Absence Of Men Research Articles

Transient spaces, temporary alliances: harvesting breathing spaces in India’s sugarcane fields

ABSTRACT Marathwada is a historically drought-affected and caste-ridden region in Maharashtra, and a reflection of India’s story of exclusionary economic growth. Poor rainfall, extractive agrarian practices, and social exclusion have forced nearly one million marginal farm families and landless communities to harvest sugarcane in neighbouring districts. They are recruited in pairs, as a koyta, almost universally comprising husband and wife, and live and work on different sugarcane fields for six months a year. This article first describes the asymmetrical power relations and day-to-day practices of gendered public space that shape the lives of female cane harvesters as women, wives, and migrant labourers. It then illustrates the temporary friendships and inter-generational alliances that have emerged in these shared life/work spaces, referred to as ‘breathing spaces’: on their co-ordinated walks to complete morning ablutions in the open fields, in their shared kitchens outside their makeshift homes, and on the tractor-trailers that ferry them from one sugarcane field to another. Here, they express themselves and engage in both casual banter and serious discussion about their alcoholic husbands and abusive labour contractors, sexual and reproductive health problems, and even anxieties and dreams. It is in and through such smaller, transitory spaces within the larger spaces – in the absence of men – that the article presents the myriad ways in which the female koyta workers (re)produce social relations and reclaim their own little pockets of freedom to ensure safety, relief, and recovery. The article is based on a multi-sited ethnographic study, including inter-generational conversations, focus group discussions, stakeholder interviews, and thick field notes documented between October 2020 and August 2021.

Does the Absence of Men from the Household Increase Girls’ Shares in EducationExpenditures? Evidence from Rural Pakistan

This article investigates the impact of men’s migration on expenditure by left-behind households on children’s education, focusing on the gendered distribution of this expenditure. Using longitudinal survey data of rural households in Pakistan, the effect of men’s migration on the share of households’ education expenditure spent on girls is estimated using the fixed-effects model (FEM). Results suggest that in households from which men migrate for periods longer than six months, the share of education expenditures spent on girls is up to 31 percent higher than that of the average household in the sample. There is no evidence of a significant impact on households’ total education expenditure due to this migration. Overall, in households where men are absent, the distribution of education expenditure tilts in favor of girls. A possible mechanism behind the increase in girls’ shares is the greater participation of women in household decisions in the absence of men. HIGHLIGHTS In Pakistan, rural households from which men have migrated have higher expenditure on girls’ schooling. Men’s outmigration plausibly expands women’s participation in household decisions. Women’s role in expenditure decisions may improve and increase investments in girls’ education. Higher participation of women in household decisions potentially reduces gender inequality.

Presencias y ausencias paternas. Claves para comprender sus implicaciones emocionales y formativas

This is a book that, within the framework of studies on masculinities and paternities in our country, offers a perspective on a little explored dimension: the implications of the presence and absence of men, as fathers, in the life, daily life and relationships of the diversity of family arrangements that we can currently find. Both the theoretical elaboration that serves as an introduction to the book, as well as the particular studies that comprise it, offer a broad panorama of the ways in which, during the last few years, different social actors that make up family arrangements in our country live, experience, signify and re-signify the presence and absence of men as fathers. Absences due to issues as dissimilar as death, confinement, divorce and time absorbed by their jobs. Finally, these studies offer elements to rethink, theoretically, the emotional experiences and formative processes of people; formative in a broad sense, beyond the school as an institution, located in contexts of informal education, with all the complexity that this entails (Salguero & Yoseff, 2020). Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

Women-Headed Households: Diversity and Dynamics in Post-Conflict Settings in South Asia

Women-headed households have been reported to be emerging more than ever before in both developing and developed countries due to many reasons, from different factors affecting households in a country to regional and global determinants. This paper unpacks the diversity and dynamics of women-headed households in post-conflict contexts in South Asian countries, with a focus on Sri Lanka and Nepal using a feminist approach. Women-headed households have been reported to face higher levels of poverty than male-headed households in South Asia. There are compelling reasons to anticipate that a group of people who already experience social inequality because of their gender might also experience economic hardship. This paper discusses the challenges women face when heading households, their vulnerabilities, as well as their methods of overcoming the challenges as they take up household responsibilities in the absence of men. This paper also gives accounts of women heading households from their perspectives on how they manage the day-to-day running of the household and the challenges they face in a post-conflict setting. It concludes that the emergence of women-headed households are not only the result of conflict and that they are not a temporary aberration. The paper highlights the need to understand women-headed households in their unique settings, considering many factors that could influence their socioeconomic behaviour. Many of the household surveys fall short of analyzing the complexities associated with women-headed households and fail to identify uniqueness. Therefore, this paper argues the need for qualitative ethnographic data to understand the complexities of women-headed households. Ethnicity and cultural backgrounds need to be considered when analysing data on women-headed households as their dealings and experiences differ in the way these factors play in. This paper also emphasises the need for development practitioners to pay attention to the prevailing understandings of household headship and agency when devising policies to assist women-headed households.

