Absence Of Documentation Research Articles

Looking for Nano- and Microplastics in Meiofauna Using Advanced Methodologies

Meiofauna (body size within 30–1000 µm) are the community of microscopic invertebrates that live at the bottom of marine and freshwater ecosystems and play a key role in the food webs of these environments. Several studies have addressed the adverse effects of anthropic stressors on meiofauna; however, data on the presence and impact of plastic debris in wild meiofaunal organisms are scant. Since the amount of microplastic waste in sediments may surge rapidly, ascertaining the ingestion of these xenobiotics by the abundant micrometazoan community is necessary to understand their potential accumulation in aquatic food webs and their hazard to the health of the ecosystem. The absence of documentation in this regard may be due to the difficulty in detecting the small size of the plastic fragments meiofauna may potentially ingest. To overcome this difficulty, we developed an integrated approach based on different microscopic/spectroscopic techniques suitable for detecting plastic particles of sizes down to 200 nm.

Analysis of the most frequent nonconformance aspects related to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the food industry and their main factors

Despite the increasing evidence that small processors have a low rate of food safety compliance, primarily due to the lack of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) implementation, only a limited number of research studies have been conducted to understand their challenges. The aims of this review were twofold, namely 1) to analyse the GMP’s most frequent nonconformance aspects in small food processing and (2) to elucidate the key factors that lead to the nonconformance aspects. The review was carried out based on twenty peer-reviewed publications between the years 2012 to 2021, which collected studies related to GMP and small-scale processors. Inadequate sanitary design and facilities were identified as the most frequent GMP nonconformance aspect (85% of the total number of publications), followed by poor personal hygiene (55%), inadequate or absence of documentation (55%), poor cleaning and maintenance programs (50%), lack of operation control (50%), lack of training (35%), inadequate product information (15%) and lack of workers’ health control (15%). Such nonconformances were found to result in incidences of foodborne diseases, unacceptable microbial growth in products and ambient areas, quality degradation as well as findings of filthy matters. The factors that led to nonconformance were the lack of on-site supervision, financial constraints, lack of knowledge, lack of managerial support, the gap in authority's enforcement and workers' resistance to food safety practices. The review concludes with a suggestion for future work to formulate a cohesive program that integrates multiple strategies in addressing the identified key factors and subsequently, enabling GMP adoption among SMEs.

Sensor-Based Electronic Monitoring for Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial

To assess whether sensor-based monitoring of daily inhaled corticosteroids and short-acting b-agonist medications can improve asthma outcomes in diverse populationsA socioeconomically and racially diverse population of caregiver and children dyads were randomly assigned to control (n = 127) or sensor-based electronic monitoring (n = 125) for asthma.This was a randomized controlled multicenter trial of socioeconomically and racially diverse caregiver and children pairs from 5 Chicago medical clinics. The primary outcomes measured were the Asthma Control Test (ACT) (≥19 score equivalent to controlled asthma) and health care use (emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and oral corticosteroid prescriptions). Caregiver quality of life (QoL) and adherence to inhaled corticosteroids were also evaluated with multitiered models to ascertain changes.The intervention group had a significant increase in adjusted mean ACT scores (19.1 [n = 123; SE = 0.3] to 21.8 [n = 102; SE = 0.4]). The control group also had an increase in adjusted mean ACT scores (19.4 [n = 126; SE = 0.3] to 19.9 [n = 118; SE = 0.4]), the change was less than that of the intervention group at all time points (P < .01 for all comparisons). There was no difference in terms of the reported number of asthma attacks, missed school days, and steroid prescriptions in the ED and/or hospital. However, more children in the intervention group were prescribed steroids for asthma attacks during the 12 month study than controls were (72.5% intervention versus 34.6% control; P < .01). Improved QoL was reported by caregivers of the intervention group; this change was greater that of seen in the control group at 1 month follow-up, but there was no difference at 12 months.The outcomes of the study reveal that sensor-based inhaler monitoring with clinical participant–provider feedback may enhance asthma control and caregiver QoL in racially and socioeconomically diverse populations. However this improvement in outcomes for child and caregiver comes at the price of higher health care use, so further improvement in the sensor and participant–provider feedback system is needed.The authors should be recognized for demonstrating that use of sensor monitoring for asthma medications in children can improve asthma control and caregiver QoL in diverse populations. However, these improvements may come at a price of increasing health care use (steroid prescriptions). The limitations of the study include that data had to be manually entered because the blue chip device did not fit the inhaler and the absence of documentation or quantification of participant–provider phone feedback and adherence in both study groups as well as cost-effectiveness analysis.

