Absence Of Men Research Articles

Bioenergetics for Depression: Something Different for Depression

Bioenergetics for Depression: Something Different for Depression

Other Tongues: Mixed-Race Women Speak Out (review)

Reviewed by: Other Tongues: Mixed-Race Women Speak Out Molly Littlewood McKibbin (bio) Adebe DeRango-Adem and Andrea Thompson, editors. Other Tongues: Mixed-Race Women Speak Out. Inanna. xx, 288. $24.95 DeRango-Adem and Thompson’s new collection of the artistic, autobiographical, and scholarly work of almost seventy women performs the important task of bridging the gap between late twentieth-century mixed-race writing and more contemporary work. Their text demonstrates the changes multiracial discourse has undergone and is undergoing. Other Tongues addresses the important concerns that dominated multiracial discourse in North America in the final decades of the twentieth century, which, as the contributions illustrate, are still quite relevant to the experiences of both older and younger multiracial women. Prominent recurring themes include belonging; racial inclusion and exclusion; identity formation; racism; physical appearance; the continuing prevalence of the ‘what are you/where are you from?’ question; the relationships between race, culture, and ethnicity; and the relationship of ‘colour’ to whiteness. Although some writers do not further these issues beyond what earlier collections have already done, others take them up in ways that renew older ideas with fresh perspectives. Many contributions touch on issues that are central to ongoing multiracial discourses, including gender, sexuality, class, migration, transracial adoption, single parenting, families consisting of multiracial parents, the rhetoric of ‘post-racialism,’ and the impact of Barack Obama as a public figure. As Amber Jamilla Musser argues, race is ‘all about context,’ and this collection makes a concerted effort to include work arising out of many different contexts. Through contributors from a large variety of racial and ethnic backgrounds working in a range of genres – including autobiographical essays, narrative sketches, poetry, drama, scholarly essays, and visual art (unfortunately not printed in colour) – Other Tongues offers diverse voices that explore multiracial experience in North America (a necessarily limited geographical region, as the editors acknowledge). The exclusive engagement with women’s voices is, the editors explain, the result of a commitment to the goals of women’s studies. But while Carol Camper’s preface (itself rather troubling in its uncritical adoption of conventional notions of authenticity) signals DeRango-Adem and Thompson’s debt to her 1994 collection of women’s writing, Miscegenation Blues: Voices of Mixed Race Women, and while the desire to offer a forum in which women’s voices can be heard is clear, the absence of men’s experiences is at times a notable lack. Since multiracial discourse is in many ways a product of critical race theory and, consequently, is dependent on the ‘storytelling’ of racialized individuals as a way of approaching matters of race, the absence of male contributors seems limiting. While the editors’ choice is made explicit, the collection [End Page 704] is presented in a way that suggests it is quite straightforwardly a text grappling with multiracialism that happens to include only women. Since contemporary North American multiracial theory, scholarship, and cultural production have never been dominated by men, there is no immediately apparent reason to focus on women to the exclusion of men. However, the most significant feature of the volume is that it exhibits clearly the complicated set of variables that affect the experiences and identities of racialized figures, and several of the contributions are especially insightful. The blend of contributors of different ages and from different class, educational, regional, and cultural backgrounds aids the project of multiracial discourse, which is perhaps best defined by its heterogeneity. This collection is helpful since the importance of hearing a variety of voices is essential for resisting the homogenizing process of racialization in North American society. As Jackie Wang explains, ‘I write because I believe that it means something, because I have a story, although it is not the story,’ and, indeed, the multitude of ‘stories’ in Other Tongues demonstrates the differences within ‘mixed race’ even as it identifies similarities. Although the content of the book does not really break new ground, the editors foster an unusual dialogue between their contributors that emphasizes the important links among ‘real life,’ art, politics, and the academy. A strength of the collection is that because it includes so many genres, it supplies various points of access to the complex subject...

In the absence of men: representing Andalusi women's sexuality in the context of military conflict

The impact of military conflict on representations of women in Andalusi texts, in the age of Las Navas de Tolosa or beforehand, has received little attention. Rejecting the idea of the battle per se as a turning point, this essay examines the implications of military conflict on the ways in which Muslim men imagined Andalusi women, in the early thirteenth century and beforehand.

