Absheron Peninsula Research Articles

Flowering and productivity of Berberis L. species introduced to the Absheron peninsula

Flowering and productivity of Berberis L. species introduced to the Absheron peninsula

Stimulation of Oil Inflow by Isolating Water Inflows in the Bottomhole Zone

Since most of the fields in the Absheron peninsula of the Republic of Azerbaijan are at the final stage of development, an inevitable reduction in hydrocarbon production is expected. It is planned to support oil production at the current level through the reconstruction of wells of the inactive fund. An increase in the proportion of formation water in well production, the presence of intra-reservoir, annulus and other cross-flows in this region, in most cases, is associated with inefficient isolation work. The development of effective recipes for cement slurries with controlled rheological properties is relevant. To regulate the rheological properties of cement slurries, the products of the company «Matanat A» «İzo-Sem» were used as an additive. In the course of the experiments, the influence of «İzo-Sem» dispersions on the physicochemical parameters of the cement stone was studied. When regulating the rheological properties of cement slurries with «İzo-Sem» additives, it is necessary to determine the effect of thermobaric factors on the values of these properties. In studies to assess the effect of temperature on the rheological properties of cement slurries with the addition of «İzo-Sem», they were carried out for the temperature range of 25÷75 °C. Dry mix of grout cement G-CC-1 (APİ Spec 10A Class G-HSR) was used in the studies. Keywords: Cement; Insulating additive; Plastic viscosity; Shear stress; Bottomhole zone; Thixotropy; Dispersed systems; Thermobaric factors.

Modern geodynamics and seismicity of the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea

The region’s oil fields are located within the South Caspian oil and gas basin, on the territory of the Absheron Peninsula and the adjacent waters of the Caspian Sea. Here are more than 80 oil and gas fields. To this end, this article presents the geological structure of the South Caspian Depression, as well as the Absheron-Balkhan zone. The analysis of oil and gas content and modern seismicity of the Caspian Sea is carried out. Increasing recoverable oil reserves, reducing water cut, increasing or even stabilizing production at this stage is the number one task for the oil industry. It has been established that in recent years, the level of seismic activity of individual sections of the Caspian water area has increased, and the amount of seismic energy released in the Central Caspian has increased by several dozen times, it can be assumed that the change in oil production in many offshore fields in the northern part of the Absheron-Balkhan fold system is associated with strong (ml>3.0) earthquakes characterized by fault-shear type of movements. Keywords: Caspian sea; oil and gas deposits; earthquake source mechanisms.

Plant Ecological Research for the Bioremediation From Pollution by Oil and Oil Products in Absheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan)

In Azerbaijan, it is necessary to study scientifically the fertility of groundwater contaminated soils and the restoration of vegetation, as well as the benefits derived from underground oil and petroleum products. For this purpose, it is a very urgent issue to carry out phytoecological studies around the wells operated in oil fields. In modern times, when petroleum products are extracted, soils are subject to degradation due to anthropogenic and technogenic effects and some species of our flora have been oppressed. For the first time, phytoecological studies were carried out by us in the Pirallahi Oil and Gas Extraction Department of Absheron Neft State Oil Company of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Determination of oil-contaminated lands and areas under groundwater in the operational zones of oil and gas extraction departments on the Absheron Peninsula in the “Comprehensive Plan of Action for Improvement of the Environmental Situation in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2006-2010” approved by order of the President of the Azerbaijan Republic dated September 28, 2006 and the preparation of a large-scale ecological map of the Absheron peninsula was demonstrated.

The effect of regulation of well capacity on formation of sand plugs

The sand production still remains complicated problem in the wells of Absheron peninsula operated in “Azneft” PU. It is noted that the annual average height of sand plugs in the casing of mentioned wells reaches up to 665500 m. To prevent sand production, the hydrodynamic surveys were carried out and the following results were obtained: a) a mathematical model of plug formation in oil production, which combines the hydrodynamic parameters of reservoir and well has been developed; b) the rate of particle collection of solid substances remained in suspended state in the oil depends either on the viscosity and density of the oil, or on the hydrodynamic parameters of oil bearing reservoir; c) a hydrodynamic condition when the particle collection of solid substances in the oil does not occur is offered; d) within the offered hydrodynamic model of plug formation in the well, the aspects of regulation of well capacity providing the prevention of plug formation have been developed.