Integrating the intangible traditional forms of farming knowledge and practices of the Alur people of North-Western Uganda into the IP laws of Uganda

Documentation of traditional knowledge about traditional forms of farming knowledge and practices is essential to prevent its erosion over time, to enable its accessibility to subsequent generations of the same community, as well as other communities to attempt value-addition and possible benefit-sharing among various stakeholders, and finally to link innovation, investment and enterprise. Therefore, in the absence of documentation, potential investors and entrepreneurs would have to bear a very high transaction cost in order to seek information about potentially viable and useful IP produced by local communities and individual innovators. The transaction cost for a community to scout potential partners for value addition would even be higher. In such a situation, a single TK documentation could be beneficial. Accordingly, Integrating Intangible Traditional Farming Knowledge and practices in the IP laws of Uganda for global opportunities is a project intended to identify, collect, organize, register or record traditional forms of farming knowledge and practices (TK), as a means to dynamically maintain, manage, use, disseminate and or protect TK (positively or defensively). It is intended to form part of a comprehensive, thought-through the process of TK documentation and, in effect to act the documented knowledge would be shared only following the directions of the provider of knowledge. Unless authorized by the provider of knowledge, it will not be shared with anyone for any purpose and will be kept in the register as a confidential entry. However, broad categories of the knowledge or practices will be shared, so that interested seekers of this knowledge can be put in touch with providers.

Factors affecting fixation of endotracheal tube among children in intensive care units

Background Correct positioning and proper fixation of the endotracheal tube (ETT) among children can be challenging in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), and improper fixation may be associated with higher rates of complications. Aim The study aimed to explore factors affecting fixation of ETT among children in ICU. Patients and methods A descriptive exploratory design was utilized. Setting: the study was conducted at PICUs in two Pediatric University Hospitals affiliated to Cairo University hospitals. Sample: a convenient sample of 101 intubated children in ICUs was enrolled in the study. Tools: the required data were collected by using personal data questionnaire for child, assessment sheet of factors affecting ETT fixation in PICU, and observational checklist of securing an ETT. Results The current study results revealed that more than half of the children had improperly fixed ETT, and more than two-thirds of them were less than 1 year old and two-thirds of them were males. Years of experience of the assigned nurse in PICU less than 2 years, inappropriate child position in bed, ETT fixation with adhesive tape without tube holder, traction of ETT, inappropriate mechanical ventilator (MV) circuit position, inappropriate handling of child during performance of procedures and care, nurse shift (morning shift), incorrect ETT retaping by the assigned nurse, absence of documentation of ETT card, and increase length of stay on MV and in PICU were statistically significant factors associated with improper ETT fixation. Conclusion Absence of salivary secretions in child mouth was the most frequent finding in children with properly fixed ETT, followed by appropriate MV circuit position, appropriate child position in bed, experience of the assigned nurse of more than 2 years in PICU, passive movement of child, no traction of ETT, and appropriate handling of child. On the contrary, ETT fixation with adhesive tape without tube holder was the most frequent finding in children with improperly fixed ETT followed by no documentation of ETT card, uncuffed ETT, morning shift, stay in PICU more than 2 weeks, MV days more than 1 week, and nurse’s experience in PICU of less than 2 years. Recommendations Standard method of fixation of ETT should be used in all children by adhesive tape with tube holder, and also ETT position should be checked and documented with every nursing shift.