In the Absence of Men? Gender, Migration and Domestic Labour in the Southern Ecuadorean Andes

AbstractFemale heads of households in the migrant-exporting community of Jima, Ecuador, are using remittances to employ domestic workers. As both workers and ‘mistresses’ originate from the samemestizopeasant class, these new labour relations do not reflect embedded class inequalities, but are rather emerging as a new mode of distinction between newly prosperous households and those for whom migration has been a less successful strategy. This lends a temporal fragility and fluidity to household relations, as worker and employer seek to define their roles and establish hierarchies. Employers negotiate these tensions not only to reduce their own burden of labour, but also because domestic workers are a symbol of social mobility and help enhance the reputation of migrant men. Thus, while men are physically absent, they continue to inform the reorganisation of the Jimeño household, and there is little to suggest that gender roles are being realigned in a structurally significant manner.

The lipid-linked oligosaccharide donor specificities of Trypanosoma brucei oligosaccharyltransferases

We recently presented a model for site-specific protein N-glycosylation in Trypanosoma brucei whereby the TbSTT3A oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) first selectively transfers biantennary Man5GlcNAc2 from the lipid-linked oligosaccharide (LLO) donor Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol to N-glycosylation sequons in acidic to neutral peptide sequences and TbSTT3B selectively transfers triantennary Man9GlcNAc2 to any remaining sequons. In this paper, we investigate the specificities of the two OSTs for their preferred LLO donors by glycotyping the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) synthesized by bloodstream-form T. brucei TbALG12 null mutants. The TbALG12 gene encodes the α1-6-mannosyltransferase that converts Man7GlcNAc2-PP-Dol to Man8GlcNAc2-PP-Dol. The VSG synthesized by the TbALG12 null mutant in the presence and the absence of α-mannosidase inhibitors was characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry both intact and as pronase glycopetides. The results show that TbSTT3A is able to transfer Man7GlcNAc2 as well as Man5GlcNAc2 to its preferred acidic glycosylation site at Asn263 and that, in the absence of Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol, TbSTT3B transfers both Man7GlcNAc2 and Man5GlcNAc2 to the remaining site at Asn428, albeit with low efficiency. These data suggest that the preferences of TbSTT3A and TbSTT3B for their LLO donors are based on the c-branch of the Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharide, such that the presence of the c-branch prevents recognition and/or transfer by TbSTT3A, whereas the presence of the c-branch enhances recognition and/or transfer by TbSTT3B.

Wives or Widows and their Representatives

The main purpose of this article is to scrutinize the opportunities married women had to administer their inheritance and reversions compared to widows' opportunities to administer their inheritance, dower and share from the former marriage. It has been claimed that medieval women had to wait until they were widowed to take charge over their own property. In this article I challenge this view. I argue that a noble woman's opportunities to act independently depended on the origins of the property she wanted to sell, and if male representatives from that family laid claim to the land or not. I investigate all written transactions carried out by freeholders and transactions carried out by noble families in two different regions in present-day Sweden during the period from 1300 to 1500. I establish in what type of transactions the women stood as sole executors in the charters, and if they were named as wives or as widows. I also investigate if they participated in varied forms of transactions when widowed compared to when they were in marriage. The principal result is that the wife of a freeholder did not execute deeds herself. This was done by her husband or, when she was young, by her brother. It was extremely rare that a woman of this status administered her inheritance herself, due to the stronger pre-emptive rights for men besides the brother in Jämtland. As wealthy widows, however, women in this position sometimes executed deeds, presumably because their brothers were dead. Noble women administered their property more frequently. Their pre-emptive rights were stronger and they therefore had more property to dispose of. In the absence of men from the noble family from where the land originated, noble women could act independently, irrespective of if they were widows or wives.

