Delivery Ability Research Articles

Neutrophil-erythrocyte hybrid membrane-coated hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles for targeted and photothermal/ anti-inflammatory therapy of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA), as a chronic degenerative joint disorder, has seriously affected the life quality of patients. Despite lots of drug treatment strategies that have been studied, the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfactory due to the lack of prolonged circulation life and targeted delivery ability. Recently, functional cell membranes modified nanoparticles have been explored to achieve high-efficiency drug delivery. Herein, neutrophil-erythrocyte hybrid membranes-coated dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dexp)-loaded hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles (D-CuS@NR NPs) were fabricated for OA treatment. Generally, we achieved the synergistic treatment of mild-heating, prolonged circulation, and targeted delivery in this system. In particular, this biomimetic nanoparticle showed significant cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory ability in vitro due to cell membrane coating and photothermal responsive drug release under NIR irradiation. Importantly, in vivo explorations revealed that D-CuS@NR NPs combined with photothermal treatment obtained an excellent therapy effect for preventing the OA process. Hence, this novel hybrid membranes-coated CuS NPs showed significant therapeutic efficacy by local warming and targeted drug delivery , which might become a promising drug delivery vehicle for improving the therapeutic effect of OA. • This nanoparticle possesses lots of advantages, including long circulation effect, excellent target ability, and well photothermal conversion efficiency. • Combined with NIR treatment, this drug loaded nanoparticle gained outstanding anti-inflammatory effect and ability to protect articular cartilage in vivo . • This drug loaded nanoparticle provides a promising platform for inflammation related diseases.

Aptamer-Based Fluorescence Detection and Selective Disinfection of Salmonella Typhimurium by Using Hollow Carbon Nitride Nanosphere.

Hollow carbon nitride nanosphere (HCNS) was synthesized via the hard template method to improve the fluorescence characteristics, drug delivery ability, and photocatalytic activity. Blue fluorescent HCNS was utilized as a quenching agent and an internal reference to combine with Cy5-labelled aptamer (Cy5-Apt), resulting in an off-on fluorescence aptasensing method for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). Under optimum conditions, this fluorescence assay presented a linear range from 30 to 3 × 104 CFU mL−1 with a detection limit of 13 CFU mL−1. In addition, HCNS was also used as a drug carrier to load chloramphenicol (Cap) molecules. The Cap-loading amount of HCNS could reach 550 μg mg−1 within 24 h, whereas the corresponding Cap-release amount is 302.5 μg mg−1 under acidic and irradiation conditions. The integration of photocatalyst with antibiotic could endow HCNS-Cap with better disinfection performance. The bactericidal efficiency of HCNS-Cap (95.0%) against S. typhimurium within 12 h was better than those of HCNS (85.1%) and Cap (72.9%). In addition, selective disinfection of S. typhimurium was further realized by decorating aptamer. Within 4 h, almost all S. Typhimurium were inactivated by HCNS-Cap-Apt, whereas only 13.3% and 48.2% of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli cells were killed, respectively. Therefore, HCNS is a promising bio-platform for aptamer-based fluorescence detection and selective disinfection of S. typhimurium.

A cyclen-based fluoropolymer as a versatile vector for gene and protein delivery

Gene and protein therapy have shown great potential in the treatment of severe human diseases. It’s increasingly necessary for the development of multifunctional vectors that can stabilize the gene / protein and deliver them into cells. Herein, a novel polymer composed of fluorinated linkage and Zn-coordinated macrocyclic polyamine (cyclen) was designed and synthesized via ring-opening polymerization. The Zn-cyclen moiety contributes to the gene transfection efficiency, while the fluorinated backbone might afford the protein delivery ability. Experimental results demonstrated that Zn-coordination could improve the water solubility of the polymer and the stability of the polyplexes formed with DNA. For gene transfection, the target polymer ZnCF4 could give similar to or slightly higher efficiency than the golden standard PEI 25 kDa in various cell lines. Several assays revealed that the improvement of transfection efficiency by the Zn-coordination might come from higher polyplex stability, better cellular uptake, and efficient endosome escape. For protein delivery, the Zn-coordination could also largely enhance the efficiency. β-Galactosidase assay revealed that ZnCF4 could not only effectively transfer protein into cells, but also maintain the protein activity. These results suggest that the title polymer might be a versatile platform for the delivery of various bioactive macromolecules, showing its potential in gene and protein therapy.

