Absence Of Regulation Research Articles

Avanços biotecnológicos e seus reflexos: um estudo de caso acerca da nacionalidade à luz dos direitos humanos

A medicina tem apresentado diversas transformações com o intuito de melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas. A exemplo disto, menciona-se a reprodução humana assistida. Referida técnica revela sua importância na medida em que permite que indivíduos com disfunções relacionadas à fertilidade ou mesmo casais homoafetivos possam ter filhos. Mas não é só: também se apresenta como recurso àqueles que visam planejar o intervalo ou o tempo em que terão sua respectiva prole. Não obstante, apesar de amplamente utilizado, verifica-se que os problemas ético-jurídicos decorrentes deste procedimento não foram suficientemente enfrentados pelo direito, seja pela ausência de regulamentação ou pelas consequências exsurgidas, não antes previstas. É o que se verifica quando do confronto existente entre decisões jurídico-administrativas e direitos fundamentais tutelados por declarações internacionais. Neste cenário, pretende-se analisar dois casos dos Estados Unidos da América, nos quais, há um só tempo, negou-se cidadania à uma criança e concedeu-se ao seu respectivo irmão, com base em fatores genéticos e desconsideração de vínculos afetivos. Para tanto, far-se-á uma análise acerca das técnicas de reprodução assistida e sua regulamentação no Brasil, assim como nos Estados Unidos da América. Isto, visando correlacionar as questões atinentes à cidadania americana e aos direitos humanos envolvidos na situação em referência. O método adotado é o dedutivo, tomando por base os aspectos doutrinários e legislativos pertinentes ao tema, em âmbito nacional e estrangeiro.

Wawasan Kebersihan Lingkungan & Keberagamaan; Praktik Kebersihan Lingkungan pada Civitas Akademika UIN Imam Bonjol Padang

The basic identity of academic community of UIN Imam Bonjol Padang is Muslim, with sufficient religious knowledge. This study aims to see the correlation of knowledge with behavior in maintaining environmental cleanliness. The research data collection was carried out by survey and in-depth interviews with the academic community of UIN Imam Bonjol. This study found that, first the understanding of the academic community of UIN Imam Bonjol Padang about cleanliness was quite good at the individual level originating from the hadith about cleanliness, both in text and in substance. Second, in maintaining cleanliness, UIN academics are influenced by the lack of available hygiene facilities and infrastructure and the absence of regulation. Third, there is an asymmetrical relationship between the knowledge of the UIN academic community about environmental hygiene and practice because the understanding of environmental hygiene is still in the domestic area and is private in nature, not yet entering the public space.

Consideration of climate change mitigation in Canadian environmental assessment: intention and implementation

ABSTRACTQuantifying a proposed project’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and scrutinizing their effect on climate change are increasingly required in Canadian environmental assessment (EA) processes. This paper investigates to what degree an EA authority’s intention for the inclusion of GHG considerations has resulted in implementation into environmental impact statements (EISs) by proponents and how these considerations influence the achievement of GHG reduction targets. Fifteen projects across five Canadian jurisdictions were reviewed. The examination revealed that well-developed intentions by EA authorities did not necessarily result in proponents following guidelines for GHG consideration in their EISs due to the absence of regulation or clearly defined policies. Conversely, even though intentions by an EA authority are underdeveloped in some jurisdictions, EISs sometimes exhibited thorough GHG assessments due to mechanisms in the EA process through which GHG consideration by the proponent could be compelled. The examination did not reveal how GHG consideration in EA currently assists in meeting reduction targets. A GHG emissions limit imposed during the EA process could link EA to success in meeting these targets.

Governance in the Absence of Regulation: A Study of Initial Coin Offerings

We examine whether the market for ICOs can alleviate asymmetric information and incentive problems through self-imposed governance mechanisms despite the limited regulation in this market. We propose what we call the substitution hypothesis which states that market forces incentivize ICO issuers to voluntarily adopt governance mechanisms which effectively bind their behavior as a substitute for regulatory involvement. The substitution hypothesis also predicts that these voluntarily adopted governance mechanisms lead to lower underpricing, better ex-post performance, higher ICO success and more efficient price discovery in the secondary market. We find comprehensive empirical support for the substitution hypothesis. Our results suggest that these governance mechanisms help to make ICOs a viable and innovative method of financing.

Are Chinese nationals’ attitudes to wildlife tourist attractions different from those of other nationalities?