Discourse of Women's Body Construction in Advertising and Promotion "Lovely Nia" and "Alitaren"


 
 
 
 The emergence of women who are often the subject of visualization of mass media advertisements is largely due to the perception of the low status of women in the institutions adopted by our society. Ads that standardize women's ideal bodies prove how men (especially in ad production) can create women to fit their "sexy or beautiful" fantasies. Advertising as a mass communication system, now tends to become a parameter and implementation that creates gender biases and preserving the construction of the female body. So that it’s considered not excessive regarding David Crystal's statement that advertising is the most colossal cultural product, when viewed from the perspective of ideology, morals and aesthetics. Using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, this study explores how 'Lovely Nia' discusses the construction of the female body in advertisements and social media promotions 'Lovely Nia' and 'Alitaren' how the concept of patriarchal ideology plays a role in this construction. The findings of this study are to make the concept of beauty an important asset that must be owned and cultivated by women and the discourse on the construction of the female body makes women still positioned as objects, especially when women have become wives. 'Lovely Nia' and 'Alitaren' still apply the malegaze concept in their advertisements and promotions both offline and online. Even though women place themselves as subjects who have full power over their body shape. The absence of men from advertising and social media promotions does not promise the release of women from patriarchal culture.
 
 
 

Peran Perempuan dalam Video Musik Bertaut Karya Nadin Amizah dan Implementasinya dalam Pendidikan Karakter

The music video with title Bertaut by Nadin Amizah depicts the life of a family consisting of only women. The absence of men in a family shows a new order that is separated from the habits, structures, and social systems of society that regard men as the control gender in the family. Women are able to act as single parents, act as mothers and fathers because they have strong, independent, and responsible characters. The results of this study indicate the role of women at home and outside the home as breadwinners. Women who have loyalty always accompanies family members in happy and sad times. Women are strong figures and able to strengthen other family members who are in trouble. The results of the study can be used as guidelines for teachers in shaping the character of students who are strong, independent, responsible, and have empathy for others. Through literary learning, students can experience catharsis, reflect on the figure that is well described in the lyrics of the song so that they can adapt the good character to be themselves.

The Image of Hindu Women in Conducting Their Swadharma

Women are creatures that are identical with the symbols of the world, as a balancer for the entire universe, women is discussed from era to era, from the Krtayuga era to the present, much debated era, the Kaliyuga era. Women are still discussed especially with regard to their inner and outer forms. To produce valid and reliable data, this research uses qualitative research methods. To produce logical data, this article performs several stages of data sorting as follows: 1). Data reduction, 2). Data display, 3). Data verification and, 4). Data interpretation from the articles. Related references really support the validity of a scientific work, therefore library techniques are also used through literature exploration on Google Scholar.
 The unique story of a creature named a woman is still a mystery by the analogy of men. The behavior of women from the incarnation of God who is born from a mother conceives that the woman is indeed a balancer both from bhuana agung and bhuana alit, the role and nature of a woman is very much different from that of men, starting from giving birth to regeneration - men do not can do this - but with the absence of men, women will also not be able to give birth to a baby. Hindu women who play a lot of roles in all their practices and customs, exhaust their minds and energy to live this attachment. Not to mention the modern era that is entangled in the economy and fashion in the social media era. Can Hindu women manage their lives for things like that? To be a career woman or traditional woman are not an easy thing to do, the consequences in living it are always there and the risk in every decision will give birth to pros and cons, and Hindu women, who are discussed in this article, are hoped to persist in every era while maintaining a positive image for Hindu women in carrying out their swadharma (obligation).
 Keywords: Image of Hindu Women, In Conducting Their Swadharma

An absence of men

Aoifean MacDonald shares his experiences as a student exploring gender in early years.

