Sports Ability Research Articles

Helmet Use and Risk-Taking Behavior Among Skiers and Snowboarders.

To characterize factors associated with helmet use and risk-taking behavior among recreational skiers and snowboarders. Observational study. Large, western United States mountain resort. 1285 male and female recreational skiers and snowboarders were interviewed during a single winter ski season. Helmet use, demographic, and sport-related characteristics. Brief sensation seeking scale (BSSS) as a measure of risk-taking behavior and self-reported risk compensation. Of the respondents (N = 1285), 17.5%, 12.5%, and 70.0% reported that they never, sometimes, and always wore a helmet, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that individuals reporting sometimes wearing a helmet had significantly higher BSSS scores than those reporting never wearing a helmet (P = 0.031) or always wearing it (P = 0.018). Male gender, younger age, snowboarding, higher perceived sport ability, more days per year skiing or snowboarding, and more time spent in the terrain park were significantly associated with higher BSSS scores (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis focusing on subgroups of respondents who reported either sometimes or always wearing a helmet indicated that the odds of taking more risks when wearing a helmet for inconsistent helmet users was 75% higher than the odds for those who reported always wearing a helmet (P = 0.06). Inconsistent helmet users have characteristics of risk-taking behavior and risk compensation. Male gender, younger age, snowboarding, higher perceived sport ability, and more time spent on the mountain and in the terrain park are also important determinants of risk-taking behavior.

Motivational Climate Profiles, Pubertal Status, and Well-Being Among Female Adolescent Aesthetic Sport Athletes.

Girls participating in aesthetic sports may be at risk for disordered eating and low self-esteem. Informed by self-determination theory, the authors examined motivational climate profiles to understand how climate dimensions differentially relate to psychological needs satisfaction, self-esteem, and disordered eating. Female gymnasts, divers, and figure skaters (N = 183; mean age = 13.5) completed a survey to assess perceptions of the motivational climate, perceived sport competence, autonomy, relatedness, self-esteem, and dieting. Pubertal status was assessed to control for developmental differences. Three profiles emerged: High Important Role/Low Performance, High Effort and Cooperation/High Rivalry, and Low Mastery/High Unequal Recognition and Punishment. A 3 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance revealed profile groups significantly differed on perceived autonomy, coach relatedness, and teammate relatedness. In addition, perceived competence, self-esteem, and dieting significantly differed by pubertal status. For autonomy, the High Important Role/Low Performance group reported the highest scores. For coach and teammate relatedness, the Low Mastery/High Unequal Recognition and Punishment group reported significantly lower scores than the other 2 groups. Postpubertal girls reported lower sport ability and self-esteem and greater dieting. Physical maturity and social context were important in explaining girls' psychological needs satisfaction and well-being. Results add to the authors' understanding of the complex nature and influence of the motivational climate.

Understanding the Adventure Sportscape's Impact on Consumers' Destination Image and Event Conative Loyalty

Due to increased evidence of sport's ability to impact local economies, the purpose of this study was to examine how aesthetic, technical, and functional "sportscape" qualities influence adventure sport athletes' perceptions of the event, as well as the host destination. Data were collected from 341 athletes competing in adventure sport events throughout the 2016 summer season in two mountainous regions located in the US. Competitions under study included trail running, triathlons, mountain biking, open water swimming, and paddling events. Confirmatory factor analysis was able to confirm the content validity of the scale, providing practitioners and scholars alike with future means of measuring adventure sport facets that are most salient and effective in explaining competitors' sport tourism hedonistic outcomes. Further, structural equation modeling was able to explain causal relationships between the adventure sportscape constructs and nonlocal participants' destination image and event loyalty. Specifically, the model provides evidence that an event's atmosphere, extension events, and novelty characteristics are instrumental in fostering memorable sport tourism experiences. Results and implications extend previous sportscape research that has focused predominately on sport specatators.