Many wildlife tourist attractions (WTAs) have negative impacts on animal welfare and species conservation. In the absence of regulation, raising standards requires tourists to create market pressure by choosing to attend WTAs with benefits for wildlife. We surveyed respondents from five countries – China, Australia, Canada, UK, and USA – to quantify how attitudes to captive animals, and towards WTAs’ outputs and standards, may vary with nationality. Our aim was to provide a firm basis for behaviour change interventions to alter current patterns of tourist consumption of WTAs. All respondents agreed on the importance of conservation and animal welfare, but Chinese respondents were twice as likely to believe that WTAs would not be allowed to exist if they were bad for animals, and that WTAs’ promotional materials were reliable indicators of welfare and conservation standards. These findings indicate Chinese respondents had fundamentally similar attitudes to those from the other countries, but differed in how those attitudes were likely to be applied. Chinese tourists may experience more barriers to aligning their actions with their values with respect to WTAs. Removing these barriers may require information campaigns to highlight the lack of regulation, and the unreliability of some WTAs’ promotional materials and tourists’ reviews.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА АСИМЕТРІЯ В СВІТОВІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ

The article is devoted to studying the phenomenon of information asymmetry in the world economy. It is postulated that information asymmetry has existed in the world economy since the birth of international relations – however, with the accelerated introduction of information technology, it becomes more and more pronounced, and the significance of its effects grows. According to the results of researching the existing theoretical approaches, it is proved that without the free movement of information, it is impossible to move goods, services and financial assets freely. The main factors that cause information asymmetry are identified. The main reasons that prevent the free access of economic subjects to information are analyzed: misinterpretation of information due to lack of competence, conditions of secrecy on certain information; formation of a state-bounded symmetric information field; the international level of information is not always characterized by relevance because of its scale. It is proved that the main incentives for the growth of information asymmetry are deliberate distortion, silence, or lack of the necessary methodological basis for identifying trends in predictions of situations in the world economy. The main policy approaches to benefit from reducing information asymmetry are classified. It is determined that in the absence of regulation, information asymmetry creates conditions for an oligopolistic domination of China and the US, through the formed global value chains. The findings suggest that information in the global economy is a source of competitive advantage for firms in developing countries, and trade deals still retain the pioneering advantages of dominant players. It is proposed to regulate the flow of information generated domestically through: the creation of a digital industry, while solving the problems of market concentration and taxation in the economy; by digitizing and integrating information into value chains. It is desirable that the legal regulation of the information field takes into account the specificity of countries. But on the other hand, it may be easier to regulate international data flows as a way to promote innovation and trade, as information asymmetry increases costs and reduces efficiency in the field. Further scientific and methodological researches of the author will be devoted to the study of these aspects of information asymmetry in the world economy.

Petroleum and Risk Management in the Gulf South by James B. McSwain

Reviewed by: Petroleum and Risk Management in the Gulf South by James B. McSwain Diana Davids Hinton Petroleum and Risk Management in the Gulf South. By James B. McSwain. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2019. Pp. 368. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.) When widespread drilling for natural gas in the Barnett Shale underlying the Fort Worth metroplex took place after 2000, it presented area cities with new and perplexing problems. While the economic benefits of the gas drilling boom were obvious, cities faced safety issues raised by the production of large volumes of a highly flammable substance in heavily populated areas. They had to identify hazards and devise regulations in the interest of public safety, which was no easy matter. As James B. McSwain points out, cities on the Gulf Coast had faced similar challenges a century earlier when oil began to displace coal as a boiler fuel. That makes his study most timely. [End Page 367] Working within the context of the modernization of the Gulf South and, more generally, the demand for cheap fuel in growing industrial centers of the early twentieth century, McSwain looks at how Mobile, Houston, New Orleans, and Galveston approached safety issues raised by increased use of fuel oil, particularly during 1901–02. The enormous Spindletop discovery made the use of crude or fuel oil far cheaper than coal and economically attractive for large-scale energy consumers. But a half century's experience with urban use of flammable liquids, principally kerosene, showed that public safety required regulation to prevent disastrous fires. As McSwain describes at length, cities elsewhere worked with insurers and engineers to construct a body of risk-reducing guidelines and regulations, information circulated by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. By 1901 all four cities could draw on that information to regulate such matters as location and size of storage tanks, proper tank construction, and transport of fuel to consumers. Applying national guidelines, however, proved a challenging matter. City governments had to mediate between oil vendors and consumers, who argued that the economic advantages of fuel oil far outweighed hazards, and insurers who could threaten to cease underwriting in the absence of regulation. In this regard, Texas historians will be especially interested in how regulation was negotiated in Houston and Galveston. Business interests in both cities saw cheap fuel from oil as a tremendous spur to industrial growth; Galveston businessmen also saw it assisting recovery from the devastating hurricane of 1900. Locating substantial storage facilities in or near downtowns made it easier for fuel to reach consumers but created a significant fire hazard, an issue that took differing shape in the two cities. In Houston, the hottest controversy eventually focused on the size and location of consumers' storage tanks at downtown buildings. In Galveston, locals differed about where petroleum would be offloaded from barges docked at wharves; shippers feared offloading anywhere near their bales of cotton awaiting shipment, and Sealy family interests faced off against Charles Clarke's circle over which wharves would be used. McSwain minutely details how locals negotiated regulation. In an epilogue, he briefly indicates what happened after the turn of the century. To describe McSwain's research as exhaustive would be an understatement. He consulted forty-seven newspapers and forty-three periodicals. There are eighty-nine pages of notes and forty-five of bibliography. This reader, however, found details of city fathers' deliberations slow going. Abbreviations of names of the many organizations and interest groups, while logistically necessary, meant constant referral from text to the abbreviations list at the beginning of the book, which grew tedious. That said, McSwain has made a welcome contribution to urban—and Texas—history. [End Page 368] Diana Davids Hinton University of Texas of the Permian Basin Copyright © 2019 The Texas State Historical Association