Las que se quedan: Género, Migración y Control Social

Migration impacts family structure, affecting both those who leave and those who stay, forcing all to confront a process of change and accommodation as a result of new realities. However, people are able to develop different strategies, more or less effective, allowing them to maintain their family bonds as well as to develop new networks of solidarity among the members of their communities. This is true for both sides of the frontier particularly in the case of coffee growing areas of central Veracruz, in the southeastern part of Mexico, where men typically migrate leaving women in care of the children and their households, under the tutelage of their relatives. The absence of men in their communities -- (e.g., their husband, brothers, etc.) allows women to experience new forms of autonomy derived from the necessity of doing tasks and playing roles which normally belong to men, even if they do so under the control and vigilance of the community. Also, they become closer to other women who live in similar situations and learn from each other to relate and help themselves in this hard process that can last years. Community media, like Radio Teocelo of Veracruz, transmitting in the area since more than 40 years, has represented an important collective vehicle promoting community development. In association with this radio, a group of researchers and students of the Psychology Faculty at the University of Veracruz, have designed a special radio program called: Women Voices from migration: the other side of the coin, in air from March 2010 to March 2011, as an strategy to promote women’s development giving them a voice to share and learn from one another’s experiences around migration.

Inverse gender gap in Germany: Social dominance orientation among men and women

Across cultures studies show that men score higher on social dominance orientation than women. This gender gap is considered invariant, but conflicting explanations are discussed: Some authors refer to evolutionary psychology and perceive the gender gap to be driven by sociobiological factors. Other authors argue that social roles or gender-stereotypical self-construals encouraged by intergroup comparisons are responsible for attitudinal gender difference. In Study 1 we analyzed sex differences in social dominance orientation in three German probability surveys (each n > 2300). Unexpectedly, the analyses yielded an inverse gender gap with higher values for social dominance orientation in women than in men. Interactions with age, education, political conservatism, and perceived inequity indicated that the inverse gender gap can be mainly attributed to older, conservative, (and less educated) respondents, and those who feel they get their deserved share. In Study 2 we replicated the well-known gender gap with men scoring higher than women in social dominance orientation among German students. Results are interpreted on the basis of biocultural interaction, which integrates the sociobiological, social role, and self-construal perspectives. Our unusual findings seem to reflect a struggle for status by members of low-status groups who consider group-based hierarchy the most promising option to improve their status. While younger women take advantage of a relational, feminine self-construal that leads to lower social dominance orientation in young women than in young men, older women are supposed to profit from an agentic self-construal that results in stronger social dominance orientation values. Specific characteristics of the culture in Germany seem to promote this strategy. Here, we discuss the female ideal of the national socialist period and the agentic female social role in the post-war era necessitated by the absence of men.

The men's health policy contexts in Australia, the UK and Ireland: advancement or abandonment?

The state of men's health, internationally, is a deep public health concern. Despite pressure from the World Health Organisation that all health policy should consider the specific needs of both men and women through their push for ‘gender mainstreaming’, and increased interest in men's health, there have been relatively few gendered policy responses relating to men's health. In this article, we compare the men's health policy contexts in Australia, the UK and Ireland. We show that different advocacy groups have lobbied for men's health policies in these three jurisdictions and that different approaches have been adopted in order to advance or abandon men's health policy work. The absence of men's health policies or gender mainstreaming has severely limited the capacity to develop well-co-ordinated national programmes that meet the health needs of men and their families.

How effective is tegaserod for the treatment of female patients with mixed subtype IBS?

This Practice Point commentary discusses the findings and limitations of a study by Chey and colleagues that evaluated the safety and efficacy of tegaserod in women with mixed subtype IBS (alternating constipation and diarrhea) or constipation-predominant IBS. This trial, the largest performed in patients with mixed subtype IBS, demonstrated improvement in both global and individual IBS symptoms in patients treated with tegaserod (6 mg twice daily) compared with those receiving placebo. Tegaserod was generally well tolerated, with the most common adverse event being diarrhea. The limitations of the study include short duration (4 weeks) and the absence of men. This trial confirms the outcomes of previous studies demonstrating that pharmacologic modulation of the serotonin system can improve IBS symptoms in some patients. Unfortunately, the immediate clinical relevance of this study is now questionable, given the withdrawal of tegaserod from the US market in March 2007.