How helpful are Patient and Public Involvement strategic documents - Results of a framework analysis using 4Pi National Involvement Standards

BackgroundPatient and Public Involvement (PPI) strategic documents are viewed as an essential feature of organisational commitment to openness and transparency. They provide a mechanism to communicate opportunities for wider community influence in healthcare. The absence of documentation can be negatively interpreted, for example during regulatory inspection, as a lack of intent by organisations to collaborate with a broad constituency. Published literature paints a confusing picture of rationale and evidence that could provide the foundation for strategic action. This makes it difficult for those responsible for turning goals into meaningful involvement. We investigated how content is presented and organised in strategic documents. This pragmatic study is intended to stimulate reflective practice, promote debate and generate further inquiry with a wide audience.MethodsWe created and iterated a framework adapted from 4Pi National Involvement Standards to analyse organisational PPI strategic documents against five domains which are principles, purpose, presence, process and impact. Fifteen strategic documents were grouped into four categories (acute care providers; clinical commissioning groups; community healthcare providers; and other) and included for analysis. A matrix was produced. By reading the matrix vertically (down) and horizontally (across), comparisons can be made between 4Pi domains and across organisations.ResultsThere was no discernible pattern between domains or between organisations. There was variation in the level to which criteria were met. No single strategy fully met the criteria for all five domains of 4Pi National Involvement Standards. The criteria for purpose was fully met in eight strategic documents. Only two documents fully met impact criteria. Four organisations showed better completeness with fully or partially met criteria across five domains. A single organisation partially met the criteria for all domains. The remaining 10 were unable to meet the criteria in at least one domain.ConclusionOur findings align with published literature that suggests the underpinning rationale for PPI is confusing. A strategic aim is difficult to articulate. Context and complexity are at play making the sharing of generalisable knowledge elusive. We offer further critique about the value of these documents and consider: ‘is there an alternative approach to construct PPI strategy to generate theory, capture learning and evaluate effectiveness at the same time?’ We suggest testing the adoption of programme theory in PPI. The emergent nature and context sensitive features of programme theory enable curiosity, creativity and critical appraisal. It has the potential to release practitioners from the tokenistic cycle of monitoring and reporting and replace this with a richer understanding of ‘what’ works and ‘how’ tied to a ‘why’ – in order to achieve a shared aim that everyone can get behind.

The Russian Cohen doctrine: problems in calculating costs and deductions in the absence of proper documentation

The article provides information about a foreign judicial doctrine (the Cohen Rule) that originated in the court case of 1930 with the participation of George Cohen, Broadway Theater manager and producer. The doctrine under consideration that is still valid in the US tax law does not exclude the application of the approximate amount of taxpayer’s expenses when calculating income taxes in the absence of documents verifying expenses. It is concluded that the domestic regulatory framework applies a similar approach that envisages a fixed deduction for individual entrepreneurs under Article 221 of the Tax Code. It is proposed to introduce a similar regulatory framework for corporate income tax.

Papas nativas con potencial antioxidante, cultivadas en el norte del Perú

Peru is not only megadiverse in flora and fauna, but also in “native varieties of potatoes” that have been used by pre-Inca civilizations. In this context, “native potatoes” not only have a high nutritional value in antioxidants, but also a high capacity to cure and/or alleviate diseases; providing quality of life that is reflected in the longevity of the Andean population. However, in the absence of documentation and dissemination, many varieties and their ethnobotanical knowledge is being lost. To preserve and disseminate this valuable ancestral knowledge, a taxonomic, phytogeographic and ethnobotanical inventory was carried out, based on periodic botanical explorations during the period 1997-2017. The information obtained was complemented with other researches and reports by other authors. 317 “varieties of native potato” are reported for the North of Peru, of which 86, are “native varieties of colored pulp”.