Bioinspired soft nanovesicles for site‐selective cancer imaging and targeted therapies

Cell-to-cell communication within the heterogeneous solid tumor environment plays a significant role in the uncontrolled metastasis of cancer. To inhibit the metastasis and growth of cancer cells, various chemically designed and biologically derived nanosized biomaterials have been applied for targeted cancer therapeutics applications. Over the years, bioinspired soft nanovesicles have gained tremendous attention for targeted cancer therapeutics due to their easy binding with tumor microenvironment, natural targeting ability, bio-responsive nature, better biocompatibility, high cargo capacity for multiple therapeutics agents, and long circulation time. These cell-derived nanovesicles guard their loaded cargo molecules from immune clearance and make them site-selective to cancer cells due to their natural binding and delivery abilities. Furthermore, bioinspired soft nanovesicles prevent cell-to-cell communication and secretion of cancer cell markers by delivering the therapeutics agents predominantly. Cell-derived vesicles, namely, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and so forth have been recognized as versatile carriers for therapeutic biomolecules. However, low product yield, poor reproducibility, and uncontrolled particle size distribution have remained as major challenges of these soft nanovesicles. Furthermore, the surface biomarkers and molecular contents of these vesicles change with respect to the stage of disease and types. Here in this review, we have discussed numerous examples of bioinspired soft vesicles for targeted imaging and cancer therapeutic applications with their advantages and limitations. Importance of bioengineered soft nanovesicles for localized therapies with their clinical relevance has also been addressed in this article. Overall, cell-derived nanovesicles could be considered as clinically relevant platforms for cancer therapeutics. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.

A Hyaluronic Acid-Based Formulation with Simultaneous Local Drug Delivery and Antioxidant Ability for Active Viscosupplementation

Hyaluronic acid (HA) and its derivatives are widely used for intra-articular injection to augment compromised viscoelastic properties of damaged synovial fluid. Combining HA-based devices with anti-inflammatory drugs or bioactive principles in order to provide an additional benefit to the viscosupplementation is emerging as a new promising approach to improve the clinical outcome. Here, we aim to design a novel active viscosupplementation agent that can load and release hydrophobic drugs and at the same time possessing antioxidant properties. Optimized ternary systems named HCV based on HA, (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (CD), and vitamin E (VE), without being engaged in formal chemical bonding with each other, showed the best viscoelastic and lubrication properties along with antioxidant capabilities, able to solubilize and release DF. The physical–chemical characterization suggested that the HCV system displayed rheological synergism and higher thermal stability because of the presence of VE and its antioxidant activity, and the loading of hydrophobic drugs was improved by the presence of CD and VE. Cell morphology and viability tests on L929 cells exhibited high biocompatibility of the HCV system with higher level expression of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10.

Gene-Delivery Ability of New Hydrogenated and Partially Fluorinated Gemini bispyridinium Surfactants with Six Methylene Spacers.

The pandemic emergency determined by the spreading worldwide of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has focused the scientific and economic efforts of the pharmaceutical industry and governments on the possibility to fight the virus by genetic immunization. The genetic material must be delivered inside the cells by means of vectors. Due to the risk of adverse or immunogenic reaction or replication connected with the more efficient viral vectors, non-viral vectors are in many cases considered as a preferred strategy for gene delivery into eukaryotic cells. This paper is devoted to the evaluation of the gene delivery ability of new synthesized gemini bis-pyridinium surfactants with six methylene spacers, both hydrogenated and fluorinated, in comparison with compounds with spacers of different lengths, previously studied. Results from MTT proliferation assay, electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), transient transfection assay tests and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging confirm that pyridinium gemini surfactants could be a valuable tool for gene delivery purposes, but their performance is highly dependent on the spacer length and strictly related to their structure in solution. All the fluorinated compounds are unable to transfect RD-4 cells, if used alone, but they are all able to deliver a plasmid carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassette, when co-formulated with 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) in a 1:2 ratio. The fluorinated compounds with spacers formed by six (FGP6) and eight carbon atoms (FGP8) give rise to a very interesting gene delivery activity, greater to that of the commercial reagent, when formulated with DOPE. The hydrogenated compound GP16_6 is unable to sufficiently compact the DNA, as shown by AFM images.