Observations of the oil-polluted soil of Absheron Peninsula using Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2A imagery

The Absheron Peninsula is the biggest urbanized area in Azerbaijan. Along with the growth of the massive oil production, the role of the Peninsula has increased and big ecological problems have arisen. In this research, the investigation of the possibility of detecting hydrocarbons in sandy soil through Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 A satellite and drone images and chemical analysis was conducted. The main study was based on the satellite imagery of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2A, employing NDVI calculations and analyses. In order to calculate NDVI, ESRI ArcGIS 10.3 software has been used. The multispectral images with 30m spatial resolution of Landsat 8 and 10 m resolution multispectral images of Sentinel 2 were used. Additionally, drone observations lead to obtaining high-resolution data about soil pollution in the study area. Also, field samples were taken to the laboratory and necessary chemical analysis was performed for validation purposes. This study showed that multispectral remote sensing can be used to detect hydrocarbons in the soil in oil production areas. Hydrocarbon-bearing substances’ absorption into the soil results in a low value of NDVI in the study area. The observations in the winter and summer seasons show that the seasonal changes in weather conditions affect both the amount of oil contamination in the soil and the detection process of soil pollution by oil using remote sensing.

General information on the algoflora of some lakes of the Absheron Peninsula

General information on the algoflora of some lakes of the Absheron Peninsula

Classification of non-anticlinal traps on the eastern Absheron peninsula applying digital geophysical methods

Classification of non-anticlinal traps on the eastern Absheron peninsula applying digital geophysical methods

Bioecological Features and Reproduction of Leucaena Pulverulenta Benth. in the Conditions of the ABSHERON

The article presents information about the introduction of the species Leucaena pulverulenta Benth., belonging to the genus Leucaena Benth., in the conditions of Absheron, bioecological features, reproduction, a comprehensive study of growth and development, research work and results. It is important to study the changes that occur at all stages of ontogeny, the study of growth and developmental characteristics of plants under the conditions of introduction, reproductive characteristics such as flowering and fruiting. Methods for assessing the main bioecological characteristics of plants provide obtaining the main bioecological characteristics of the species, its growth and reproduction. The choice of plants for landscaping, along with their biological and ecological characteristics, is closely related to the soil and climatic conditions of the region. For the stability and durability of the planted greenery, it is advisable to use plants that have more valuable decorative properties. When choosing plants for landscaping, it should be borne in mind that they are more decorative, resistant to diseases and pests. Leucaena pulverulenta Benth., when analyzing the results of the study in terms of its ecological and biological characteristics, the species has a dry subtropical character, is recognized as drought-resistant, heat-resistant, photophilous and less demanding on the soil. The relatively low and high alkalinity of organic and inorganic substances in the gray-brown soils of the study area has a negative impact on the vegetative and generative organs of plants at certain stages of the seasonal development rhythms of these plants. However, this effect is not decisive in completing the life cycle of the studied plants. Thus, it can be concluded from the research that in the conditions of Absheron plants can fully complete the rhythms of development, which is expedient in terms of their widespread use in the landscaping of the Absheron Peninsula.

