Abrasion Resistance Tests Research Articles

Research on Innovative Application Technology of Thin-layer Rapid Repairing Materials in Damaged Passageways of Yard Cranes

The number and severity of the damaged yard crane passageways on the wharfs are increasing year by year. Based on the research results of thin-layer repairing of the damaged passageways of yard cranes at home and abroad in recent years, this paper analyzes the characteristics and hazards of thin-layer disease of concrete pavement and measures the mechanical properties and durability of thin-layer rapid repair materials through setting time test, mechanical test, abrasion resistance test and frictional coefficient test. It is concluded that its properties can meet the requirements of thin-layer repairing technology, and some engineering examples of thin-layer rapid repair are listed in this paper.

Statistical analysis of mechanical properties on the example of aggregates of Carpathian sandstones

Abstract The constantly growing, broadly understood, construction industry requires the use of a large amount of aggregates. The construction of roads, motorways, railway lines and hydrotechnical structures requires the use of aggregates of high quality, which is primarily determined by mechanical properties. The basic parameters describing mechanical properties of aggregates are the Los Angeles (LA) fragmentation resistance coefficient and the Micro-Deval (M DE ) abrasion resistance coefficient. The LA and M DE coefficients depend mainly on the type of rock and its physical and mechanical properties. This has been thoroughly researched and documented as evidenced by the abundant literature in the field. However, the correlation between LA and M DE coefficients still gives rise to extensive discussions and some concerns. A number of publications demonstrate dependencies for various types of aggregates. Therefore, research was undertaken to present statistical analysis for one type of aggregate and one geological area. This article presents the results of the fragmentation resistance test in the Los Angeles drum and the abrasion resistance test in the Micro-Deval drum of aggregates from Carpathian sandstone deposits. Aggregate samples were divided into three groups according to the location of the deposits and the tectonic unit from which they originated. The obtained results were subjected to static analysis to fit the best mathematical function describing the relationship between the two parameters.

Performance of metakaolin based geopolymer concrete at elevated temperature

Due to the carbon dioxide emission arising from the production of cement, alternative concrete that is environmentally friendly such as metakaolin geopolymer concrete have been developed. However, the performance of metakaolin based geopolymer concrete (MKGC) when exposed to aggressive environment particularly elevated temperature has not been investigated. Therefore, this paper assessed the performance of MKGC exposed to elevated temperatures. MKGC cube specimens of grade 25 were produced using a mix ratio of 1:1.58:3.71.After preparing the specimens, they were placed in an electric oven at a temperature of 60oC for 24 hours. Thereafter, the specimens were stored in the laboratory at ambient temperature for 28 days. The specimens were then exposed to elevated temperatures of 200, 400, 600 and 800oC. After exposure to elevated temperatures, the MKGC specimens were subjected to compressive strength, water absorption and abrasion resistance tests. Results show that at 600 and 800oC, the MKGC lost a compressive strength of 59.69% and 71.71% respectively. Higher water absorption and lower abrasion resistance were also observed.
 Keywords: Cement, Compressive Strength, Metakaolin Concrete, Elevated Temperature.

KALSİNE EDİLMİŞ BENTONİTİN BETON AŞINMA DAVRANIŞI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

The use of concrete as a building material in civil engineering applications is quite common in our country. In particular, the ease of production and supply of concrete plays an important role in this fact. Abrasion problems are encountered especially in concrete that will be exposed to external conditions and dynamic effects. In this study; mechanical behavior and abrasion resistance of calcined bentonite used concretes were investigated. In concrete mixtures, 4 different specimen series were produced by using bentonite calcined for 90 minutes at 900 ˚C at 5%, 10% and 15% by weight against of cement. The workability of the fresh concrete was determined by the slump test. Two different types of specimens are prepared in dimension with 150x150x150 mm for compressive strength test and 70x70x70 mm for abrasion test. The compressive strength and Bohme abrasion resistance of the mixtures were determined at 7, 28, 56, and 180 days cured specimens. The most suitable calcined bentonite content to be used in the concrete mixture is determined as 10% according to the compressive and abrasion resistance test results. Consequently; it has been observed that B10 specimen showed benefits on concrete with 3.7 % strength increase and 10.6 % less abrasion loss than R specimen.