Modified bactofection for efficient and functional DNA delivery using invasive E. coli DH10B vector into human epithelial cell line

The attempts to attain satisfactory gene delivery ability from various engineered or non-engineered bacterial vectors have been reported by several groups. We have successfully developed a modified bactofection method for large-sized DNA delivery into human cell lines.Applying the same method of delivery, this study for the first time demonstrates an efficient and functional delivery of an 80-kb BAC clone carrying human beta-globin gene into HT1080 cell line via invasive E. coli DH10B vector. As a resultant, the modified bactofection method attained high DNA delivery even at low MOI and showed ∼5 folds increased delivery over the classic bactofection method. Upon comparing delivery efficiencies of the classic bactofection, modified bactofection, and Lipofectamine mediated transfection (10 μg/μl) at 1000 MOI, it showed 10%, 60%, and 14% GFP expression, respectively. Furthermore, functionality of the delivered BAC DNA was assessed and confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. To sum up, it can be envisioned that with careful study the modified bactofection method could successfully be employed for delivering various large-sized genes into human cells, be it for therapeutic purposes or studying their functional aspects. Besides, applying the modified bactofection method to discrete bacterial vector systems could help to achieve high efficiency DNA delivery of the large-sized genes.

Ion Interference Therapy of Tumors Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles.

As an essential substance for cell life activities, ions play an important role in controlling cell osmotic pressure balance, intracellular acid–base balance, signal transmission, biocatalysis and so on. The imbalance of ion homeostasis in cells will seriously affect the activities of cells, cause irreversible damage to cells or induce cell death. Therefore, artificially interfering with the ion homeostasis in tumor cells has become a new means to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. This treatment is called ion interference therapy (IIT). Although some molecular carriers of ions have been developed for intracellular ion delivery, inorganic nanoparticles are widely used in ion interference therapy because of their higher ion delivery ability and higher biocompatibility compared with molecular carriers. This article reviewed the recent development of IIT based on inorganic nanoparticles and summarized the advantages and disadvantages of this treatment and the challenges of future development, hoping to provide a reference for future research.

Targeted delivery of cancer drug paclitaxel to chordomas tumor cells via an RNA nanoparticle harboring an EGFR aptamer

Paclitaxel has been extensively used in clinics for cancer treatment. However, its limited solubility in aqueous solution and high occurrence of side effects have also been widely reported. In this study, we constructed a biocompatible RNA nanoparticle delivery system (3WJ-EGFRapt) that includes 3WJ (3-way junction) nanoparticle with a size of 4.85 ± 0.59 nm as a backbone and an EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) aptamer for specific targeting to chordomas cells, which owns the encapsulation ability of drug paclitaxel (PTX) for cancer therapy. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry results confirmed 3WJ-EGFRapt nanoparticle exhibited excellent specific targeting to chordomas cell U-CH2 which is an EGFR(+) cell line; while the 3WJ nanoparticle lose the targeted ability. Both of the two nanoparticles own no sensitivity to lung cancer cell H520 which is an EGFR(-) cell line. Moreover, the 3WJ-EGFRapt nanoparticle encapsulated drug PTX could enhance the inhibition efficiency of chordomas tumor cells U-CH2 as compared to free PTX alone. This work demonstrates that RNA-3WJ constructed with a targeting aptamer provides a compromising targeted drug delivery ability on chordomas cells for therapeutics.

Molecular Modelling of Optical Biosensor Phosphorene-Thioguanine for Optimal Drug Delivery in Leukemia Treatment.