INFLUENCE GROUNDWATER PRODUCTION AND EXPLOITATION ON ECOSYSTEM CHANGING IN AZERBAIJAN

The Azerbaijan Republic is located in the arid climatic zone and due to this feels deficit of general water balance. The production and utilization of the groundwater caused negative consequences that affected on natural conditions of different regions. For example, in Qanikh-Ayrichay fields we can notice abnormally high hydraulic interrelation between ground and surface waters, and underground component of the river drain in the natural conditions forms approximately 55-65%. When infringing given conditions by production the groundwater the decrease of their average level forms approximately 50-60 meters. The appeared depression funnels cause tightening of the additional volume of river run-off to the groundwater intake wells, that is damage river run-off. Given volume of the river run-off must not be calculated twice when assessing the common water balance of the region. And another fact, the decrease of the groundwater level in a part of Gusar region has created some ecological problems. In the region of development of the relict forests the dynamic levels of the groundwater decreased on 25-30 meters. This affected root-inhabitable stratum and as a result led to abrupt aggravation of the ecological situation of the regions. It was required to optimize the production of the groundwater. Opposite situation is observed in the Absheron Peninsula where there are almost no fresh water resources. The water demands are met by surface water resources of Samur river and groundwater transfer from Guba-Gusar region of the Republic (more than 200 km from the demand areas). These sources are augmented with water from Kura river in the Ali-Bayramli region (more than 180 km from the demand area), at rates of up to 30 m'/sec. Due to the specific hydrogeological conditions, absence of sewerage system and etc., it leads to land subsidence, landslide processes, flooding, and other environmental and social phenomena and abrupt aggravation of the geoecological situation of the peninsula, in the whole. As it has already been mentioned a big part of groundwater in Azerbaijan is utilized for irrigation of agricultural crop. Mostly we notice fresh (up to1.0 g/l) or weakly saltish (up to 3.0 g/l) hydrocarbonate-sulphate and sulphate - hydrocarbonate waters with different cationic composition. The combination of cations form irrigation factors of the groundwater and as a result forms opportunity to utilize it for irrigation of concrete soils. Incorrect calculation of given qualitative parameters in the "water-rock" system has led to salinization of the soils of irrigated areas of Mil and Mugan-Salyan plains and accordingly led them to exit from the crop rotation. At present time, melioration of these areas is realizing. Thus, we can certify that production and utilization of the groundwater is essential anthropogenic factor, which influence on geoeco-logical situation of the republic. This factor must be taken into account when forecasting water-related activities in the whole and concerning exploitation of the groundwater, in particular. Keywords: water-bearing horizons, aquifer, water-saturated series, water-economy balance, gravel-pebble sedimentation, depression funnel, Mil and Mugan-Salyan plains, exploitative reserves.

The influence of curvilinear form of boundaries on reflected wave field

The paper is devoted to the influence of curvilinear reflection boundaries on kinematic and dynamic 1haracteristics of reflected seismic waves. First of all, the paper describes the major reasons of low geological efficiency of CDP seismic survey in the areas of Azerbaijan, characterized by complex surface and deep seismic and geological environmental features and in this aspect, the special attention is paid to curvilinear boundaries. The paper displays statistical data for Shamakhy-Gobustan province, where of 132 anticlinal folds only a few are under production currently. It is considered, how the spatial curvilinear nature of reflection surfaces influence reflection waves propagation. In addition, by use of 3D seismic data the formula is given for breakdown of reflection waves along propagation planes in space. As the example, VSP data from a well in Absheron peninsula are displayed and on the seismic records, it is possible to clearly observe the out of plane waves, which do not propagate in the section plane (in the vertical plane). Velocity analysis is based on evaluation of coherency measure, which allow to assess the correlation level of reference point of seismic traces in the given time window along the hyperbolic trajectory of curvature depending on time and velocity. It is known that in case of curvilinear reflection boundaries the observed travel time graphs are far from hyperbolic by their shape, and due to this, in the process of velocity analysis we derive both optimal stacks, which are the subject to the rule of velocity change versus time, common to this area, and also quite different stacks, which we name as “anomalous”. The great importance is to make clear the nature of these “anomalous” stacks at the initial stage of study as they keep some hidden information about the geology of the area. Analysis display that in addition to folded reflections, the cause of these anomalous stacks may be the curvilinear boundaries, horizontal gradient of the velocity. Curvilinear boundaries influence also the dynamic parameters, wave amplitudes in particular, as in the case of curvilinear boundaries the seismic rays are focusing due to the concaved shape of boundary. It has been noted that if the curvature of a syncline form boundary is not constant, then at the defined reception points the reflections arrive from several parts (points) of syncline and the reflected energy will be recorded as several branches (most frequently as three). As the light is focused when it passes through the lens, the seismic waves are similarly focused by curvilinear boundaries and due to the refraction the seismic rays are bended and we observe intensive reflections on seismic sections.