High performance cementless composites from alkali activated GGBFS

Some of the thermally activated minerals and pozzolans were generally preferred in the production of geopolymer and/or alkali-activated composites as unary, binary, and ternary mixtures. The general trend is to use Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) as binary or ternary mixes in the production of alkali-activated composites. However, GGBFSs have preferred the only binder in this study. Alkali-Activated Concrete (AAC) specimens were produced by using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate aqueous solutions in three different molarity values (8, 10, and 12 M) for the formation of activation. For each mixture, three different activation temperatures, 25 °C (ambient temperature), 60 °C and 90 °C for 18 h, were applied. After this process, the specimens were kept under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2.5 °C) for 90 days to gain strength. Then capillary water absorption, density, Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (DMoE), compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and abrasion resistance tests were performed on the specimens. Furthermore, microstructure analyses were performed on the selected specimens. In the conclusion, AAC production was able to achieve using 100% GGBFS. High strength cementless concretes with a compressive strength of 82.32 MPa could be obtained by using GGBFS, which is a waste material. Besides, AAC with an abrasion value of 3.86% by weight was obtained in the specimen coded M12T60.

Operating Properties of Tools Manufactured on 3d Printers Used in the Manufacture of Construction Materials

Currently used 3D printing methods allow the production of tools from many different materials and for various applications. There are printers that use metals and plastics. The use of plastic as an inexpensive material for a production tool has been considered. Considering the production requirements, two 3D printing methods have been used: FDM and SL. In order to assess the suitability of these 3D printing methods for the modernization of production tools, it has been proposed to test the abrasion resistance of printed parts. In order to determine the durability, the printed samples have been subjected to an abrasion resistance test and its results have been presented in the article. The obtained results have showed that the materials used in both the considered 3D printing methods show similar abrasion resistance. New information has been obtained regarding the use of printed parts. Higher abrasion resistance of samples printed by the SL method has been found.

Effect of Ni contents on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Ti(C,N)-WC-Mo2C-(Ni,Co) cermets

The mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Ti(C,N)-WC-Mo2C-(Ni,Co) cermets with different Ni/Co ratios were investigated by mechanical property tests, scanning electron microscope, abrasion resistance test, electrochemical measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed the increasing Ni content caused the improvement of fracture toughness and the reduction of hardness and abrasion resistance. Electrochemical tests indicated that the proper Ni addition in cermet may enhance the corrosion resistance with cermet in HCl and NaOH solution. The corrosion behavior of cermet was mainly determined by the selective dissolution of the binder phase and the formation of oxides on corroded surface. Moreover, the improving corrosion resistance of cermet in NaOH solution can be attribute to a dense passive film oxidized from binder phase. Hence, cermet with an appropriate ratio may be considered as promising structural material in complicated application with acid or alkali solution.

Evaluation of the use of steel slag in micro surfacing

Micro surfacing (MS) is a type of bituminous coating frequently applied in the surface of pavement structures in order to prevent the occurrence of common distress and/or as a maintenance procedure. Micro surfacing has successfully been used in some states of Brazil as well as in many countries all over the world. Local aggregates used for micro surfacing composition are in some cases scarce and/or expensive. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to verify the technical, financial and environmental viability of using steel slag aggregate (SSA) in micro surfacing applications. To reach the main objective, a procedure was developed in four steps. In the first step it was made the characterization of conventional (granitic) and alternative aggregates (steel slag) and polymer-modified emulsified asphalt. In the second step, mix design, surface abrasion resistance and setting time tests were performed. In the third step, the micro surfacing mechanical performance was analyzed using a laboratory traffic simulator to observe accumulated permanent deformation; surface wear; micro texture and macro texture. In the fourth step, a comparative study of costs concerning micro surfacing application using conventional mineral aggregate (MS-MA) and alternative aggregates (MS-SSA) were performed. The laboratory procedure results indicated that the steel slag studied has the potential to be used in micro surfacing applications with more rutting resistance and better durability. The cost analysis showed for medium transport distances bigger than 60 km, the MS-SSA will be cheaper than MS-MA solution.

Durability Performance of Concrete (M-45) Fine Aggregate Partially Replaced with Crushed Waste Glass

Durability of concrete is as the ability to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while giving the desired engineering properties. Concrete require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure environmental conditions. The retrogression of concrete structures is due to effect of attrition of reinforcing bars which is occurred due to the chloride incursion.so it is necessary to study the concrete durability nature before making its usage in present construction. The present research is focused on studying the effect of using sustainable material in concrete preparation. To know the effective usage of crushed waste glass in concrete and significance in Durability properties for different replacements was studied .The present research work was done using materials like cement, Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, waste crushed glass, super plasticizer in order to know that at which combination of mix there will be optimum effect on properties of concrete. In this research Waste crushed glass was used as fractions of 10%,20%,30% and 40% by weight of crushed glass used. The durability tests to test resistance against acid environment chloride penetration and abrasion resistance tests are performed. The optimum value of acid resistance was observed when fine aggregate was replaced with 30% of fine aggregate with crushed waste glass, less abrasion loss at 30% replacement and chloride penetration also effective at 30% replacement.