Simple SummaryNanocarriers have been used to solve the problems associated with conventional antitumor drug delivery systems, including no specificity, severe side effects, burst release and damaging the normal cells. It improves the bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency of antitumor drugs, while providing preferential accumulation at the target site. Various 2D nanomaterials such as graphene, MoS2, and WSe2 have been used as nanocarrier. The recent discovery of phosphorene has introduced new possibilities in designing a sensible drug delivery system, due to low cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, high surface to volume ratio, which can increase its drug loading capacity. The biodegradation of phosphorene inside the human body produces non-toxic intermediates, like phosphate. Phosphate is necessary for the formation of bone and teeth. Phosphate is also used by the cell for energy, cell membranes, and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Therefore, phosphorene nanocarrier is not harmful, especially for the treatment of cancer in vivo applications.Thioguanine is an anti-cancer drug used for the treatment of leukemia. However, thioguanine has weak aqueous solubility and low biocompatibility, which limits its performance in the treatment of cancer. In the present work, these inadequacies were targeted using density functional theory-based simulations. Three stable configurations were obtained for the adsorption of thioguanine molecules on the phosphorene surface, with adsorption energies in the range of −76.99 to −38.69 kJ/mol, indicating physisorption of the drug on the phosphorene surface. The calculated bandgap energies of the individual and combined geometries of phosphorene and thioguanine were 0.97 eV, 2.81 eV and 0.91 eV, respectively. Owing to the physisorption of the drug molecule on the phosphorene surface, the bandgap energy of the material had a direct impact on optical conductivity, which was significantly altered. All parameters that determine the potential ability for drug delivery were calculated, such as the dipole moment, chemical hardness, chemical softness, chemical potential, and electrophilicity index. The higher dipole moment (1.74 D) of the phosphorene–thioguanine complex reflects its higher biodegradability, with no adverse physiological effects.

The ROS‐responsive scavenger with intrinsic antioxidant capability and enhanced immunomodulatory effects for cartilage protection and osteoarthritis remission

Oxidative stress has close relationship with the progression of osteoarthritis and thus is an important therapeutic target. The use of antioxidants alone has common disadvantages such as low bioavailability, poor stability, and rapid joint clearance or toxicity at high concentrations. To achieve both reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive scavenging ability and drug targeted delivery ability, a novel polymer (PEG-PTK-PEG) was synthesized through a simple and direct reaction between polythioketal (PTK) and m-PEG-acrylate. In addition to excellent mechanical properties and high drug loading capacity, the degradation products of PEG-PTK-PEG responding to the ROS accumulating microenvironment also have excellent biocompatibility and extremely low toxicity. Further, the PEG-PTK-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with astaxanthin (ASTA), which is an antioxidant with high biological safety, could effectively reduce ROS expression and release ASTA slowly and accurately in the area of high ROS expression as a result of the polymer degradation. In the OA model, the PEG-PTK-PEG@ASTA could effectively inhibit the expression of ROS, thereby downregulating the MAPK signaling pathway and inducing the conversion of macrophages from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype. The synergistic effect of PEG-PTK-PEG's ROS-responsive drug delivery ability and ROS scavenging ability significantly promoted the therapeutic effect of OA, providing a new and effective strategy for the clinical treatment of OA.

A Photothermal Nanoplatform with Sugar-Triggered Cleaning Ability for High-Efficiency Intracellular Delivery.

Intracellular delivery of functional molecules is of great importance in various biomedical and biotechnology applications. Recently, nanoparticle-based photothermal poration has attracted increasing attention because it provided a facile and efficient method to permeabilize cells transiently, facilitating the entry of exogenous molecules into cells. However, this method still has some safety concerns associated with the nanoparticles that bind to the cell membranes or enter the cells. Herein, a nanoplatform with both photothermal property and sugar-triggered cleaning ability for intracellular delivery is developed based on phenylboronic acid (PBA) functionalized porous magnetic nanoparticles (named as M-PBA). The M-PBA particles could bind to the target cells effectively through the specific interactions between PBA groups and the cis-diol containing components on the cell membrane. During a short-term near-infrared irradiation, the bound particles convert absorbed light energy to heat, enabling high-efficiency delivery of various exogenous molecules into the target cells via a photothermal poration mechanism. After delivery, the bound particles could be easily "cleaned" from the cell surface via mild sugar-treatment and collected by a magnet, avoiding the possible side effects caused by the entrance of particles or their fragments. The delivery and cleaning process is short and effective without compromising the viability and proliferation ability of the cells with delivered molecules, suggesting that the M-PBA particles could be used as promising intracellular delivery agents with a unique combination of efficiency, safety, and flexibility.