Relative Intimacy: Fathers, Adolescent Daughters, and Postwar American Culture (review)

Reviewed by: Relative Intimacy: Fathers, Adolescent Daughters, and Postwar American Culture Ralph LaRossa Relative Intimacy: Fathers, Adolescent Daughters and Postwar American Culture. By Rachel Devlin . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Pp. 272. $49.95 (cloth); $19.95 (paper). In Relative Intimacy: Fathers, Adolescent Daughters and Postwar American Culture Rachel Devlin, an associate professor of history at Tulane, investigates "the unprecedented scale of interest in the father–adolescent daughter relationship during the war and postwar era, the sexual themes that informed its representation, and the decline in any detectable caution, particularly on the part of psychoanalysis, in espousing the benefits of the female adolescent's Oedipal attachment to her father" (2). Devlin's interest is in the culture rather than the conduct of father–adolescent daughter relationships. Thus, rather than rely on documentary sources (sources that might provide insights into how fathers and daughters behaved on a daily basis), she primarily draws from "imaginative literature" such as plays, films, and novels. Included among the works she examines—and this is but a sample—are Junior Miss (a 1941 play), Kiss and Tell (a 1943 play and a 1945 film), Janie (a 1942 play and a 1944 film), Member of the Wedding (a 1950 novel, a 1950 play, and a 1952 film), Father of the Bride (a 1948 novel and a 1950 film), Lie Down in Darkness (a 1951 novel), Rebel without a Cause (a 1955 film), The Wild One (a 1955 film), Imitation of Life (a 1959 film), Peyton Place (a 1956 novel and a 1957 film), and Lolita (a 1955 novel, published in the United States in 1958). Every now and then Devlin introduces other literatures (for example, articles from Seventeen Magazine and Ebony), but mostly and unabashedly she focuses on fictional works. "It is perhaps telling," she notes, "that the more traditional sources on fatherhood and family life . . . had less to say about fathers and daughters than did playwrights and novelists" (14). The central thesis of Relative Intimacy is that, contrary to the belief that the 1940s and 1950s were decades when adolescents tried to distance themselves from their parents and the perception that the era was a time when social and sexual conservatism went unchallenged, the culture of parenthood during and after the war actually "fostered a father-daughter relationship characterized by new forms of psychological intimacy and tinged with eroticism" (back cover). That is, if we look at popular fictional texts at the time, we discover that "seductive exchanges" between fathers and their teenage daughters were a recurring theme. Lolita, of course, is a well-known example, but who would have guessed that a Broadway play with the innocuous title Junior Miss would be seething with sexual tension? Devlin walks us through the play's script—a script she says "inaugurated the father-daughter dynamic that would become ubiquitous in the 1940s [End Page 141] and 1950s" (84)—and demonstrates how the story of a thirteen year old's coming of age (symbolized, in part, by getting her first high heels) and a father's role in that process (her dad is the one who bestows the gift, over his wife's objections) reflected the preoccupation that playwrights and other artists had with father-daughter intimacy. What's especially interesting is the contrast in how father-daughter and mother-son relationships were culturally represented in the wake of the war. Whereas an emotional attachment between a mother and son often was condemned (too close a connection was viewed as "maternal overprotectiveness" and as the root cause behind a boy becoming a "sissy"), an emotional attachment between a father and daughter was celebrated. Why was there a preoccupation with father-daughter intimacy at this historical moment? Devlin highlights four factors. The first, she says, had to do with the war and its aftermath. The absence of men who were called to serve overseas and the difficulties associated with their return renewed a discussion about the role of men in America's families. Often the question was asked, What special contribution do fathers make to family life? The answer that the experts arrived at—one that combined "sex role sociology" with "Freudian ideas...

