutal intrusion in families is a benevolent service for needy children. The origins of the US child welfare system lie in the oppression of Black, Indigenous, and impoverished white families by powerful white elites.2 The ideology of violent supervision of Black families by white people can be traced [End Page 221] back to the separation of enslaved family members at the whim of slaveholders, who had absolute legal authority over them. The mass removal of Native children from their tribes and their consignment to boarding schools was literally a weapon of war developed by the US military in the nineteenth century to overpower tribal resistance to its settler colonial project. The establishment and expansion of the formal foster care system were counterinsurgency initiatives against Black liberation struggles. After the Civil War ended, white judges ordered thousands of Black children to be apprenticed to their former enslavers in conjunction with other white supremacist mechanisms, such as convict leasing, designed to return newly emancipated Black people to a subservient status. In the 1950s and 1960s, southern states began dropping Black families from the welfare rolls and placing their children in foster care as part of a white supremacist backlash against gains won by civil rights activists and Black freedom fighters. The terror of family policing continues today. According to a 2014 study, 15.44 percent of Native children and 11.53 percent of Black children were placed in foster care before their eighteenth birthday.3 The rate for white children (4.86 percent) was much lower, reflecting America’s racial hierarchy, but still remarkably high. Almost all the children the state takes by force come from impoverished or working-class families. State child welfare systems engage in tactics akin to what Rodríguez refers to as “the military protocols for neutralizing resistance to US occupation,” which include “‘integrating civilian and military activities.’” Family policing operations—warrantless home investigations, intensive monitoring of families by state agents and civilians deputized to report on parents (“mandatory reporters”), forcible seizure of children followed by placing them in foster care, and permanent severing of family ties for failing to comply with agency dictates—reflect a carceral logic with parallels in the criminal punishment system. State child protection authorities increasingly use modern surveillance technologies and coordinate with law enforcement agencies to manage regulated populations more efficiently. Family policing is part of the prison industrial complex...

Содержание патентных прав на служебные изобретения, служебные полезные модели, служебные промышленные образцы

Introduction: the paper considers the study of the specifics of patent rights for official results of intellectual activity in the scientific, technical, artistic, and design spheres. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is the dialectical method of cognition, as well as such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. Among the specific scientific research methods, comparative-legal, normative and dogmatic methods are used. Results: the study analyzes the features of patent rights for service inventions, service utility models, service industrial designs, as guarantees provided by the state for the performance of legally significant actions concerning these objects. The list of patent rights for service developments, their main characteristics is defined. Special attention is paid to the personal non-property rights of the author; the current legislation and the opinions of civilists on the scope of the right to a name are analyzed. Conclusions: it is established that the issue of ownership of the right to the name of the author of the invention, utility model, and industrial design is not regulated at the legislative level, which may entail the infringement of legal authorities exercised by the author of official decisions. As a result of the study, the legislative consolidation of the right to a name in the list of patent rights is proposed, as an absolute subjective legal authority of the author of an invention, utility model, industrial design, whose scope should be considered equally as a legally secured opportunity for the author to require the indication of his name, and the ability to remain anonymous in publications about the protected decision.

Al-Ghazālī as a Key Historical Witness to the Ismaili Doctrine of taʿlīm


 
 
 The writings of al-Ghazālī give the distinct impression that he was highly concerned with the threat the Ismailis and their doctrines posed. By his own admission, he wrote six separate treatises to refute and condemn them, most importantly his Faḍāʾiḥ al-bāṭiniyya (The infamies of the esotericists), which he composed in the year 488h (1095) in the months prior to his renunciation of government service and departure from Baghdad. His attack focused on the doctrine known as taʿlīm, with its insistence on the unrivaled absolute authority of a single infallible Imam. He had in mind the Alamut teaching by Ḥasan-i Ṣabbāḥ of a doctrine then widely advocated in the Abbasid–Seljuk East. Significantly, there is no sign of this term used in this manner in the western Fatimid domains either earlier or later. However, our knowledge of events in the career of Ḥasan and of his teachings come from much later sources and are in part legendary at best. Although the doctrine of taʿlīm was certainly implicit in Ismaili works long before, in this particular work al-Ghazālī directed his attentions squarely against a new teaching he encountered personally in his own time and place. But we know it otherwise primarily from accounts recorded much later, in particular al-Shahrastānī’s al-Milal wa-l-niḥal.
 