Paclitaxel Delivery by Cationic Gelatin Nanoparticles

AbstractBiodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have gained importance since they improve the therapeutic value of various water insoluble drugs and bioactive molecules by improving bioavailability, solubility and retention time. Nanosized drug delivery systems provide enhanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic control compared to free drugs. In this study, cationic gelatin nanoparticles were first prepared by the two step desolvation method and then their in vitro Paclitaxel (Ptx) delivery ability was evaluated. Resulting nanoparticles were analyzed for their in vitro cytotoxic effect in two different cell lines. The experimental results showed that spherical gelatin nanoparticles had a zeta potential of approximately +15.5 mV and the average size of the particles was 10.3±0.42 nm. Ptx release from gelatin nanoparticles exhibited an initial burst release followed by diffusion of the drug in a sustained manner and finally polymer erosion occured up to 38 days. In vitro cell viabilitiy analysis showed that Ptx loaded gelatin nanoparticles inhibited the growth of A549 and HT29 cells more effectively than the free drug. Based on these findings, it can be stated that cationic gelatin nanoparticles may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of many cancers.

Levan Nanoparticles with Intrinsic Cd44-Targeting Ability for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery

Levan Nanoparticles with Intrinsic Cd44-Targeting Ability for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery

Nucleus-selective codelivery of proteins and drugs for synergistic antitumor therapy.

Subcellular organelle targeted transport is of great significance for accurately delivering drugs to active sites for better pharmacological effects, but there are still a lot of challenges due to transport problems. In addition, the killing effect of one kind of drug on cells is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a multifunctional nanoplatform that can co-deliver synergistic therapeutic agents. Here, we prepare a simple amphiphilic nanocarrier (LC) with rapid endosomal escape ability for nucleus-selective delivery of hydrophilic active protein deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and hydrophobic anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). LC has been applied to effectively encapsulate DNase I just by simply mixing their aqueous solutions together. In addition, DOX modified with adamantane groups via a redox-responsive linker is incorporated into the architecture of DNase I nanoformulations through host–guest interaction. This multi-component nanoplatform can quickly escape from the endolysosomes into the cytoplasm and make DNase I and DOX highly accumulate in the nucleus and consequently induce strong synergistic anticancer efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. This work illustrates a new platform for codelivery of proteins and drugs that target subcellular compartments for functions.

Receptor-Targeted Surface-Engineered Nanomaterials for Breast Cancer Imaging and Theranostic Applications.

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in women and the major cause of worldwide cancer-related deaths among women. Various treatment strategies including conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, gene silencing and deliberately engineered nanomaterials for receptor mediated targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, antibodies, and small-molecule inhibitors, etc are being investigated by scientists to combat breast cancer. Smartly designed/fabricated nanomaterials are being explored to target breast cancer through enhanced permeation and retention effect; and also, being conjugated with suitable ligand for receptor-mediated endocytosis to target breast cancer for diagnostic, and theranostic applications. These receptor-targeted nanomedicines have shown efficacy to target specific tumor tissue/cells abstaining the healthy tissues/cells from cytotoxic effect of anticancer drug molecules. In the last few decades, theranostic nanomedicines have gained much attention among other nanoparticle systems due to their unique ability to deliver chemotherapeutic as well as diagnostic agents, simultaneously. Theranostic nanomaterials are emerging as novel paradigm with ability for concurrent delivery of imaging (with contrasting agents), targeting (with biomarkers), and anticancer therapeutics with one delivery system (as cancer theranostics) and can transpire as promising strategy to overcome various hurdles for effective management of breast cancer including its most aggressive form, triple-negative breast cancer.