Inventory and biodiversity medicinal plants of dayak tomun society in lopus village Lamandau regency central Kalimantan

Dayak Tomun was one of Dayak tribe lived in the area of Lamandau Regency of Central Kalimantan. Knowledge of medicinal plants of Dayak Tomun society retrieved from ancestral knowledge or their ancestors. The absence of documentation from the study of the knowledge of medicinal plants, then the Dayak Tomun to do Ethnobotany studies. This research aim was examined deeper knowledge and utilization of Dayak Tomun society on the medicinal plant. The method used was the semi-structured interview and participatory observations involving the six key informants of the profession as a shaman. Results of the study were found that 73 species and 69 genera, 43 family medicinal plants with the dominant family (9.59%) were the Zingiberaceae. Part of the medicinal plants that have most frequencies used by Dayak community Tomun is a leaf (38.38%), mixed with the boiled way (50%) and consumed with the drink (41.10%). The tradition of processing and utilization of medicinal plants by the Dayak Tomun society is important to apply and further preserved, so the local wisdom of the traditional medicine will remain awake.

Assessment of the Quality of Care at the Paediatric Dental Clinic of a Tertiary Health Institution in Nigeria

To evaluate the quality of clinical records as a measure of quality of paediatric oral health care in a tertiary health institution, in Nigeria. A 12-month retrospective review of clinical records of all paediatric dental patients seen in the dental centre of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria was carried out. The clinical records were assessed using a structured standard checklist based on the modified CRABEL Scores. The information assessed in each of the case notes included the case note identification number, patient demographic information, the history of presenting complaint, dental and medical /drug histories. Other information elicited were clinical features, diagnosis, treatment plan, procedures done and professional rank of the person who made the entries. Scores obtained per item for each case note were inputted and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0. Three hundred and thirty four clinical records were assessed, of which, 136 (44.3%), 106 (36.8%), 65 (21.2%) and 7 (2.3%) of entries were made by students, interns, resident doctors and consultants respectively. The median CRABEL score was 95%. Written consent was the least (0.3%) documented information. There were statistically significant differences between the professional rank and extra oral examination, treatment plan and procedures done (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the professional rank and CRABEL scores (p=0.4). Using the adequacy of clinical note taking as an index of the quality of care, it may be concluded that the quality of care in our paediatric dental clinic is of high standard. The only shortcoming in our experience was almost the absence of documentation of written informed consent.

Surgeons' Perceived Barriers to Palliative and End-of-Life Care: A Mixed Methods Study of a Surgical Society.

Nearly 20% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients present with potentially incurable (Stage IV) disease, yet their physicians do not integrate cancer treatment with palliative care. Compared with patients treated by primary providers, surgical patients with terminal diseases are significantly less likely to receive palliative or end-of-life care. To describe surgeon perspectives on palliative and end-of-life care for patients with Stage IV CRCs. This is a convergent mixed methods study using a validated survey instrument from the Critical Care Peer Workgroup of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Promoting Excellence in End-of-Life Care Project with additional qualitative questions. Participants were all current, nonretired members of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Surgeon-perceived barriers to palliative and end-of-life care for patients with Stage IV CRCs were identified. Among 131 Internet survey respondents (response rate 16.5%), 76.1% reported no formal education in palliative care, and specifically noted inadequate training in techniques to forgo life-sustaining measures (37.9%) and communication (42.7%). Over half (61.8%) of surgeons cited unrealistic expectations among patients and families as a barrier to care, which also limited discussion of palliation. At the system level, absence of documentation, appropriate processes, and culture hindered the initiation of palliative care. Thematic analysis of open-ended questions confirmed and extended these findings through the following major barriers to palliative and end-of-life care: (1) surgeon knowledge and training; (2) communication challenges; (3) difficulty with prognostication; (4) patient and family factors encompassing unrealistic expectations and discordant preferences; and (5) systemic issues including culture and lack of documentation and appropriate resources. Generalizability is limited by the small sample size inherent to Internet surveys, which may contribute to selection bias. Surgeons valued palliative and end-of-life care but reported multilevel barriers to its provision. These data will inform strategies to reduce these perceived barriers.