 

The Role of Notaries in Making Sharia Banking Contract Deeds in Post-Constitutional Court Decisions Number 93/Puu-X/2012

Notaries in the making of sharia contract acts are required to have an understanding of sharia contracts and laws. This study is to determine the application of the choice of forum in the settlement of Islamic banking disputes after the Constitutional Court decision Number 93 / PUU-X / 2012 concerning the Review of Law No. 21 of 2008 on Islamic Banking. As well as the role of the notary in making the Islamic banking deed and after the decision. The method used in this research is the normative legal method. There are three approaches used in this, as following: normative juridical research, namely the case, statutory and conceptual approach. The results of the research showed that after the issuance of Decision Number 93 / PUU-X / 2012, the settlement of Islamic banking disputes is an absolute authority within the Religious Courts (in litigation). This affirmation of the authority of the Religious Courts is supported by Perma Number 14 of 2016 concerning the Settlement of Sharia Economic Cases. The role of a notary in making sharia deeds must apply sharia principles in line with the Sharia Banking Law Number 21 of 2008 and it is important for a notary to have sharia certification so that its legality can be recognized. The role of the notary after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 93 / PUU-X / 2012 by stating that the settlement of sharia banking disputes is the absolute authority of the Religious Courts in making sharia deeds. In conclusion the Constitutional District Court is no longer authorized to resolve sharia economic disputes.Keywords: Sharia Contract, Choice of Forum, Role of Notary, Sharia Banking, Constitutional Court Decision Number 93 / PUU-X / 2012, Dispute

The relationship Between Consumer Empowerment and Brand Attachment; The Intermediary Effect of Product Involvement

<p>奢侈時尚品牌為市場帶來龐大的商機並持續的獲利成長，除設計師專業設計外，近年來亦積極的希望賦權予客戶。奢侈時尚品牌雖以服飾為主要產品，但袋包產品為服飾配件產品中具有重要的地位情境，扮演核心穿搭的功能及角色。顧客在購買奢侈服飾時往往先從袋包開始，較具有普遍性，購買袋包相關經驗中有賦權的狀態及現象，是故本研究以奢侈時尚袋包為研究之產品及產業類別。過去許多研究認為賦權對於平價時尚品牌是有益的。</p> <p>實務上奢侈時尚品牌希望保持絕對的品牌權力，並與顧客保持距離，顧客賦權是否可以產生正面品牌依附，是值得深入思考的。</p> <p>顧客對產品資訊涉入越多，會提高品牌依附的程度。賦權程度越高會增加顧客對產品的需求及興趣。產品涉入對於顧客在產品訊息的收集及處理有相當重要的意義。因此本研究欲探討產品涉入是否能中介顧客賦權與品牌依附有所影響。</p> <p>本研究以網路結構性問卷進行調查，採取便利抽樣，以Google表單之電子問卷形式，採不記名方式對北部某大學設計學院之日間及進修部學生電郵寄發電子信件，本研究共計發放350份問卷，回收有效問卷共335份。</p> <p>研究結果顯示，在控制公眾自我意識的影響下，顧客賦權與品牌依附具顯著正向影響力。此外產品涉入對於兩者之間的關係具有顯著的部分中介效果。因此，本研究所有假說都獲得支持。根據研究結果提出理論與實務意涵。</p> <p> </p><p>Luxurious fashion brands have brought vast business opportunities to the market and are seeing continuous growth in profits. Aside from the advancements in professional ties of the designers, fashion brands have shown keen interests in empowering the consumers. Despite clothings being the major products of deluxe fashion brands, designer bags also have a greater significance compared to other merchandises in the industry, playing the central role when it comes to accessorizing. When customers are shopping for costly clothings, it is common that they will start with choosing their desired bags. Judging from our experiences, we saw cases of empowerment occur when purchasing designer bags, hence our decision to choose luxurious fashion bags as the subject of the present study. Various past studies have considered that empowerment being beneficial to the more affordable fashion brands.</p> <p>In practice, deluxe fashion brands seek to remain absolute authority of their brands and stay distant from their customers. The inquiry of whether consumer empowerment can result in positive brand attachment is worthy of further examination.</p> <p>The higher the consumers are involved in product information, the more they will be attached to the brand. With greater empowerment, customers will have a larger demand and interest in the products. For the consumers, product involvement has an importance in accumulating and processing product information. Therefore, our study wishes to discuss if product involvement can moderate consumer empowerment and its influence on brand attachment.</p> <p>We chose to investigate with Internet based structured questionnaires, using the convenience sampling method. With the online survey system of “Google Forms”, we distributed anonymous questionnaires to students in a college of design located in Northern Taiwan through E-mail. Among the 350 issued forms, we received 335 valid questionnaires.</p> <p>Our results indicate that, under controlled public self-consciousness, consumer empowerment has a consequential postive impact on brand attachment, and product involvement has a remarkable moderating effect on the relationship between them. Thus, the hypotheses of the presnt study have all been supported. We will propose our theoretical and pratical implications based on our findings.</p> <p> </p>