Captura corporativa de la salud pública.

La captacio corporativa es el proces intencionat pel qual les decisions politiques responen a un interes particular, privat, en detriment de l'interes public. El resultat es una regulacio injusta o l'absencia de regulacio quan aquesta es necessaria per a la proteccio del ben comu. Quan les politiques afecten els determinants comercials de la salut (alcohol, tabac, begudes ensucrades i aliments ultraprocessats), parlem de captacio corporativa de la salut publica. Les accions de captacio es dirigeixen a la societat civil, als experts, als funcionaris de salut publica i als politics, i poden ser de tipus material (portes giratories), intel·lectual (distorsio de la ciencia), social (control de la informacio) i cultural (per identitat de grup o estatus i relacions del regulador amb representants de corporacions privades). Les estrategies de captacio son: 1) esbiaixar els resultats cientifics, 2) crear consumidors precocos, 3) promoure una bona imatge de les corporacions, 4) questionar la legitimitat i conveniencia de la regulacio governamental, 5) controlar la formacio dels professionals i 6) pressionar els governs i organismes internacionals. Il·lustrem aquest fenomen amb un cas paradigmatic de captacio corporativa de la salut publica: les politiques nutricionals a Espanya des de l'aprovacio el 2005 de la «Estrategia per a la nutricio, activitat fisica i prevencio de l'obesitat (NAOS)», on part de la comunitat cientifica i els propis responsables d'aquestes politiques s'han plegat als interessos de les corporacions privades i han incorporat com a propi l'argumentari d'aquestes, convertint-se en els portantveus dels seus interessos.

Consent requirements for research with human tissue: Swiss ethics committee members disagree

BackgroundIn Switzerland, research with identifiable human tissue samples, and/or its accompanying data, must be approved by a research ethics committee (REC) before it can be allowed to take place. However, as the demand for such tissue has rapidly increased in recent years, and biobanks have been created to meet these needs, committees have had to deal with a growing number of such demands. Detailed instructions for evaluating every kind of tissue request are scarce. Committees charged with evaluating research protocols therefore sometimes face uncertainty in their decision-making.MethodsWe examine how a pool of Swiss REC members deal with a number of cases involving human tissue, in order to determine the standards they adhere to, and their understanding and implementation of existing laws and guidelines.ResultsThere is considerable divergence in the approaches and decisions of Swiss REC members regarding human tissue sample requests, particularly concerning the issue of informed consent. Despite recent trends towards less strict consent requirements for biosample research, many of our respondents continue to employ demanding standards for researchers. The question of informed consent, and the circumstances in which it is required, continues to result in differences of opinion.ConclusionsWhile room for local and cultural interpretation is essential to the workings of an REC, misunderstanding of existing guidelines, or an absence of regulation in sensitive areas, will only lead to suboptimal functioning of the REC itself. Our data suggests that there is uncertainty and disagreement on the question of consent for human tissue sample, which existing laws and guidelines may not fully clarify. Methods to address these uncertainties should be implemented in order to ensure efficient and harmonious review of research protocols.