Journey to Health: (Re) Contextualizing the Health of Canada's Refugee Population.

Existing literature on refugee health has often focused exclusively on either the post-arrival or pre-arrival experience. We believe the totality of each individual social identity should be acknowledged, including life prior to becoming a refugee. Thus, health status must be contextualized within pre-arrival health status and living conditions, health-care access, flight experiences, combined with post-arrival status: a fluid journey-to-health arc. The following article offers a holistic view of refugee health as an outcome of the entirety of this journey captured in a series of in-depth interviews with long-term, established service providers in Hamilton, Ontario. Our findings illustrate the importance of viewing health issues within the context of time and space. Refugees embark on fragmented journeys, leading to multiple challenges for providers, such as limited case histories, the absence of documentation and cultural (in)competence in terms of practice.

Challenges and Opportunities for Safeguarding Traditional Church Schools as Cultural Heritage Center: The Case of Three Selected Schools, South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia

This study was designed to assess Challenges and Opportunities for Safeguarding of Traditional church schools of South Gondar Zone. To achieve the objectives of this research, Qualitative research approach and a cross-sectional research design was employed. The principal sources of data for this research were both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from purposively selected interviewees and discussants through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion, and by the researchers’ field observation whereas published and unpublished documents related with the study were secondary sources. The findings of this study revealed that expansion of Modern Education, low salary for Teachers, high unemployment rate for those specialized in church education, shortage of financial support for Church schools, lack of basic needs for students and teachers, absence of documentation, Shortage of learning Text books, lack of attention, and Poor Promotion of Traditional Schools of Ethiopian Orthodox Church are challenges to safeguard it. The finding of this study also asserted that the establishment of Mahebere Qidusan, the existence of voluntary organization such as Tabor society to support traditional church schools, diocese strong commitment to support traditional church schools both in finance and in kind, the existence of churches decorated with pre- Gondarine and Gondarine paintings, and rich in priceless log aged treasures, and its geographical accessibility are opportunities to safeguard traditional church schoo

The skeletal age estimation potential of the knee: Current scholarship and future directions for research

Abstract There has been a growing need to for forensic anthropologists to determine the age of living individuals in the absence of documentation. Often, it is of vital importance to legal proceedings to determine if an individual meets particular age criteria, particularly the age of 18 years which is the legal age of majority in many countries. The age estimation potential of the dentition and various elements of the post-cranial skeleton, particularly the hand-wrist and clavicle, have been well demonstrated and are widely accepted for forensic use. Less often discussed is the age estimation potential of the knee, which is easy to image and has been validated through a number of studies. This review provides an overview of the current scholarship regarding the age estimation potential of the knee, and outlines possible future directions for further research.

DOP022 Vedolizumab and anti-TNFα treatment effectiveness in patients with IBD treated in Germany: a retrospective chart review