Commentary: Nationalism and Transnationalism in Anthropological Research

Commentary: Nationalism and Transnationalism in Anthropological Research

Development of Theological-Apologetical Discourse in Biblical Studies at Kiev Theological Academy of the late XIX - early XX centuries

The article highlights the development of hermeneutical strategies for the analysis and refutation of rationalist “negative” biblical criticism, represented by the works of leading theologians - professors of the Kiev Theological Academy of the late XIX - early XX centuries. In the conditions of secularization, the decline of church authority, the spread of political radicalism, the need for apologetic understanding of the biblical heritage increased. A systematic analysis of the signs, approaches and methods of rationalism in biblical studies has been heuristicly valuable, in particular: criticism of panlogism, abstract schematics, empirically groundless extrapolations and generalizations. At the same time, Kyiv Biblical scholars criticized the insolvent apologetic techniques: the literalistic view of the inspiration, the absolute authority of the tradition, the excessive spiritualization in the perception of the biblical prophecy. Their main goal was to prove the authenticity and authenticity of the content of biblical books and the very biblical hystory. The methodological impulse for the biblical apologetics was the intensification of supranaturalism, providentialism, and soteriology in the reading and interpretation of the Bible - just as the Holy Scriptures of the Church. The apologetic motive was to determine both scientific bibliological studies, and school teaching and study of the Bible, and private and public Biblical reading for religious and moral instruction.

Lessons of the Cold War

Lessons of the Cold War

TEKNIK PENYUSUNAN PERATURAN DESA DALAM RANGKA PENANGANAN PELANGGARAN OLEH ANAK DI DESA TENGGULI

At this community service, communication methods (submission of the subject matter, which are one-way in nature) and interactive dialogue have been carried out, for which a draft Village Regulation (RaPerdes) has been provided for discussion or discussion of the RaPerdes. The conclusion is based on the PKM implementation on April 26, 2021, until July 15, 2021 (the date on which this report was compiled), that the PKM activities have answered the problems in the field and achieved the objectives of the PKM activities. In the context of the authority to stipulate village regulations regarding the handling of juvenile delinquency, it refers to the village government having absolute authority to stipulate Village Regulations regarding the handling of juvenile delinquency. As contained in Article 26 Paragraph (1), Article 26 Paragraph (2) letter d, letter f, letter g, and Article 26 Paragraph (4) letter k of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, and Article 3 of Sambas Regent Regulation Number 7 2018 concerning Procedures for Drafting Village Regulations, which states that “The content of village regulations as referred to in Article 2 must be in accordance with the authority of the Village and is prohibited from conflicting with public interests, immorality, customs and/or the provisions of higher laws and regulations.

The Role of Dayah Salafiyah in the Development of Religious Culture in Langsa

Dayah sustainably transmits religious, intellectual, and spiritual traditions (Islamic Boarding Schools). Several Dayah Salafiyah in Langsa City, for example, are also involved in implementing and developing strategies for the cultivation of such religious cultures. To conduct a deeper examination, this phenomenological study examined the involvement, implementation, and strategies used in those Dayahs. Observations were used to collect data. Meanwhile, the data were organized using Miles and Huberman's qualitative data analysis framework. The findings indicated that religious activities based on religious culture at the Dayah Salafiyah in Langsa City were always developed in collaboration with the dayah's leaders, teungku dayah, santri, and community. To begin, the dayah's leader serves as a facilitator, motivator, and mediator in the students' and community's religious activities and a controller of the dayah's activities. Additionally, it is critical to remember that the most fundamental form of salafiyah dayah implementation promotes good behaviour. To ensure that the religious culture development program is carried out as planned, salafiyah education incorporates religious culture into all aspects of its operations. This strategy for religious culture development is carried out by establishing policies, habituation, and student awareness, exemplary behaviour, discipline, and civilization. The dayah's leaders have absolute authority to monitor and evaluate all efforts made by teachers and students to foster a strong religious culture in the school.