Durability Performance of Concrete (M-45) Fine Aggregate Partially Replaced with Crushed Waste Glass

Durability of concrete is as the ability to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion while giving the desired engineering properties. Concrete require different degrees of durability depending on the exposure environmental conditions. The retrogression of concrete structures is due to effect of attrition of reinforcing bars which is occurred due to the chloride incursion.so it is necessary to study the concrete durability nature before making its usage in present construction. The present research is focused on studying the effect of using sustainable material in concrete preparation. To know the effective usage of crushed waste glass in concrete and significance in Durability properties for different replacements was studied .The present research work was done using materials like cement, Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, waste crushed glass, super plasticizer in order to know that at which combination of mix there will be optimum effect on properties of concrete. In this research Waste crushed glass was used as fractions of 10%,20%,30% and 40% by weight of crushed glass used. The durability tests to test resistance against acid environment chloride penetration and abrasion resistance tests are performed. The optimum value of acid resistance was observed when fine aggregate was replaced with 30% of fine aggregate with crushed waste glass, less abrasion loss at 30% replacement and chloride penetration also effective at 30% replacement.

Evaluation of the 12–24 mm basalt fibers and boron waste on reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer

Concerning sustainability and recycling considerations, geopolymers have recently raised as one of the most active alternatives to the current cement-based composites, in addition to that, the existence of fibers in any binding matrix yields a significant improvement in the behavior of the matrix. On the other hand, using waste materials in the binding matrices fulfills one of the main aims of sustainability, namely reusing wastes. In this concern, the previous research attempts focused on the effect of using fibers and wastes separately and hence using them together in one matrix is not clearly highlighted. The main objective of this study was to examine the engineering properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars in the case of colemanite substitution up to 30% and basalt fiber of different lengths. In the 10 series produced, firstly 7th day and 28th day compressive and flexural strengths, UPV, abrasion resistance test, porosity, unit weight, and water absorption results were examined. As the durability tests, 90 cycles of freezing-thawing between −20 and +20 °C, high-temperature tests of 250, 500 and 750 °C were applied. Also, geopolymer samples were exposed to 10% Hydrosulfuric Acid (H2SO4) for 3 months. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA-DTA) analyses were performed at the end of the durability tests. The results showed that in the case of 10% colemanite substitution, it increased the compressive strength results and lowered it at higher rates. With a colemanite substitution of 10%, the compressive strength results of 28 days increased by 1.71%, and in the case of 20% and 30% colemanite substitution, there was a decrease in the compressive strength of 13.64% and 26.99%, respectively. The compressive strength results showed that 24 mm long basalt fiber reinforced samples had better results than 12 mm long basalt fiber reinforced samples. It was seen that geopolymer specimens maintain stability in freezing-thawing, elevated temperatures, and sulfuric acid effects.

A Qualitative Analysis of Different Types of Water Repellent Agent Used on Cotton Fabric

The existence of intermolecular attractive forces of polarity and hydrogen bond is imperative in providing strength, heat resistance and drycleaning resistance to cotton fabric. However, these forces enhance easy wetting of fiber by water offering little resistance to snow and rain for outerwear garments. This problem could be overcome by adding water repellent chemicals to the fabric either chemically or with mechanical coating which prevent penetration of water through the fabric without destroying comfort of the fabric. The aim of the work is to evaluate the effect of different types of water repellent agents used on cotton fabric and analyze different possible factors affecting the performance and quality of treated fabrics. For this purpose, three water repellent chemicals: Lurotex protector RP ECO is a product based on C6 technology, Rucostar EEE6 product consists of a hydrocarbon matrix and hyper-branched, star-shaped polymers(dendrimers) and Nuva TTC is a conventional fluorocarbon based water repellent chemicals were used in three different concentrations to find out an optimum chemical concentration. To judge the quality of the treated fabrics, spray test, air permeability test, strength test and abrasion resistance test were evaluated. The quality of treated fabrics for all three chemicals was very close to each other and if the process parameters is maintained successfully, desired results can be achieved.