Background: Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a gut-selective monoclonal anti-integrin antibody indicated for the treatment (Tx) of moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Real-world outcomes in patients who received VDZ as 1st/2nd line biologic is limited. This study evaluated VDZ Tx patterns/effectiveness in Germany in comparison to anti-TNFα. Methods: This was a descriptive retrospective chart review study of CD and UC patients who were biologic naïve or had only one anti-TNFα and initiated Tx with VDZ or an anti-TNFα (adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab) from 15 Jul 2014 to 20 Oct 2015. Data collection ended at death or at chart abstraction initiation. Patient characteristics and VDZ/anti-TNFα Tx effectiveness were analysed. Tx response at 12 months was defined as partial, complete response or stable disease, or in absence of documentation, as positive change from baseline for global physician assessment or endoscopic findings. Results: 313 patients (47.0% VDZ, 53.0% anti-TNFα) from 13 sites were included in the study; 49.0% VDZ and 62.0% anti-TNFα patients had CD. 22.4% VDZ and 65.7% anti-TNFα patients were biologic naïve; mean (SD) follow-up was 1.4 (0.4) years. Mean (SD) age was 41.0 (13.7) for VDZ and 38.5 (12.6) for anti-TNFα patients. In biologic naïve patients, median (range) Tx duration (years) was 1.5 (0.1–1.9) for VDZ and 1.2 (0.3–2.1) for anti-TNFα. 18.2% VDZ and 18.3% anti-TNFα patients discontinued Tx mostly due to lack of response/inadequate symptom control; 9.1% VDZ and 10.1% anti-TNFα patients switched to a new biologic. 85.8% VDZ and 81.3% anti-TNFα patients with assessable data had documentation of 12 month Tx response. Among patients who had one prior biologic, median (range) Tx duration (years) was 1.2 (0–2.1) for VDZ and 1.2 (0–2.2) for anti-TNFα. 28.1% VDZ and 21.1% anti-TNFα patients discontinued Tx mostly due to lack of response/inadequate symptom control; 17.5% VDZ and 12.3% anti-TNFα patients switched to a new biologic. 80.4% VDZ and 66.7% anti-TNFα patients with assessable data had documentation of 12 month Tx response. Table 1. Treatment response at 12 months (≥9 to <15 months) for patients with assessable measurements of clinical effectiveness Conclusions: In biologic naïve patients, VDZ patients appeared to continue Tx longer but had similar rates of discontinuation, Tx switching and Tx response compared to anti-TNFα patients within 1 year. More VDZ patients with one prior biologic experienced discontinuations and Tx switching compared to VDZ treatment in biologic naïve patients. In prior biologic exposed patients, VDZ resulted in a much higher proportion of Tx response compared to anti-TNFα.

Violent death and trauma in Norse mythology: a systematic reading of the Prose Edda

This paper attempts to assess surgical knowledge presented in Norse mythology. The Prose Edda constitutes the most comprehensive source of Norse mythology. Literature and myth offer unique educational insights into life practices of previous eras, provided approached with a cautious and unbiased perspective. English translations of Gylfaginning and Skaldskaparmal, texts from the Prose Edda, were systematically reviewed. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th edition (ICD-10) definitions for trauma and violent death were utilized. A basic tabulation was followed for the recording of extracted data, including the chapter, characters involved and the text extract. Recorded cases were categorized by applying three distinct classifications and assessed by body part affected, cause of morbidity/mortality and character involved. A total of 52 cases of trauma were identified (19 cases in Gylfaginning and 33 in Skaldskaparsmal). In 27 cases of injury the afflicted body region was unspecified, but in the majority of specified cases it concerned a craniofacial trauma. 37 events were an outcome of personal assault, whereas 11 occurred during warfare. Moreover, three cases were suicides and one an accident. Critical assessment of the texts indicates that the predominant theme of Gylfaginning is the struggles of Norse Gods, whilst Skaldskaparmal tales revolve mostly around humans. Notably, a lack of allusion to medical knowledge and surgical practice is observed. The systematic reading of the Prose Edda highlights the common theme of violence in Norse Mythology and distinguishes beheading in battle. The absence of documentation on medical practice is in accordance with the fact that Scandinavian mythological texts rarely elaborate on disease.

Responding to the health needs of survivors of human trafficking: a systematic review.