Gender Mainstreaming: Its Role in Addressing Gender Inequality in Jamaica

Introduction Historical Status Quo The subordination of women to men throughout history, in most of the world's societies, is a documented fact. Patriarchy and other pervasive philosophies and mindsets were translated into decidedly unequal relations between men and women in just about every sphere of endeavour. These have manifested themselves in both quantitative and qualitative dimensions; in wage and wealth differentials, in unequal sexual power relations, in disparities in social status; typically all favouring men. The Push for Gender Equality One key factor that contributed to an eventual change in the status quo was the absence of men in their usual numbers on the productive front during the Second World War. With men occupied on battlefields (and perishing in large numbers) women, in addition to fulfilling their time-honoured domestic obligations also had to engage in economic tasks, which were normally the exclusive domain of the male of the species. With this unavoidable shift in the male/female balance of power, eventually organised opposition to the long-entrenched second-tier status of women was fomented, leading to the creation of the Women's Liberation Movement in the 1960s. In turn, as a result of this initiative, various approaches to empowering women were conceptualised and emerged as reasonably coherent concepts with differing degrees of real-world applicability, and practicality. The first such was the Social Welfare concept, which included the Women in Development (WID) approach pursued in the 1970s. This approach however, focused heavily on women's reproductive role rather than their productive role and viewed women as passive recipients of welfare and not as active participants in development or as creators/owners of wealth in their own right. In an effort to correct this limitation, the Women and Development (WAD) approach was introduced in the early 1980s. This model sought not only to combine the reproductive role with its productive counterpart but also to address the systemic roots of gender inequality by integrating women in the development process. Even so, at the approach of the mid-1990s, it was recognized that women's equality could best be achieved by considering the differential emphases and needs of women and men in national development policies. This idea was conceptualised through the Gender and Development (GAD) approach, which spearheaded a shift from Women to Gender. The GAD perspective gave rise to the concept of Gender Mainstreaming; Gender Mainstreaming being seen as a strategy or a tool towards the attainment of the ultimate goal - Gender Equality. Definitions of Gender Mainstreaming What then is Gender Mainstreaming? There are many definitions, but despite differing slants and emphases, just about all definitions point essentially to the integration of a gender equality perspective in sectoral policies and programmes. The definition as articulated in the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) agreed conclusions of July 1997 speaks of gender mainstream ing as: the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. (Gender Mainstreaming: An Overview, United Nations 2002). The definition by the Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming is as follows: Gender mainstreaming is the (re) organization, improvement, development and evaluation of policy processes, so that a gender equality perspective is incorporated in all policies at all levels and at all states by the actors normally involved in policy-making. …

Some preliminary notes on actor–observer anthropology

The epistemic continuum of anthropology extends “ideally” from the position of a detached observer to that of an implicated actor. Yet this sketch raises questions. From the side of detached observation, do not structures and forms takes the place of the actor, who becomes, so to speak, the observer verifying his own models? Is not participant observation self‐limiting when it posits the ideal of fusion of consciousness, which forbids it from asking the question of otherness? Finally, when the actor assumes the status of observer, is there not the risk of seeing what one already believes, of failing to achieve detachment?The extreme position of objective observer comes up against the specific otherness (the identity) of a subjectivity that is out of reach, and the extreme position of subjective actor comes up against the impossibility of objectivation. An ideally theoretical ethnography is blocked by the actor's irreducible quiddity and an ideally naïve ethnography by the exoticism of theory. In one case, the approach comes down to “anthropology in the absence of Man”; in the other to “Man in the absence of anthropology”.The purpose of the article is to show that an anthropology that conjoins actor and observer is possible in an approach that combines a “state of the issue” and an essay in anthropological epistemology.

Chronic Presenteeism: The Multiple Dimensions to Men's Absence from Part‐Time Work

While there is considerable debate in the popular press about the changing roles of men and women, labour force statistics suggest that there has been little change in the work patterns of men and women. Despite the increasing availability of part‐time work, men in professional and managerial roles are not considering part‐time as an option for them. Rather, there are increasing organizational pressures for men to be working long hours in the paid workforce. In this paper, men's absence from part‐time work is considered from a multidisciplinary perspective. Factors operating at the individual, social and organizational levels are identified and explored in terms of their impact on men's working patterns. A model is presented that characterizes men's absence from part‐time work as a result of the mutually reinforcing nature of these factors.