Introduction and Crop Performance of Styphnolobium japonicum in the Absheron Peninsula

In recent years, along with local flora, many ornamental plants have been brought from all over the world, including Japanese Sophora (Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott, genus StyphnolobiumSchott, family Fabaceae). The species is widely used in landscape architecture due to its decorative properties. There are 12,000 species belonging to this family in the world, 1,700 of them exist in the former Soviet Union, 550 in the Caucasus and over 400 species in Azerbaijan. S. japonicum is of particular importance when introduced for the purpose of landscaping the Absheron Peninsula. The studies were carried out in 2020–2021 on the Absheron Peninsula, at the experimental site of the Institute of Dendrology of Azerbaijan NAS. The purpose of the study: development of rules for the introduction and adaptation of Japanese Sophora in the conditions of Absheron, identification of biological characteristics, resistance to environmental factors, phytochemical studies and determination of areas of application. To achieve the goals set during the study, different methods were used and phenological observations were carried out in different areas. In the course of the study, seeds collected on the Absheron Peninsula and brought on exchange from the Romanian garden Hortus Botanicus were used. It has been found that most of the seeds of S. japonicum require the same conditions for germination. The percentage of germination of seeds of a fresh crop is 1.5–2.0 times higher than that of the seeds of the previous year. Therefore, freshly harvested S. japonicum seeds should be used when sowing. The research results showed that Japanese Sophora, introduced in the conditions of Absheron, has normal stages of development and produces seeds with high germination.

Caragana decorticans Hemsl. Introduction and Use in Amenity Planting (Azerbaijan)

In the article about Caragana decorticans Hemsl., the studies carried out in the field of introduction of the species at the Institute of Dendrology, located on the Absheron Peninsula in Azerbaijan, are analyzed. The effective ways of introduction of the species and the results of practical application are shown. It has been established that the seeds of Caragana decorticans Hemsl. They have proved themselves well in the conditions of the subtropical climate of Absheron and have a potency of up to 85%. This suggests that the introduction of species Caragana decorticans Hemsl. is suitable for the arid subtropical climate of Absheron. It is advisable to use these plants for amenity planting and landscaping.

Preparation of proposals for efficient use of associated waters produced with oil in oil fields of the Absheron Peninsula

Preparation of proposals for efficient use of associated waters produced with oil in oil fields of the Absheron Peninsula

Research of Transport Effects of Heavy Metals in Plants of Opuntia Vulgaris Mill and Rosmarinus Offıcinalis L., Grown in the Technogenic Contaminated Soils

In this work, it was carried out the study of transport effect of a number of heavy metals from technogenic contaminated soil to the plants of Opuntia Vulgaris Mill and Rosmarinus officinalis L. For the conducting research it was selected two sites for each plant from the technogenic contaminated zone in the village of Gala, Absheron Peninsula of Azerbaijan. It was used transportable roentgen-fluorescence XRF spectrometer X Omega Roentgen Pluorescence Spectrometer of Innov–X for the measurement of plants of heavy metals in contaminated soil and plants. Seedlings of these plants were moved from ecologically clean areas to contaminated areas. Before planting, the concentration of a number of heavy metals was measured in the soil at depths of (0-5); (10-15); (15-20) cm. Measurement of concentration of heavy metals in the samples were carried out after 6 month of planting. It was revealed that, there is “Transport effect” of a number of heavy metals from technogenic contaminated soil to the above-mentioned plants. The results of experiment are expressed in the following figures (the concentration of specified heavy metals in soil corresponds to the depth of (0-5) cm). For Opuntia Vulgaris Mill – Cd (2,27-1,86): Pb (9,58-5,59); Zn (60,28-46,40); Ni (31,76-22,32); Co (4,60-2,46); Mn (39,76-16,57). For Rosmarinus officinalis L. – CD (2,36-0,92); Pb (9,31-3,38); Zn (58,17-39,90); Ni (29,61-12,75); Co (4,71-1,64); Mn (37,15-16,57) (unit of measuring concentration - mg/kg; in the brackets, in the first place there is concentration in soil, in the second place there is transported concentration in plants taking into account background measurement before planting).