BackgroundDespite the multiple physical and psychological health consequences associated with human trafficking, there is little evidence-based guidance available for health providers on assessing and meeting the health needs of trafficked people. We aimed to review literature that provided guidance or research on care provision for people who had been trafficked.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and qualitative analysis of peer-reviewed and grey literature. Data sources included electronic databases, reference list screening, citation tracking, and expert recommendations. Documents were included if they reported on: 1) male or females (adults or children) who were currently or had previously been trafficked; 2) health interventions or service provision; 3) primary, secondary, tertiary or specialist post-trafficking services; and 4) World Bank high income countries. Two reviewers independently screened and quality appraised documents. Framework analysis was used to analyse extracted data.ResultsForty-four documents were included, 19 of which reported findings of primary studies and nine of which exclusively addressed children. Evidence to inform the identification, referral and care of trafficked people is extremely limited. Within current literature on survivor identification, key indicators included signs of physical and sexual abuse, absence of documentation, and being accompanied by a controlling companion. Findings highlighted the importance of interviewing possible victims in private, using professional interpreters, and building trust. For provision of care, key themes included the importance of comprehensive needs assessments, adhering to principles of trauma-informed care, and cultural sensitivity. Further prominent themes were the necessity of multi-agency working strategies and well-defined referral pathways.ConclusionsHuman trafficking survivors require healthcare that is trauma-informed and culturally sensitive to their particular needs. Coordination is needed between health providers and statutory and voluntary organisations. Future research should generate empirical evidence to develop trafficking indicators for use by health providers, alongside validated screening tools, and evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1538-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

English

This paper is intended to assess heritage tourism potential of Entoto Saint Marry church. To achieve the objective the researcher employed qualitative research method. Both primary and secondary data are used to assess the potentials. To collect the primary data interview was undertaken with selected church servants, community elders and other concerned individuals. In addition, deep and continuous personal observation was conducted to fill the gaps of interview and other sources gathered from various literatures. The analysis of the study revealed that Entoto complex has huge heritage tourism potentials. In this regard, the church of St. Mary with its mural paintings and precious antiquities, the different historic houses found in the churchyards of Entoto St. Mary, the palace and bedroom of Emperor Menelik II and the ESMCM with its possession are worth mentioning. Even though Entoto St. Mary has huge heritage tourism potentials and diversified values, they have not yet been utilized due to the presence of various hindering factors. Lack of tourist facilities, lack of heritage conservation and absence of documentation are among the factors that hinder heritage tourism development of the church. Finally, it is recommended that the collaboration of the administrations of the church with different stakeholders such as local people, private sector and the Addis Ababa culture and tourism office is very imperative to exploit the heritage tourism potential of the complex and mitigate the hindering factors. Key words: Heritage tourism potential, Entoto St. Mary, challenges.

Extracting UML Class Diagrams from Object-Oriented Fortran: ForUML

Many scientists who implement computational science and engineering software have adopted the object-oriented (OO) Fortran paradigm. One of the challenges faced by OO Fortran developers is the inability to obtain high level software design descriptions of existing applications. Knowledge of the overall software design is not only valuable in the absence of documentation, it can also serve to assist developers with accomplishing different tasks during the software development process, especially maintenance and refactoring. The software engineering community commonly uses reverse engineering techniques to deal with this challenge. A number of reverse engineering-based tools have been proposed, but few of them can be applied to OO Fortran applications. In this paper, we propose a software tool to extract unified modeling language (UML) class diagrams from Fortran code. The UML class diagram facilitates the developers' ability to examine the entities and their relationships in the software system. The extracted diagrams enhance software maintenance and evolution. The experiments carried out to evaluate the proposed tool show its accuracy and a few of the limitations.

Remembrance of Things Past: Somali Roads to Police Development

Police reform is thought to require a police force to break with its past. This is notably so in the aftermath of conflict or regime change. In practice, however, most police forces are selectively reconstituted, and their development is influenced as much by legacy issues as by international standards filtered through local norms. This article uses the experience of Somalia’s three regional police forces to reconsider the relationship between past and present projects to build police authority and capacity, and what this says about institutional memory in the absence of documentation. In Somalia, as in other clan or tribal-based societies, police development is influenced by a blend of security levels, political imperatives, pragmatism, international resources and memories of past practices, with group experience playing a more significant role than institutional memory. The only identifiable general principle is the need for political settlements and tactical flexibility – that is, for stability.