PESNIČKE REČI U VUKOVIM LIRSKIM NARODNIM PESMAMA

The subject of this research are poetic words in lyrical folk poems (Vuk’s first book of Serbian folk poems, published in 1841). Our goal was to investigate lexemes marked as poetic, the way they were marked as such in Vuk’s Serbian dictionary, as well as in contemporary Serbian lexicography (RSANU/RMS and RSJ), the characteristics and the status of these lexemes in modern Serbian language. According to how poetic words are presented in contemporary Serbian lexicography (from Vuk to the present day), four types of poetic words can be distinguished: choruses, words that in all their forms and meanings are used only in poems, words that are only in certain meanings used as poetic and words that are used as poetic only in certain forms. The research shows that this lexical set is by its nature extremely marginalized and hence, probably, the lack of a systematic approach to the analysis: the lack of instructions on how to deal with this lexicon, the absence of men- tioning these lexemes in the prefaces of (modern) dictionaries, a large number of different formulations in the qualification of these lexemes, uncertainty in the qualification. These issues should be investigated in future studies (using the corpus-based linguistic method), in order to obtain reliable data based on a large corpus.

The Power of Technique and the Absence of Man in a Photographic Picture

The text problematizes the connection between art and the power of technology. The question arises: how can photography as an art, created as a technical invention, respond to the challenges of technical power, which manifests itself as an unconditional desire for domination that knows no limits? The esthetician from Sarajevo, Sadudin Musabegović, understood the very power of photographic representation precisely through the figures of division: mimesis - poiesis - techne. Martin Heidegger's opinion on technique is connected with the figure offered by Musabegović. Sadudin Musabegović's aesthetic thought provides possible answers to the question: how is a man present in photography itself when the famous film critic Andre Bazin said that photography is the only art we enjoy because of an absence of a human? And what role does art play in overcoming the crisis established by technology in the modern world? In the 'age of mass reproduction', art itself has lost its aura, as Walter Benjamin states, and Musabegović adds that even the photographed being has lost its aura. The problem of losing the aura can also be understood as a new beginning, as a ‘new source’ for art itself. But for the source itself, Musabegović says that he finds himself in the flow, that he is always outside himself, he is in the intertwining, permeation that manifests itself in a dynamic, reversible, and moving figure: mimetic activity – making techne – productive poiesis. This text aims not only to explain the meaning of this figure, which Musabegović established originally within aesthetics, and especially in the field of photography and film, but also to analyze its meaning in the context of unmasking the logic of modern technical control, which marked a modern way of living, thinking, and perceiving the world.

Why Is the History of Ukrainian Literature Silent About the Women Writers of the Second and Third Decades of the 20th Century?

The article deals with the problem of avoiding women’s literature of the 1920s and 1930s in the narrative of the history of Ukrainian literature. This period is called the Executed Renaissance and is the key to the nation-making narrative. It is seen as the time of the modern nation formation and the time of the greatest sacrifice in the name of the nation. Women’s literature of that time is selectively discussed in this context, but the bulk of female literature of that period remains out of the attention of researchers, despite the fact that both the previous stage of development of women’s literature and subsequent ones are present in the narrative of the history of Ukrainian literature. The article hypothesizes that the period of the 1920s and 1930s “fell out” because the women’s literature of that time did not meet the needs of the nation-making narrative that dominates the Ukrainian humanities. The aim of the study is to show this discrepancy by analyzing the representation of gender practices in women’s texts of that period. The theoretical basis of the work was the ideas by Anne McClintock, Yuval-Davis, Joane Nagel, Robert Connell, Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that women’s literature of the time has different topics and problems, which is due to different experiences. Describing the Bolshevik reforms, women attach equal importance to changes in management and forms of ownership, as well as to the new norms of family and maternal law. The women writers remind of the importance of women’s work in enterprises and in agriculture, especially in the absence of men involved in the war. The literature reflects the rapid expansion of the range of characters’ professions, but at the same time shows the complexity of self-realization, especially when it is necessary to combine profession and motherhood. At this time, women speak more openly about cathexis, challenging patriarchal norms. The image of a woman, in particular of a mother, created by the woman writers did not correspond to the symbolic image of the nation’s reproducer, so the return of women’s literature of the 1920s and 1930s did not meet the needs of the nation-making narrative in the post-Soviet conditions.