EVALUATION OF STALLIONS OF SPORT BREEDS BASED ON LINEAR DESCRIPTION OF THEIR OFFSPRING

EVALUATION OF STALLIONS OF SPORT BREEDS BASED ON LINEAR DESCRIPTION OF THEIR OFFSPRING

SPORTS PERFORMANCE, SLEEP AND ANXIETY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A LONGITDUINAL STUDY

Background: There is limited literature and data on the longitudinal effects of sleep on the regular activities and experiences in which middle school and high school students participate. In the first year of this 6 year longitudinal study, we aim to look at the preliminary results of sleep, sports and anxiety with the graduating class of 2023. Methods: 48 seventh grade students were administered an ActiGraph watch to assess sleep patterns, movements, and activity levels. Students also completed a background questionnaire to obtain basic information such as extracurricular and physical participation and subjective reporting of past injuries. The Beck Youth Anxiety Inventory (BYAI) is a validated outcome questionnaire that was also administered to assess the students’ specific worries about school performance, the future, and fear. The BYAI scores are converted into a T-score that are compared to normative sample scores to determine the students’ relative deviation from the mean of the normative group. After wearing the ActiGraph watch for 5 school nights, data was reviewed with a board certified sleep pulmonologist and Total Sleep Time (TST) was recorded for each night. Results: 23 males and 25 females wore the watch for 5 school nights. Average age of students was 13 years (range: 12 to 13). During the study period, sleep, anxiety and sports participation were recorded . 240 school nights of nocturnal sleep were analyzed. TST averaged 6.5 hours (392 minutes). Females averaged 6.6 hours (395 minutes) of TST and males averaged 6.5 hours (391 minutes) of TST. For sports participation, both males and females played an average of 2 total organized sports during the course of the school year, not necessarily concurrently. On the BYAI, males had an average score of 13 and females had an average score of 12. Mild to moderate anxiety is represented by a score of 10-18. Students who played 1 sport or less (n=21) had an average TST of 6.5 hours (387 minutes) (335-440 minutes) and students who played more than 1 sport (n=27) had an average TST of 6.6 hours (396 minutes) (range: 323 to 463) (n=27). There was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.37). There was a mild negative correlation between total number of sports played and the BYAI score in males (r= -0.31). Conclusion: These preliminary results stand as a baseline insight into students and their sleeping habits, activity levels, and overall emotional state. The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) recommends 9-11 hours (540-660 minutes) of sleep per night for children 6-13 years. The average sleep time of our student population is significantly below the recommendation of the NSF. The students who played more sports reported more sleep, though not at a significantly higher rate, and males who played fewer sports had a higher anxiety score. At this young age, students are in the early stages of learning their natural abilities in sports, creating skills to excel in academic and physical performance, and are starting to go through physical development and maturation. Students are still playing sports for enjoyment and reporting anxiety at a minimal level. Over the next 5 years, we hope to look at trends and identify internal and external factors that impact sleep, cognitive functioning, athletic performance and mental health.

The Effect of 4-Week Stroboscopic Training on Visual Function and Sport-Specific Visuomotor Performance in Top-Level Badminton Players

Stroboscopic training is suggested to improve visuomotor abilities in sports. However, previous research has primarily focused on untrained participants and only considered behavioral data. Because visuomotor performance is substantially determined by neural visual processes, this study aimed to examine the effects of stroboscopic training on visuomotor performance and neural visual function of athletes. A total of 10 German top-level badminton players (intervention: n = 5 and control: n = 5) participated in this study. Over a 4-week training period, athletes performed badminton-specific visuomotor tasks either wearing shutter glasses (intervention) or under normal visual conditions (control). Prior to and after the training period, behavioral smash-defense tests and neurophysiologic investigations of the N2 motion onset visual evoked potential were used to identify modulations in the athletes' visuomotor performance and visual perception speed, respectively. Badminton training improved visuomotor performance in both groups; however, stroboscopic training resulted in superior posttraining performance compared with normal visual conditions (P = .007). Training-induced modulations in N2 latency did not reach significance, although a strong relationship was observed between changes in N2 latency and changes in visuomotor performance (r = -.55), indicating that higher performance gains following training were associated with a stronger reduction in N2 latency. The results indicate that stroboscopic training may be more effective than conventional visuomotor training for improving visuomotor abilities even in athletes performing at high skill levels. Furthermore, visuomotor performance gains could potentially be mediated by neural adaptations in the visual motion system. These findings should be confirmed for athletes from different disciplines.