Comparison of vulnerability conditions of adobes’ structure – the study of historical and restored adobes of Kooh-e Khajeh ancient site (Kohan Dezh castle) in Sistan, Iran

Adobe constructions are very frequent in dry, hot and desert regions. Due to weather conditions and the availability of suitable resources and earth to make adobes, Kohan Dezh castle, at the foot of Kooh-e Khajeh hill (Sistan region) is among the first places where such constructions were made. Owing to the particular properties of the adobe, the constructions have always been vulnerable to weather conditions, especially moisture. Before restoring such monuments and altering their structure, sufficient research on their morphology and scientific-based restoration experiments need to be carried out ; the results are integrated in planning the restoration project and the related scientific research. In Kohan Dezh Castle Restoration Workshop Project, restoration adobes produced in a previous restoration project were compared to the original adobes in order to understand the differences in their structure and constituent components. In the next stage, results were used to carry out necessary experiments to examine the vulnerability conditions for each of these samples against moisture. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of restoration adobes were also studied. The analyses included gradation of the soil comprising the adobes, determination of density and porosity percentage, capillary tension test, water immersion test, abrasion resistance test, compressive strength test, and artificial rain which proved that the adobes produced for restoration were more vulnerable to moisture-induced damage then the historical ones. In order to optimize the structure of restoration adobes and increase their resistance against moisture-induced damage, their structure and gradation of their compounds and particles were modified so as to resemble those of the historical ones.

Valorization of waste rubber tyre fiber in functionally graded concrete

The current study made an attempt to enhance the functionally graded concrete properties by replacing the natural sand with waste rubber tyre fibers at different volume proportions (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30%) for a constant w/c ratio of 0.35. Rubberized functionally graded concrete, hereinafter designated merely by FGC, can be characterized by variation in composition of structure which in change shows the corresponding change in the properties of the concrete. For the detailed analysis, compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and water absorption tests were performed on conventional concrete (CC), rubber fiber concrete (RFC), and rubberized FGC and compared. Performance analysis was done on the basis of results obtained. The study showed poor compressive strengths for RFC and FGC as compared to CC. The flexural strength values were better for RFC and FGC. However, FGC had the highest flexural strength. Also, better wear and tear resistance was found for concrete containing rubber fibers. The water absorption of modified concretes was also affected by the incorporation of rubber fibers. The study concluded that the use of FGC could be a sustainable approach towards the formation of heavy-duty tiles, and at the places where higher flexural strength is required.

Assessment of the quality of abrasion-resistant plates welded joint

The article presents the analysis of the structure and properties of joints made of abrasion-resistant plates having the structure of chromium cast iron and welded with filler metals, the use of which aimed to provide the high abrasion resistance of the surface layer and good mechanical properties of the base material. The face layer of the joint was made using the MMA (Manual Metal Arc) welding method and the Fe-Cr-Nb-B type nanocrystalline filler metal. The root weld was welded using an austenitic filler metal, whereas the filling layer was welded using the MAG method with a low-alloy filler metal. The joints were subjected to non-destructive tests (visual tests and penetrant tests) as well as to mechanical properties tests. The research involved macro and microscopic metallographic tests, the determination of the grain size using an Xpert PRO X-ray diffractometer, and the EDS analysis of the chemical composition of the precipitates. The assessment of the operational properties of the joints based on hardness measurements, static tensile tests, bend tests as well as identifying the metal-mineral abrasive wear resistance were performed in accordance with ASTM G65 ? 04 standards. The results of the abrasion resistance tests were referred to the HARDOX 400 steel reference specimen. Considering the tests results it was concluded that the used filler materials can assure the appropriate operational properties of welded abrasion-resistant plates.

Abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC containing granite waste

This paper investigates the influence of granite waste (GW) on the abrasion resistance and sorptivity characteristics of SCC as a replacement of fine aggregate (or river sand). GW was incorporated to replace fine aggregate in the amount of 0–100% with an increment of 20%. Total of six SCC mixtures was designed by maintaining a constant powder content of 545 kg/m3 and water to powder ratio of 0.37. Slump flow, T500 time, V-funnel time, J-ring, and L-box tests were performed in the fresh state, while compressive strength, abrasion resistance and sorptivity tests were performed in the hardened state. Satisfactory workability properties of SCC mixtures were found on the incorporation of GW up to 80%, confirming to EFNARC standard. The compressive strength and abrasion resistance properties of SCC mixtures increased on the incorporation of up to 40% of GW and up to 60% of GW respectively. Also, better endurance capacity to the ingress of water was witnessed on the incorporation of up to 40% of GW. It was thus concluded that GW (up to 40%) could be prominently used in the production of SCC without compromising its hardened characteristics.