A Quantitative Model for BicD2/Cargo Interactions.

Dynein adaptor proteins such as Bicaudal D2 (BicD2) are integral components of the dynein transport machinery, as they recognize cargoes for cell cycle-specific transport and link them to the motor complex. Human BicD2 switches from selecting secretory and Golgi-derived vesicles for transport in G1 and S phase (by recognizing Rab6GTP), to selecting the nucleus for transport in G2 phase (by recognizing nuclear pore protein Nup358), but the molecular mechanisms governing this switch are elusive. Here, we have developed a quantitative model for BicD2/cargo interactions that integrates affinities, oligomeric states, and cellular concentrations of the reactants. BicD2 and cargo form predominantly 2:2 complexes. Furthermore, the affinity of BicD2 toward its cargo Nup358 is higher than that toward Rab6GTP. Based on our calculations, an estimated 1000 BicD2 molecules per cell would be recruited to the nucleus through Nup358 in the absence of regulation. Notably, RanGTP is a negative regulator of the Nup358/BicD2 interaction that weakens the affinity by a factor of 10 and may play a role in averting dynein recruitment to the nucleus outside of the G2 phase. However, our quantitative model predicts that an additional negative regulator remains to be identified. In the absence of negative regulation, the affinity of Nup358 would likely be sufficient to recruit BicD2 to the nucleus in G2 phase. Our quantitative model makes testable predictions of how cellular transport events are orchestrated. These transport processes are important for brain development, cell cycle control, signaling, and neurotransmission at synapses.

Demand for and Assessment of Audit Quality in Private Companies

Financial statement audits are mandated in most countries, thus making it difficult to distinguish between auditing driven by private incentives versus that driven by regulation. Who would ask for an audit, and how would its quality be assessed in the absence of regulation? Many private companies in Canada get their financial statements audited even though the law does not require it. In this field study, we conduct interviews to discover reasons for demanding an audit, and criteria used to assess their quality. Our study reveals that both internal stakeholders (management, boards, and employees) as well as external stakeholders (customers, banks, and private equity firms) request audits. Users evaluate audit quality based on a variety of criteria such as the auditor's accounting expertise, the absence of errors, the fees involved, risk assessments offered, allocation of effort, internal control, and general business advice. Implications for audit regulations are discussed.

Concentration and exposure assessments of cadmium and lead in pumpkin, sunflower, watermelon, and jabooni seeds collected in Iran

Introduction â�� Heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are known to have high human toxicity. Their presence at various rates in oilseeds has gained more importance during the last few years in the absence of regulation in seeds. The consumption of seeds has been recently reported to increase in Iran, especially among adolescents and young people, so that heavy metal contamination in these seeds could become a great problem of public health. Materials and methods â�� This study investigated the Cd and Pb levels present in 168 seed samples (pumpkin, sunflower, watermelon and jabooni seeds) collected over the country, using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion. The data were used to estimate the weekly intake of Cd and Pb in Iranian consumers. Results and discussion â�� The highest concentrations of Pb and Cd were found in pumpkin shells and sunflower kernels, respectively. The concentrations of Pb and Cd detected in the seed samples averaged 77±28 I¼g kg-1 and 264±177 I¼g kg-1, respectively. The Pb content in 39 seed samples was exceeding the limit of 100 I¼g kg-1 established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The seeds with the highest Pb contamination were pumpkin seeds (67), followed by sunflower (30), watermelon (25), and jabooni seeds (15). None of the watermelon and jabooni seed samples were contaminated with Cd. The highest concentration (731 I¼g kg-1) and the highest number of samples (35) contaminated with Cd were recorded in the sunflower seeds. The differences in mean value of Pb and Cd among the seeds collected in various Iranian cities were not found statistically significant. Similarly, the mean intake of Pb and Cd estimated from the seed samples was much lower than the tolerable weekly intake (25.0 and 2.5 µg kg-1 week-1 for Pb and Cd, respectively) estimated by the JECFA. Conclusion â�� Although the mean dietary exposure of cadmium and lead was much lower than the reference doses, the high incidence of Pb and Cd in widely consumed oilseeds in Iran, and the toxic effects of Pb and Cd, indicate the necessity for regular surveillance to reduce intake of heavy metals by Iranian population. © ISHS 2018.