Territorio Reverte: ensayos sobre la obra de Arturo Pérez-Reverte ed. By José Manuel López de Abiada, Augusta López Bernasocchi (review)

MLR, 99.1, 2004 231 Lorca's cohort which placed greater emphasis on personal response. Iarocci's tightly argued essay reads 'Los encuentros de un caracol aventurero' from Libro de poemas thematically and structurally as an allegory of maturation and secularization, while drawing together the personal, poetic, and political dimensions of Spanish modernity. Gala returns to gender when she shows how the 'Eros con baston' section of Can? ciones presents female stereotypes?the prude, the femme fatale, the spinster, etc.?as parodies of the muse. The segue to essays on Dali and Bunuel, Antonio Monegal's 'Shall the Circle Be Unbroken? Verbal and Visual Poetry in Lorca, Bunuel, and Dali' examines films, prose poems, and essays. Monegal has also written extensively and insightfully on these topics elsewhere, and greater cross-referencing might have directed interested readers further. In the single article exclusively on Dali, Pithamber R. Polsani connects the painter's paranoiac-critical method to studies by Lacan and Saussure. The writing is densely theoretical and devotes much space to the description of paintings. The two essays on Bunuel by Virginia Higginbotham and Sidney Donnell view the director along? side novelist Juan Goytisolo and fellow film-maker Pedro Almodovar, respectively. Higginbotham finds commonality of surrealist discourse, while Donnell advances a reasoned argument showing the modernist subject position fromwhich both directors embrace aspects of postmodernism. All in all, the articles often leave the reader wishing for more?more development, more analysis, more statement of the significance of the readings proposed. For ex? ample, Lima contends that Lorca was moving towards removing heterosexual males entirely from his plays, but also that the absence of men in Bernarda Alba occasions frustration, unhappiness, and death. What might this have meant for the direction of Lorca's theatre? In fact, Lorca was working on El sueno de la vida (i.e. Comedia sin titulo) simultaneously with Bernarda Alba, and though he only completed a portion , heterosexual men play a central role. In her discussion of Lorca's Andalusia, Poust might have trained a more critical eye on the essentialization of Eastern cul? ture by Spengler and Frank (and Lorca?) and, equally important, addressed the link between gypsies and sadness, violence, and death in Romancerogitano. If, as Delgado Morales observes, the needlewomen of Lorca's texts, with few exceptions, remain immobilized and resigned despite their efforts,and if Lorca associated himself with the domestic activity of sewing (textile=text), what does this imply about gendered work, gendered writing, and the genres of texts? The essays in this volume represent provocative points of departure for deeper questions. Illinois State University Maria T. Pao TerritorioReverte: ensayossobre la obrade Arturo Perez-Reverte. Ed. By Jose Manuel Lopez de Abiada and Augusta Lopez Bernasocchi. Madrid: Verbum. 2000. 500 pp. ?16.29. ISBN 84-7962-154-0. Arturo Perez-Reverte is Spain's nationally and internationally best-selling author. A long-time journalist and war correspondent, Perez-Reverte turned his hand to writ? ing fiction in the 1980s. His career as a writer has flourished since the publication of the 'intellectual' detective novels La tabla de Flandes and El club Dumas in the early 1990s and, with Las aventuras del capitdn Alatriste, a series of swashbuckling his? torical adventure novels set in seventeenth-century Spain, Perez-Reverte's narratives have become a publisher's dream, each new book guaranteeing sales of hundreds of thousands of copies. He is a professed ferventadmirer ofAlexandre Dumas, and most of his novels, which have been turned into (curiously unimpressive and unsuccessful) 232 Reviews films,have not only achieved the levels of popular success of the Frenchman but have also received very significant critical recognition both in Spain and abroad. Since 1993 Perez-Reverte has also established himself as one of Spain's foremost newspa? per columnists with his outspoken weekly columns for El Semanal. This volume, an initiative of Swiss Hispanism, is the firstever monograph dedicated to his work and to the various genres of writing he has cultivated, including novels, novellas, short stories, and newspaper columns. Thirty-two contributions by a diverse class of professionals, ranging from aca? demies (e.g. North American Hispanists such as Anthony Percival, Gonzalo Navajas , or Swiss and Spanish...

Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman

EFFECT OF TACHYKININ NK 2 RECEPTOR BLOCKADE ON DETRUSOR HYPERREFLEXIA INDUCED BY BACTERIAL TOXIN IN RATS

Purpose To see whether a recently characterized model of bacterial toxin-induced urinary bladder inflammation (Stein et al., J. Urol., 155, 1133-1138, 1996). is associated with detrusor hyperreflexia, and whether endogenous tachykinins acting through NK 2 or NK 1 receptors were involved in this model. Materials and Methods The bladder or urethane-anesthetized male Wistar rats was cannulated through the dome. Intravesical administration of protamine sulfate (PS, 10 mg./ml./rat) or vehicle for 1 hour was followed by the intravesical administration of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS 1 mg./ml./rat) or vehicle for 1 hour. Cystometries (50 micro l./min.) were performed 3.5 hours after the exposure to LPS. MEN 11,420, a peptide tachykinin NK 2 receptor antagonist, was administered before cystometries or, in a separate group of animals, during cystometries. The effect of SR 140,333, a non-peptide NK 1 receptor antagonist, was also assessed in the presence or absence of MEN 11,420. The urodynamic effects of PS + LPS were also tested in capsaicin-pretreated rats. Results Unlike PS or LPS alone, the intravesical administration of PS + LPS induced detrusor hyperreflexia. In PS + LPS treated animals during nonstop cystometries, the intermicturition interval was decreased by about 50% as compared to vehicle-pretreated rats. A quantitatively similar reduction in the bladder capacity was also observed. MEN 11,420 (100 nmol./kg., i.v.) restored the intermicturition interval in PS + LPS-pretreated rats at the level of controls by increasing the bladder capacity, whereas it had no effect in vehicle-pretreated rats. SR 140,333 (1 micro mol./kg., i.v.) neither modified urodynamic parameters in controls and in PS + LPS-treated rats nor altered the effect of MEN 11,420 in these groups. Capsaicin pretreatment (164 micro mol./kg., s.c., 4-5 days before) induced a two-fold increase of the bladder capacity in control rats and prevented PS + LPS-induced bladder hyperreflexia. Conclusions The intravesical administration of PS + LPS produces the activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferents. Endogenous tachykinins released from these fibers act through NK 2 receptors to induce detrusor hyperreflexia.

Pratique et perception des espaces aquatiques chez les Vezo de Belo-sur-mer (côte ouest de Madagascar)

Employment and Perception of Aquatic Space in the Sakalava Vezo of Belo-sur-Mer, West of Madagascar. Belo-sur-mer is a coastal village in the Sakalava Vezo people, of Western Madagascar. The Vezos ofBelo have historically developped in a coastal and lagoon setting, with activities involving fishing and boating. The aquatic space -the open sea as well as the lagoons -is given a detailed description, along with that of the local inhabitants, who obtained their working experience by fishing on the continental shelf the small coral islands, and in the vast lagoon ofBelo. This experience is strongly influenced by the natural rhythms of their environment : the rise and ebb of the semi-diurnal tides and the rhythm of the seasons. An accelerated dynamism in the fishing activities has been observed in recent years. This is linked to more profitable gains by the fisheries of Morondava and by certain private owners from the Highlands who have undertaken to collect the marine resources of the region. Finally, the recent extension of schooner activity in Belo-sur-Mer is possible because of the substantial profits made from fishing. Indeed, a new interest in schooner construction and in sailing can be easily observed, as attested by the numerous ship¬ building sites in Belo and the absence of men and young boys in the village. They are employed as captains or sailors on the sailboats.