''A STUDY OF INDICATIONS OF PRIMARY CESAREAN SECTION AND FETOMATERNAL OUTCOME IN MULTIPAROUS WOMEN ON A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE''

Laparotomy and hysterotomy incision through surgery to deliver the fetus is called Cesarean section. In modern days, higher complications in normal vaginal delivery is the major reason for choice of c section in India whereas this was already followed by US since decades. Healthy survival was possible for women in ancient days post normal delivery as they performed heavy physical work. However, modern women have less physical ability for normal vaginal delivery because of the low strength and fear of issues after a normal vaginal delivery. Today's women being literate and aware of the difculties like Postpartum infections which includes uterine, bladder, or kidney infections, excessive bleeding after delivery, pain in the perineal area (between the vagina and the rectum), Vaginal discharge, swollen breasts, clogged ducts, Stretch marks and also the vital reasons are Hemorrhoids and constipation along with Urinary or fecal (stool) incontinence, Hair loss, Postpartum depression, Discomfort during sex and difculty regaining the pre-pregnancy shape becomes crucial factor to decide for C section over normal vaginal delivery.

A graphene-Ag based near-infrared defined accurate anti-scarring strategy for ocular glaucoma surgery.

Excessive fibrosis is the major factor in the failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. So far, the dominant approach for inhibiting fibrosis is the use of an antimetabolite drug, but the complications it causes, such as filtering bleb leakage, bacterial endophthalmitis and ocular hypotony, are also inevitable. Herein, a multifunctional anti-scarring platform (PVA@rGO-Ag/5-Fu) integrated with outstanding photothermal, antibacterial and drug delivery abilities is developed. PVA@rGO-Ag shows favorable biocompatibility as well as an accurate regional photothermal killing ability on both conjunctival fibroblasts and bacteria under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Furthermore, PVA@rGO-Ag/5-Fu improves bleb survival rates and results in the satisfactory reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) by decreasing the fibrous reaction in vivo. In summary, PVA@rGO-Ag/5-Fu has promising potential as an efficacious and safe anti-scarring agent for filtering surgery.

A H2O2-responsive theranostic platform for chemiluminescence detection and synergistic therapy of tumors.

Chemiluminescence substances that respond to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a tumor microenvironment have the potential to achieve accurate tumor imaging. Here, Pluronic F-127 (PF127) and polymers containing oxalate ester (POE) were assembled by hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces to form nanoparticles to load the anti-tumor drug lapachone (Lapa) and rubrene. The Lapa-loaded H2O2-responsive nanoparticles (L-HPOX) could track tumors in vivo through H2O2-related chemiluminescence. With the presence of H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment, L-HPOX would collapse and release the loaded drug for anti-tumor therapy. After treatment with 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), the inflammatory level and H2O2 content increased. Thus, L-HPOX exhibited good capabilities of tumor imaging and treatment. Importantly, the immune system was also activated for anti-metastatic activity. This intelligent and efficient chemiluminescent tumor theranostic nanoplatform will find great potential for precise and efficient tumor treatment.

비대면 스포츠시장 융합인력양성사업의 교육서비스품질 분석

The purpose of this study was to figure out the importance and satisfaction in recognitions of Non-Face-to-Face Sports Market Convergence Manpower online education participants. In order to achieve this objective, samples were taken by using snowball sampling method among non-probability sampling methods. Total 403 data were collected in this study except data which did not respond or trustlessly responded. In data processing, via SPSS version 21.0 for window, exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach"s α, frequency analysis, and Importance-Performance Analysis. The results were as follows. Items included in the Ⅰ quadrant are the practical relevance of educational information, the usefulness of the educational information, the overall design of the education platform, the appropriate difficulty of education, the experience and professionalism of the education instructor, the lecture title and composition of the education, the ease of access to the platform, the education The latest information delivery of lecture contents, reliability of education information, lecture ability of education instructors, lecture video quality of education, convenient system of education platform, and content delivery ability of education instructors were shown. Items included in Quadrant II were easy and clear lecture content, communication ability between instructors and trainees, practical relevance of education, and appropriate lecture time and lecture volume. None of the items in the Ⅲ quadrant were included, and the items in the Ⅳ quadrant were found to be the form of lectures on the platform, the acquisition of professional knowledge through education, and the provision of sufficient learning materials for the lectures.