THE FUTURE OF CRYPTO-CURRENCY IN THE ABSENCE OF REGULATION, SOCIAL AND LEGAL IMPACT

The Internet revolution is fast outpacing the law and creating a newer world with the momentum of gripping the unwary crowd into a boundless world of anarchism. Money is defined as a medium of exchange, store of value, and a unit of account ( www.cliffnotes.com Date of use: 28/10/2017). Crypto-currency is a new wake in the digital reality that is performing the above functions of money. There are about 1,541 crypto-currencies traded in 8,894 markets by exchangers ( www.coinmarketcap.com Date of use: 28/01/2018). Prominent among these crypto currencies, is the Bitcoin which as a single coin had a monetary value of $0.05 USD in July 2010 and in November 2017, was valued at $18,000 ( www.useyourselfmedia.today Date of use: 28/10/2017). The drivers of crypto-currencies are basically the block-chain which is a technology, others are the exchanges, financial services provider, wallet services provider and miners. Under most jurisdictions, the exchanges and service providers are either not regulated or partially regulated. Regulations in the financial sector, are tools used in monitoring the movement of funds, fraud, financial crimes and money laundering, criminal activities, as well as the protection of consumers. In the absence of regulation, this paper seeks to examine the trend and legality of the crypto currency as a virtual currency and its current and future impact on the society. To achieve this, some monetary regulations will be evaluated and an attempt will be made to adapt these regulations to the crypto-currency framework. At the end of the paper, challenges will be identified with a view to recommending a regulated regime in the use of crypto-currencies for a safer society and consumer protection.

KETIADAAN BATAS WAKTU SUSPENSI DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PERLINDUNGAN INVESTOR PASAR MODAL INDONESIA

The problems in this study include First, how is the regulation of suspension and its implications on the legal certainty for listed companies? Sekond, what are the implications of the absence of time limit for suspension on investor protection? Third, how is the time limit for suspension in the United States? This study used normative legal method. The results of the study indicated that First, the absence of regulation regarding the time limit for suspension by the Indonesia Stock Exchange results in the absence of legal certainty for listed companies subject to suspension. Sekond, the absence of time limit for suspension has an impact in the form of a low legal protection for investors. Third, Suspension in the United States imposed by the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) is limited to a certain period of time. The regulated time limit for imposing suspensions in the United States provides more legal certainty for listed companies and more legal protection for investors.

Regulation of Internet-based Genetic Testing: Challenges for Australia and Other Jurisdictions.

The Internet currently enables unprecedented ease of access for direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing, with saliva collection kits posted directly to consumer homes from anywhere in the world. This poses new challenges for local jurisdictions in regulating genetic testing, traditionally a tightly-regulated industry. Some Internet-based genetic tests have the capacity to cause significant confusion or harm to consumers who are unaware of the risks or potential variability in quality. The emergence of some online products of questionable content, unsupported by adequate scientific evidence, is a cause for concern. Proliferation of such products in the absence of regulation has the potential to damage public trust in accredited and established clinical genetic testing during a critical period of evidence generation for genomics. Here, we explore the challenges arising from the emergence of Internet-based DTC genetic testing. In particular, there are challenges in regulating unaccredited or potentially harmful Internet-based DTC genetic testing products. In Australia, challenges exist for the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which oversees regulation of the genetic testing sector. Concerns and challenges faced in Australia are likely to reflect those of other comparable non-US jurisdictions. Here, we summarize current Australian regulation, highlight concerns, and offer recommendations on how Australia and other comparable jurisdictions might be more proactive in addressing this emerging public health issue.

KEJAHATAN NAMA DOMAIN BERKAITAN DENGAN MEREK

Indonesia already has an ITE Law governing domain names in general terms and on certain provisions in chapter VI, but the regulation of domain name crimes is not regulated in the ITE Law as mandated in the academic draft of the ITE Bill. The absence of regulation of domain name norm in the ITE Law creates problems with registrant of domain name (registrant) which deliberately register the domain name is bad faith. The characteristic of a crime in a domain name relating to the mark is that the registered domain name has an equation in essence with another party’s well-known brand, the act of doing so by exploiting a reputation for well-known or previously commercially valuable names as domain names for addresses for sites (websites) it manages. The Prosecutor may include articles of the KUHP in filing his indictment before the Court during the absence of special regulatory provisions concerning domain name crime.

Aged polymorphonuclear leukocytes cause fibrotic interstitial lung disease in the absence of regulation by B cells.