Retelling U.S. Religious History ed. by Thomas A. Tweed

146BOOK REVIEWS vantages, and the British offered such advantages, the Indians, or the majority, were gone. But I would suggest that it is a faUacy to confuse primary motivation and the Umit of human endurance, neither of which are scientificaUy measurable with a proton magnetometer.This reviewer found particularly helpful the assumptions set forth by RocheUe Marrinan concerning mission architecture (pp. 283-286), and saddening the mortuary evidence presented by Clark Spencer Larsen of the effects on the native population of disease, dietary changes, forced settlement, relocation, forced labor, and general stress (pp. 322-356). Each report is clearly outlined and accompanied by a bibUography Included are ninety figures and forty-six tables.A Ust of contributors indicates theU affiliations and addresses.The volume is weU indexed. Conrad L. Harkins, O.F.M. Franciscan University Steubenville, Ohio Retelling U S. Religious History. Edited byThomas A.Tweed. (Berkeley: University of CaHfornia Press. 1997. Pp. xii, 302. $40.00 clothbound $1395 paperback .) In this creatively provocative set of essays plus an introduction, nine American reUgious historians offer examples of what many of us have longed for and worked at for several decades: narratives about reUgion in America that make use of new topics and new participants, new angles and perspectives, and new ways to think about relationships among multiple reUgious communities in American history. In his introduction.Thomas A.Tweed states the goal ofthe volume as the effort to be "suggestive, not exhaustive," and to demonstrate, as Catherine Albanese does at length Ui the concludUig essay, that the ongoing reality of contact and combination ofreligious groups has fostered a constant and dynamic, not always easy, remaking of reUgious traditions.The related motifs of the volume, saysTweed, are contact, boundary, and exchange. Trie volume is divided mto two sections.The first,"Meanmg and Power at Social Sites," mcludes essays by AnnTaves on sexuality;Tamar Frankiel on ritual; Ann Braude on women in American religious history from the perspective of women's presence rather than men's absence; and Roger FUike on "supply-side" interpretations of church growth and decline."Bodies, laws, and churches," says Tweed, are the prominent social sites of this section. In the second section, "Contact and Exchange at Geographic Sites," Laurie Maffly-Kipp writes a west-to-east religious history from the Pacific Rim. Joel Martin grounds a narrative of contact, colonialization, and combination among the Muskogee Creek Indians and concludes with an outline for a postcolonial narrative ofIndian reUgionsWUUamWestfaU, a Canadian historian, elaborates on BOOK REVIEWS147 insights that can be gained from the Canadian border, a site that both separates and joinstwonationsand makes possible a"paraUel historical discourse"from an outsider's perspective. Catherine Albanese speaks of contact and combination over the course ofAmerican religious history Ui terms of a gift economy; she deemphasizes ideology but does not faU to point out that gift-giving is never free of conflict and the covering over of compUcated interactions and innovations. As interesting as the essays themselves is the background Tweed suppUes about the construction of the volume. It was a coUaborative effort instigated by Tweed that demanded "much more contact with each other than usuaUy is the case" in edited coUections. The enterprise also requUed a seU-consciousness about method that is helpfuUy but not doggedly apparent and a wUlingness to let some disagreements stand about such matters as whether metanarratives are possible or desirable and the extent to which fictional and historical narratives resemble each other. There is a strong presence of the underlying question , "How should we think about these things?"—both history and American reUgious history.There is also evidence in these essays that the writing of history can be highly pleasurable as well as arduous, and I do not consider this a negUgible contribution of the volume. For those of us interested in American Catholic history, Retelling U.S. Religious History demonstrates that Catholicism can be more creatively tategrated tato historical accounts of religion in America than has often been the case Ui the past. AU the essays include references to Roman CathoUcism and its frequent and complex participation in the issues and themes that make up this volume. Mary Farrell Bednarowski United Theological Seminary ofthe...

How Women Socially Construct Leadership in Organizations: A Study Using Memory Work

In this study, a group of Australian female leaders (including the author), collaboratively explored their early memories of leadership using the memory work method (Haug 1987, 1992; Crawford et al. 1992). From this exploration, they developed theories about how they socially construct leadership in organizations.They explored their early memories of leadership, and from these, identified how their social constructions are located within the dominant construction of white male Australian leadership. They also examined how their constructions are based in the family, and are dominated by notions of services and sacrifice, and the absence of men. They also identified the ways they resist these constructions, such as holding strong values and remaining connected to themselves and to others. The costs of this resistance include self‐doubt and a reluctance to describe themselves as leaders.Research like this threatens traditional models and theories of leadership (Burrell and Morgan 1987) and opens up the possibility that research, of itself, can change the ways leadership is experienced, acted out and talked about.