Totalitarian Worlds: Nineteen Eighty-Four and V for Vendetta

Totalitarianism is a significant concept not only on political but also on social and cultural grounds. Totalitarian regimes, which aim to exercise total power over citizens, are generally portrayed in dystopian works. Perhaps, one of the most known and read dystopias of this kind, Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell has influenced and inspired many other similar works through its powerful criticism of an absolute political authority. One such work is the movie V for Vendetta directed by James McTeigue, being based on the graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. The movie, like Nineteen Eighty-Four, depicts a dystopian future making a similar totalitarian rule its focus point and raising questions about ruling systems. With regard to totalitarianism, Oceania of Nineteen Eighty-Four is ruled by simply-called Party led by Big Brother while the ruling party Norsefire in V for Vendetta is headed by Adam Sutler. Taking into consideration such similarities, this study aims to put forward totalitarian systems of the two works concerning such elements as party, ideology, surveillance, secret police, propaganda and resistance.

Resolution of Disputes Regarding Unlawful Acts by the Government in the Administrative Justice System in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the expansion of the absolute competence of Administrative Courts to examine factual actions and/or illegal acts by the government. This paper is a doctrinal legal research using statute and conceptual approach. The result of this study argued that the expansion posed a legal problem since the absolute authority is determined by law. In this case, it is transferred through a Supreme Court Regulation without changing the law. The other problem was also found in the legal basis for judicial review and limited compensation. Ideally, it should be preceded by amending the law, broadening the legal basis for review, and providing fair compensation.
 
 Received: 27 July 2021 / Accepted: 27 September 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

The Call: Leo Strauss on Heidegger, Secularization, and Revelation

The Call: Leo Strauss on Heidegger, Secularization, and Revelation

35.3 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN EAST ASIA: I CAN’T SPANK MY CHILDREN ANYMORE?

As a traditional belief system, Confucianism is deeply embedded in Chinese culture and to some extent in most East Asian cultures. It values good behaviors and regards filial piety as an unconditional obligation of the child. Fathers own absolute parental power authority that cannot be challenged, while teachers are granted equal parental power in school. Historically, corporal punishment was nearly universally accepted and routinely used for disciplinary purposes in East Asia. An increasing commitment has been made to legally protect children from corporal punishment. In 2020, Japan became the second state, after Mongolia, in East Asia to enact prohibition of all corporal punishment of children. In China, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, children are protected from some corporal punishment in certain settings, although it remains largely lawful in the home. To work more effectively with families with belief systems that differ from our own, it becomes vitally important for child and adolescent psychiatrists to understand corporal punishment from a historical perspective and to be aware of cultural factors that could affect parents’ and schools’ choices of child discipline. The presenter will review the history, traditional beliefs, evolving faith in the younger generation, and progress in legal reform to reflect on corporal punishment in East Asia. Through the presentation of available evidence and the use of clinical vignettes, the presenter will portray the current state of corporal punishment in this area. The importance of working with each family’s value system will be highlighted, and strategies to overcome challenges will be discussed. Through acquiring increased cultural awareness of corporal punishment and learning skills to mitigate barriers, attendees will gain expertise in delivering culturally informed care while working with families from diverse backgrounds. Addressing corporal punishment is a particularly challenging task because it is traditionally regarded as a culturally and socially acceptable form of child discipline in certain cultures. Increasing cultural awareness is an essential step to achieving our ultimate goal: spare the rod, treat youth as if they were what they ought to be.

Kewenangan PTUN dalam Memeriksa Surat Presiden tentang RUU Cipta Kerja dan Implikasi Putusannya

For the first time, the President's Letter in the formation of law was sued by the Administrative Court. This study is intended to determine the authority of the Administrative Court in examining the President's Letter on the Job Creation Bill. The research method uses a normative juridical method using a law approach and a case approach. Based on the results of the research, it is known that the Administrative Court lacks absolute authority to investigate the Presidential Letter on the Job Creation Bill because the Presidential Letter does not meet the requirements specified in the law to qualify as the object of the TUN dispute, namely the state administrative decision (KTUN)/Beschikking. It can also be seen, that even if the decision of the Administrative Court or the court of appeal and cassation within the framework of Judicial Activism accepts and grants the lawsuit of the President's Letter regarding the Job Creation Bill, the decision cannot have direct implications for the invalidity of the validity/legitimacy of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation because the cancellation of the validity/legitimacy of a law is not under the authority of the Administrative Court, the PT-TUN includes the Supreme Court, but the authority of the Constitutional Court through material and formal examinations. The Job Creaton Act is still regarded as legal and binding if the Constitutional Court does not invalidate it.
 Keywords: Administratif Court; authority; examine; presidential letter.