Pulmonary immunity requires tight regulation, as interstitial inflammation can compromise gas exchange and lead to respiratory failure. Here we found a greater number of aged CD11bhiL-selectinloCXCR4+ polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in lung vasculature than in the peripheral circulation. Using pulmonary intravital microscopy, we observed lung PMNs physically interacting with B cells via β2 integrins; this initiated neutrophil apoptosis, which led to macrophage-mediated clearance. Genetic deletion of B cells led to the accumulation of aged PMNs in the lungs without systemic inflammation, which caused pathological fibrotic interstitial lung disease that was attenuated by the adoptive transfer of B cells or depletion of PMNs. Thus, the lungs are an intermediary niche in the PMN lifecycle wherein aged PMNs are regulated by B cells, which restrains their potential to cause pulmonary pathology.

Centralized netting in financial networks

Abstract We consider how the introduction of centralized netting in financial networks affects total netted exposures between counterparties. In some cases there is a trade-off: centralized netting increases the expectation of net exposures, but reduces the variance. We show that the set of networks for which expected net exposures decreases is a strict subset of those for which the variance decreases, so the trade-off can only be in one direction. For some network structures, introducing centralized netting is never beneficial to dealers unless sufficient weight is placed on reductions in variance. This may explain why, in the absence of regulation, traders in a derivatives network do not develop central clearing. Our results can be used to estimate margin requirements and counterparty risk in financial networks. We also provide techniques to evaluate the robustness of our results to behavioral responses to the introduction of centralized netting.

The effect of priming, nationality and greenwashing on preferences for wildlife tourist attractions

Many wildlife tourist attractions (WTAs) have negative impacts on animal welfare and species conservation. In the absence of regulation, raising standards requires tourists to create market pressure by discerning the likely impacts of WTAs, and choosing to attend those with benefits. We created a novel, experimental survey to examine whether priming tourists to engage with the ethical dimension of their choice of WTA may stimulate them to prefer WTAs that are beneficial for wildlife.Our experimental survey comprised 10 mock webpages, mimicking promotional materials for existing types of WTA, five designed to represent beneficial (“good”), and five detrimental (“bad”) WTAs. WTAs were presented in random order via an online platform to 3224 respondents - 1614 Chinese in China, and 1610 English speakers in Australia, Canada, UK, and USA - who rated their preference for each. Prior to the survey 1610 respondents, stratified by country, were “primed” by asking them introductory questions about WTAs’ likely impacts.Primed English-speaking respondents were a mean of 4.1 times more likely to select lower likelihoods of attending bad WTAs, compared with control (unprimed) respondents. Priming had a smaller effect on Chinese respondents, making them 1.5 times more likely to select lower likelihoods of attending bad WTAs. Priming made all respondents more likely to select high likelihoods of attending good WTAs, but the effect was larger for Chinese respondents (2.0 times more likely) than English-speaking respondents (1.2 times more likely).After the survey respondents were shown ratings of each WTAs’ welfare and conservation impacts, and asked to re-assess each WTA. English speaking respondents were 5–13 times more likely to select lower likelihoods of attending bad WTAs after seeing the ratings, while Chinese respondents were 3–4 times more likely to do so.We conclude that respondents were able to discern beneficial from detrimental WTAs, and preferred beneficial WTAs when primed to consider the likely impacts of WTAs on wildlife conservation and animal welfare, but that the effect of priming was smaller for Chinese respondents. We recommend prominently hosting accurate information on the likely impacts of WTAs in the fora in which tourists are making their decisions, to direct tourist revenue away from WTAs with poor standards, and towards those that improve individuals’ welfare, and/or support species conservation.

Legalization of Regional Regulation on Domestic Workers in Special Region of Yogyakarta and its Challenge

<p>This paper examines the legislation process of Proposed Regional Regulation on Domestic Workers (Raperda PRT) in DIY. The regional regulation becomes important because domestic workers have a significant role for working family and for those who are busy with public life. This resulted in an incresed demand for this proffesion every year. Unfortunately, the absence of governing regulation for this profession lead to the use of a very unclear and messy working relationship practice by the DW (PRT)and the customer (service user). The violation of employment relationship becomes regular occurance, as well as the violence experienced by domestic workers, whether physical, psychological, economic, sexual or social. In Yogyakarta, the Domestic Workers Protection Network (JPPRT) of DIY has suggested that the various type of violence experienced by domestic workers can not be separated from the absence of regulation<br />that governing the working relation of domestic workers and service user. Against this background JPPRT decided to pioneer and propose a draft for regional regulation for domestic workers in The Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY).</p>