Testosterone Imposters: An Analysis of Popular Online Testosterone Boosting Supplements

IntroductionTestosterone-boosting supplements (T-Boosters) are prominently featured on Amazon.com, with numerous dedicated pages and claims that they “naturally” increase testosterone levels. AimTo evaluate the highest rated and frequently reviewed T-Boosters on Amazon.com to facilitate patient counseling regarding marketing myths, T-Booster formulations, and evidence for efficacy and safety. MethodsThe Amazon marketplace was queried using the key words “testosterone” + “booster,” with default search settings and ranking items based on relevance. The top 5 T-Boosters identified on July 22, 2018, were reviewed based on price, ratings, reviews, manufacturer details, and ingredients. Consumer reviews were categorized using core themes in the Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male (ADAM) questionnaire as a proxy to understand T-Booster efficacy and reanalyzed after filtration of untrustworthy comments using ReviewMeta.com, a proprietary Amazon customer review analysis software. Main Outcome MeasuresQuantitative and qualitative evaluation of T-Boosters on Amazon.com was performed. ResultsThe top 5 T-Boosters had an average ± SD of 2,761 ± 5,112 reviews and a rating of 4.56 ± 0.25 stars. 19 unique ingredients were identified across these T-Boosters, and literature review revealed 191 studies involving the 10 most common ingredients, of which 19% involved human subjects, 53% animal models, 15% in vitro studies, and 12% case reports or review articles. Among 37 human studies, 30% observed an increase in T levels, 3% a decrease, 46% no effect, and 22% were indeterminate. Analysis of top customer reviews from the first 2 pages of reviews for each supplement revealed differences in the ADAM score before and after ReviewMeta.com filtration. After filtration, there was a 91% decrease in users reporting increased libido, a 59% decrease in reports of increased energy, a 93% decrease in reports of improved strength/endurance, a 60% decrease in reports of improved erections, an elimination of reports of improved work performance, a 67% decrease in reports of improved sleep, and an 89% decrease in reports of improved sports ability. Clinical ImplicationsOur study can serve as a guide for providers to counsel patients about the efficacy of popular online T-Boosters as well as the prevalence of disingenuous reviews associated with these products on online marketplaces like Amazon.com. Strengths & LimitationsStrengths include the novel approach to assess consumers’ perceptions and satisfaction of T-Boosters, as well as summary information that clinicians can provide patients. Limitations include selection bias, a small number of supplements analyzed, and the proprietary nature of the Amazon review analysis software. ConclusionT-Boosters are easily available online. Our investigation revealed that limited human studies have evaluated T-Boosters, resulting in no definitive findings of efficacy. In the absence of additional human studies, patients should be cautioned before considering T-Boosters, given the availability of highly effective therapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration.Balasubramanian A, Thirumavalavan N, Srivatsav A, et al. Testosterone Imposters: An Analysis of Popular Online Testosterone Boosting Supplements. J Sex Med 2019;16:203–212.

Cross-cultural adaptation, translation, and validation of the functional assessment scale for acute hamstring injuries (FASH) questionnaire for French-speaking patients