TIN DISCOVERY AND CONSEQUENCE

The sermon of eco-activists for long has been about conservation of the flora and fauna, particularly the threatened and endangered species in order to sustain the steady cycle of the ecosystem. However, industrial and economic activities by humans have resulted in the obstruction of the ecosystemic chain. Many Western writers have imposed upon themselves the responsibility of promoting biological and environmental conservation through their art. However, the call for global environmental preservation has been answered weakly by black African writers and critics. This is so because the African writer has been preoccupied with issues of colonialism and corruption. YiroAbari’s In the Absence of Man is set in Jos, the capital of Plateau State of Nigeria. A city that has witnessed massive tin mining activities from the dawn of the 20th century which left vast ponds and infertile lands in the wake of mining. This paper explores the details of the wasted lands due to mining activities. It...

Aesthetics of Pain in Africa’s Third Generation Female Narrative: A Study of Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon.

Much of African literature began with men writers who were concerned about issues such as politics, colonialism and the independence of their countries. Women African writers only later entered this male-dominated field to introduce the female perspective which was always disregarded. In this patriarchal world naturally hostile to women, they introduced topics considered traditionally female, marriage and family. In the absence of men in their lives, women turned to each other for help and emotional support forming social female bonds which included mothers, daughters, grandmothers, friends and even antagonists. The importance of these relations for their survival will be examined in the following novels: Mi Carta Más Larga by Mariama Bâ, The Joys of Motherhood by Buchi Emecheta, Más Alla del Horizonte by Amma Darko and En un Lugar del Atlántico by Fatou Diome. In all the above texts we can find those female bonds and analyze them in order to discuss women’s relation to the Nation that men so defend. Women are no less important than the Nation because they form a great part of it; for the Nation to be independent, women need to be independent as well, forming an integral part of the Nation instead of standing in the background.

Women\u2019s Changing Opportunities and Aspirations Amid Male Outmigration: Insights from Makueni County, Kenya

In Makueni County, Kenya, an area experiencing intensifying migration flows, we investigate the aspired futures of rural men and women using a novel methodology combining a narrative-based survey tool, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. Our findings indicate that, in the absence of men and presence of norms restricting women's movement out of rural life, women are becoming increasingly engaged in farm management. Women’s aspirational narratives focused on commercialising farm activities, likely reflecting their changing agricultural opportunity space and new realities as farm managers. We highlight that only considering aspirations at the household level overlooks differing individual contributions, agency over various household income streams and individuals’ changing roles throughout life. Based on our findings, we make recommendations for further aspirations research including explicit consideration of intrahousehold heterogeneity and how individual strategies and aspirations interrelate and are negotiated at the household level to build an overall livelihood strategy.

The Paradigm of Hakka Women in History

Hakka studies rely strongly on history and historiography. However, despite the fact that in rural Hakka communities women play a central role, in the main historical sources women are almost absent. They do not appear in genealogy books, if not for their being mothers or wives, although they do appear in some legends, as founders of villages or heroines who distinguished themselves in defending the villages in the absence of men. They appear in modern Hakka historiography—Hakka historiography is a very recent discipline, beginning at the end of the 19th century—for their moral value, not only for adhering to Confucian traditional values, but also for their endorsement of specifically Hakka cultural values. In this paper we will analyse the cultural paradigm that allows women to become part of Hakka history. We will show how ethical values are reflected in Hakka historiography through the reading of the earliest Hakka historians as they depicted Hakka women. Grounded on these sources, we will see how the narration of women in Hakka history has developed until the present day.
 In doing so, it is necessary to deal with some relevant historical features in the construction of Hakka group awareness, namely migration, education, and women narratives, as a pivotal foundation of Hakka collective social and individual consciousness.

Continuity and Change in Gender Relations within the Contract Labour System in Kavango, Namibia, 1925–1972

The gendered historical investigation of migrant labour in Namibia (and southern Africa more broadly) has rightly considered the ways in which women left behind in the sending areas were obliged to take on additional agricultural duties in the absence of men. This has been viewed by some scholars as a form of material exploitation of women and a potential subsidy to white employers in these settler colonial spheres. While there is some validity to these claims, the relationship between the sending areas and the work site was not simply a material one, and contract/migrant labour recruiting systems entered spaces with existing gendered cultural repertoires concerning how to deal with absent men. The significance of these cultural frameworks is worthy of additional empirical, comparative and theoretical investigation. Through the use of oral interviews supplemented by archival materials, this article discusses these issues in the context of Kavango, north-eastern Namibia, which, for much of the 20th century, was a major source of contract labourers to the colonial economy in what was then South West Africa. The article argues that colonialism and labour recruiting schemes built upon and transformed existing pre-colonial cultural frameworks such as ‘the people’s child’, women’s observance of taboos and a local conception of ‘home’. This article further posits that the maintenance of this migrant labour system was dependent upon its integration into local worldviews.