Климатические особенности показателей фотосинтеза в листьях некоторых вечнозеленых растений Апшеронского полуострова

The work is devoted to the study of the photosynthetic activity of the leaves of some evergreen trees and shrubs introduced on the Absheron Peninsula. Using the LI-6400XT Portable Photosynthesis System RC-P60, 2021 (made in China), the molar amount of CO2 and water, the temperature index inside and in the external environment of the leaf, photosynthetic activity and transpiration rate, relative humidity, and other parameters were determined green leaf. It has been established that there is a direct correlation between the absorbed carbon dioxide and the amount of evaporating water emitted and the presence of the relative humidity of the leaf, which is an indicator of the activity of photosynthesis. The accumulated organic compounds are a source of potential energy during intracellular oxidation. The presence of a dense epidermis of eucalyptus and oleander leaves ensures the economical use of water molecules during transpiration.

Основные диагностические показатели техногенно-нарушенных серо-бурых почв северо-западной части Апшеронского полуострова (Сумгаитский массив)

This article presents the results of research on the main diagnostic indicators of technosols transformed from grey-brown soils base in the northwestern part of the Absheron peninsula (Sumgait massif). The changes are shown in the soil profile of humus indicators, total nitrogen, CaCO3, pH environment, as well as granulometric composition of soils in every key area.

Monitoring of oil-polluted soils using remote sensing and GIS

The article presents materials on identifying possible changes in oil-bearing and oil-polluted soils of Absheron peninsula using satellite data and GIS technologies. The state of degraded soils polluted with oil and oily wastes, was analyzed as well as in the territories of Absheron peninsula where in 2014, 2017 and 2020 recreational activities were carried out. Multispectral images of the landsat-8 satellite were used to detect changes in these territories. The received primary results were mapped and comparatively analyzed. On the basis of the comparative analysis the changes occurred in this territory were analyzed every 3 years. In order to detect the changes, the new mathematical formulas have been developed and applied to the indicated spectra. The received results have been presented in the form of relevant maps, tables and graphs.

Влияние изменения климата на растительность Апшеронского полуострова

Climate change is one of the global problems of modern times, and the increase in the average annual temperature in our country over the past 100 years to 0.4–1.3 °C has affected the structure and function of cultural ecosystems in the Absheron Peninsula. In order to study the impact of climate change on the peninsula, dendrochronological and dendroclimatological studies were conducted, forest assessments were analyzed. The study found that the increase in carbon dioxide in forests due to climate change in the Greater and Lesser Caucasus has affected the growth dynamics, phenology, growth, root system and productivity of plants. The increase in CO2 in the Greater Caucasus is due to the endemic, rare, endangered tree plants of Azerbaijan Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey., Parrotia persica (DC.) C. A. Mey., Carpinus betulus L., Pinus eldarica Medw., and others. manifests itself more in species. As a result of warming observed in forests in the northern regions of the Greater Caucasus, an increase in the annual ring remnants of young trees was observed in 2010–2020 compared to 1850. Rapid growth of plants was observed in the early stages of plant growth in areas where the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increased. At the same time, it should be noted that the excessive increase in CO2 in forests caused drought stress in July and August. Although climate change has affected the physiology and growth of trees in the study, increasing ozone in the area balances it by resisting the positive effects of CO2.

Рекультивация нефтезагрязненных земель Апшеронского полуострова

In the presented article, the issues of pollution of the lands of the Absheron Peninsula with oil and oil products are considered. The physical, chemical and physical chemical parameters of soils are analyzed. The issues of reclamation and restoration of technically disturbed and oil-contaminated lands of the Absheron Peninsula are considered.