Niobium Additions to a 15%Cr–3%C White Iron and Its Effects on the Microstructure and on Abrasive Wear Behavior

From the present study, niobium additions of 1.79% and 3.98% were added to a 15% Cr–3% C white iron, and their effects on the microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear were analyzed. The experimental irons were melted in an open induction furnace and cast into sand molds to obtain bars of 45 mm diameter. The alloys were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Bulk hardness was measured in the as-cast conditions and after a destabilization heat treatment at 900 °C for 30 min. Abrasive wear resistance tests were undertaken for the different irons according to the ASTM G65 standard in both as-cast and heat-treated conditions under three loads (58, 75 and 93 N). The results show that niobium additions caused a decrease in the carbon content in the alloy and that some carbon is also consumed by forming niobium carbides at the beginning of the solidification process; thus decreasing the eutectic M7C3 carbide volume fraction (CVF) from 30% for the base iron to 24% for the iron with 3.98% Nb. However, the overall carbide content was constant at 30%; bulk hardness changed from 48 to 55 hardness Rockwell C (HRC) and the wear resistance was found to have an interesting behavior. At the lowest load, wear resistance for the base iron was 50% lower than that for the 3.98% Nb iron, which is attributed to the presence of hard NbC. However, at the highest load, the wear behavior was quite similar for all the irons, and it was attributed to a severe carbide cracking phenomenon, particularly in the as-cast alloys. After the destabilization heat treatment, the wear resistance was higher for the 3.98% Nb iron at any load; however, at the highest load, not much difference in wear resistance was observed. Such a behavior is discussed in terms of the carbide volume fraction (CVF), the amount of niobium carbides, the amount of martensite/austenite in matrix and the amount of secondary carbides precipitated during the destabilization heat treatment.

HMDS–GPTMS Modified Titania Silica Nanocomposite: A New Material for Oil–Water Separation

A simple and feasible method is proposed for the fabrication of a super-hydrophobic coating on cotton fabric via sol–gel process. The wettability of the coating was investigated by water contact angle measurement (WCA). WCA of coated fabric reached up to 161.5 ± 1.02°. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus and mechanical properties of coated fabric is quite promising than uncoated fabric. Moreover, the coated fabric can effectively separate oil–water mixtures through an ordinary filtering process with a separation efficiency of 99%. After 15 cycles of separation the contact angle changes to 155.6 ± 0.98° only and material maintained its super-hydrophobic property. The durability of the coating was evaluated by exposing the specimen at harsh environments like acidic, alkaline, saline, and ultraviolet irradiation was conducted. The tear test was evaluated using the adhesive tape test, abrasion resistance test apart from washing stability and these results suggested that the coating was sufficiently stable. The coated fabric free of fluorine and chlorine can be effectively utilized in various fields.

Chopped Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites : Effect of Nanoclay on Adhesive and Abrasive Wear Properties

The present work investigates the wear properties of nanoclay-modified carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites when sliding under adhesive and abrasive wear. The specimens were fabricated using epoxy resin, short carbon fiber, and nanoclay filler of 1.0wt%, 3.0wt%, and 5.0wt% content. The wear tests were conducted using pin-on-disc and abrasion resistance test rig for adhesive and abrasive wear condition, respectively. Operating parameters were fixed at 30N load, 300rpm speed and 10km distance for both tests. Pure CFRP composite exhibited lower wear performance compared to pure epoxy in both test conditions. However, with nanoclay incorporation, the wear properties of CFRP composite have improved up to 56% and 44% under adhesive and abrasive wear, respectively. Therefore, the composite reinforced polymer of carbon fiber and nanoclay filler in epoxy matrix provides a synergistic effect under adhesive and abrasive wear conditions. The experimental findings suggest that the CFRP composite has the potential for tribological components and application such as sliding-contact and rolling-contact bearings.

Properties of Concrete Pedestrian Blocks Containing Crumb Rubber from Recycle Waste Tyres Reinforced with Steel Fibres

Crumb rubber is a direct product from recycling abandoned tyres. It is considered one of the solutions to reduce immense problems from discarded tyres. Rubberized pedestrian concrete blocks are known to have good energy absorption but poor load resistance. In this study, short steel fibres were introduced in the manufacturing of rubberized concrete pedestrian blocks to enhance its mechanical properties. Two hooked end steel fibres with the lengths of 35 and 65 mm were mixed at 0.5 and 1.0% by volume fractions. The blocks were produced by pressing and were subjected to density, water absorption, slip resistance, flexural load resistance, and field abrasion resistance tests. Results indicated that the addition of steel fibre caused the density and absorption of blocks to increase slightly. The flexural strength, toughness, and abrasion resistance also increased markedly with increasing fibre content. The addition of fibre, however, did not affect the slip resistance.