Ex-Chromosomes: Contemporary Performance and the End of Gender

In the 1915 novel Herland, Charlotte Perkins Gilman imagined a utopian society, populated only by women, that has been flourishing in the absence of men for more than two thousand years. When Gilman's narrator—one of three male explorers to “discover” this much-mythologized wonderland—discusses gender distinctions with the Herlanders, he quickly learns that these utopians have long shed any consciousness of what a society with two genders would entail. “And there are two of you—the two sexes—to love and help one another,” a Herlander exclaims, in one of the novel's many ironic flourishes. “It must be a rich and wonderful world.”

Acesso dos homens aos serviços de atenção primária à saúde: uma revisão integrativa

Analisar o acesso do homem aos serviços de atenção primária à saúde a partir da perspectiva da enfermagem. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada a partir da seleção de artigos nas bases de dados BDENF, LILACS e SciELO. Como critérios de inclusão para a seleção da amostra foram utilizados: artigos originais, publicados no idioma português e entre o período de 2014 a 2018. Diante disso, foram selecionados 21 artigos para análise, interpretação, discussão e estruturação deste artigo. Diante disso, agrupou-se os para discussão nas seguintes categorias: a ausência do homem no serviço primário de saúde na perspectiva masculina; a enfermagem e o acesso do homem aos serviços da atenção primária à saúde; e estratégias utilizadas na atenção primária à saúde para facilitar o acesso do homem aos serviços de saúde. Portanto, verificou-se fragilidades referentes a atuação da enfermagem na garantia do acesso aos homens nos serviços de atenção primária à saúde, a saber: desconhecimento acerca da política nacional de atenção integral à saúde do homem, falta de treinamento e não adoção de estratégias eficazes capaz de suprir a necessidade de saúde dos homens.

Environment Degradation and Nature’s Reclamation: A Study of Yiro Abari’s in the Absence of Man

The sermon of eco-activists for long has been about conservation of the flora and fauna, particularly the threatened and endangered species in order to sustain the steady cycle of the ecosystem. However, industrial and economic activities by humans have resulted in the obstruction of the ecosystemic chain. Many Western writers have imposed upon themselves the responsibility of promoting biological and environmental conservation through their art. However, the call for global environmental preservation has been answered weakly by black African writers and critics. This is so because the African writer has been preoccupied with issues of colonialism and corruption. YiroAbari’s In the Absence of Man is set in Jos, the capital of Plateau State of Nigeria. A city that has witnessed massive tin mining activities from the dawn of the 20th century which left vast ponds and infertile lands in the wake of mining. This paper explores the details of the wasted lands due to mining activities. It has become evident in this article that nature has the capacity to re-invent itself through Darwin’s theory of natural selection. The paper therefore posits that nature will always reclaim its lost territories of the earth even after human beings have gone into extinction. It is therefore in man’s interest to protect nature for himself.

Geographies of the book (shop): Reading women’s geographies in Enlightenment Edinburgh

This paper examines the place of women’s geographical reading in a centre of Enlightenment: Edinburgh, 1770–1810. It analyses two sets of booksellers’ records to identify key sites – women’s private libraries, Georgian domestic spaces, and women’s schools and boarding houses – in which women engaged with the geographical materials sold in the city’s bookshops: maps, globes, travel accounts, gazetteers, guidebooks, books of roads, geographical dictionaries and grammars. Women used these diverse materials to transform spaces into sites of geographical education and discussion. Crucially, this paper makes the case for understanding these spaces as key sites in Edinburgh’s Enlightenment topography. These were spaces where women oversaw the circulation and appraisal of geographical information: women, in the absence of men, interrogated geographical publications and promoted particular methods of reading and ways of understanding the world. Indeed, this paper goes beyond the familiar argument that women’s reading enabled their participation in the male‐dominated debates of the Scottish Enlightenment. Of course it did this, by ensuring they could invoke geographical examples and comparisons. (Women were, the evidence suggests, comparatively better acquainted than many men were with geography, which was the crucial basis of Enlightenment reasoning.) But their reading represented not a means to an Enlightenment end but an Enlightenment process in itself. In contradistinction to Scottish Enlightenment histories and historiography that have interpreted women’s role relative to men – as constrained from accessing male‐dominated Scottish Enlightenment culture – the analysis here emphasises women’s spaces and the practices of geographical reading that took place within them as key sites and processes of Enlightenment. In so doing, the paper deepens our understanding of Enlightenment and contributes to a feminist historiography of geography.