Study design: This consisted of a translation and validation study.Background: Acute hamstring injury is a frequent muscle strain in sports that require high explosive strength, impulsion or running phases. Therefore, the Functional Assessment Scale for Hamstring Injury questionnaire was developed to assess pain, physical activity level and ability to perform various exercises in patients with hamstring injuries. The Functional Assessment Scale for Hamstring Injury questionnaire is currently available in English, German, and Greek.Objectives: The goal of this study was to provide a cross-culturally adapted French-translation of the FASH questionnaire and to assess its psychometric performance.Methods: The French-translation and cross-cultural adaptation process were based on international recommendations, following six rigorous steps: (a) two initial translations from English to French; (b) synthesis of the two translations; (c) back-translations; (d) comparisons between the back-translations and the original questionnaire by an expert committee; (e) pretest; and (f) approval of the final French version of the Functional Assessment Scale for Hamstring Injury questionnaire. To validate this French version, 116 subjects (17 pathological patients, 19 patients with other muscle injury, 40 athletes at risk, and 40 healthy control athletes) were recruited to complete the Functional Assessment Scale for Hamstring Injury questionnaire. The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used as a comparative questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated by determining the test-retest reliability after a 48–60-h interval, internal consistency, construct validity, and floor/ceiling effects.Results: All of the items of the Functional Assessment Scale for Hamstring Injury questionnaire were translated without any major difficulties. The questionnaire showed excellent discriminative power by obtaining significantly different scores from the four groups (p = 0.01). Regarding psychometric performances, the test–retest reliability was excellent (IntraClass Coefficient Correlation of 0.997). Very high internal consistency was also observed (Cronbach's alpha of 0.969). Correlations with the physical health subscales of the SF-36 were significant and considered to be strong, indicating an excellent convergent validity. The other subscales of the SF-36 (mental health) were weakly correlated with the FASH, reflecting good divergent validity. No floor or ceiling effects were observed.Conclusion: The French-translation of the Functional Assessment Scale for Hamstring Injury questionnaire and its cross-cultural adaptation can be considered to be successful. Functional Assessment Scale for Hamstring Injury-French questionnaire is now a reliable and valid tool for patients suffering from acute hamstring injury, and its application in clinical practice is particularly relevant.Implications for rehabilitationThe FASH-F can be considered to be discriminant, reliable and valid for the evaluation of the severity of symptoms and sports ability in individuals with hamstring injuries.FASH-F is now a reliable and valid tool for French-speaking patients suffering from acute hamstring injury, and its application in clinical practice is particularly relevant.A limitation of our study could be that the distribution between the different study groups was not homogeneous implying that our findings may not be fully representative of the general population.

Dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on judo-specific performance and training activity: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial

BackgroundCaffeine (CAF) supplementation could have a positive impact on physical performance and sport abilities. Nevertheless, the CAF-induced, dose-dependent influence on discipline-specific performance and combat activity in combat sports have not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of single ingestion of 3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body weight of CAF and placebo (PLA) on judo-specific performance and sparring combat activities.MethodsIn a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over design, acute pre-exercise supplementation with CAF (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body weight) and placebo PLA in 22 male highly-trained judoists was examined. The study protocol involved five separate testing sessions using the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) with heart rate monitoring, three judo sparring combats and evaluation of the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) using the Borg scale.ResultsSix and 9 mg/kg CAF improved SJFT performance, while 9 mg/kg increased combat activity. Three mg/kg CAF lacked any apparent positive ergogenic effect. Among athletes, who include CAF-containing products in their habitual diet (consumers), only 9 mg/kg CAF effectively enhanced SJFT performance, while in those who do not consume CAF-containing products at regular basis (non-consumers), the enhancing effect was achieved even at 6 mg/kg.ConclusionsRegarding combat sports, higher (6–9 mg/kg) than currently recommended CAF dosages (3–6 mg/kg) are apparently more effective in terms of judo-specific performance. However, the ergogenic CAF effect is not only dose-dependent, but it is also related to customary CAF consumption.Trial registrationClinical Trials Gov, NCT03822663. Registered 28 January 2019 - Retrospectively registered

СПАДКОВІ ТА НАБУТІ ОЗНАКИ В ПРОЦЕСІ СПОРТИВНОГО ВІДБОРУ

The modern task in sports is to achieve the highest results on the basis of a combination of natural enthusiasts of athletes with modern methods of their development. The main content of all stages of sporting selection in sports is the prediction of athletic talent (promising possibilities) with the help of special test procedures and objective quantitative indices. The objective – to investigate the features of hereditary and acquired characteristics and to determine sporting abilities and dispositions and their use in the process of sporting selection. Methods: the analysis of sources of literature and Internet, regulatory documents, analysis of practical knowledge, generalization, systematization. Results. The weak manifestation of personality traits and qualitative characteristics of one kind of sports cannot be considered as a lack of sports ability. Unwanted characteristics in one type of the sporting activity may be advantageous and guarantee high performance in the other. In this regard, it is possible to predict sporting abilities only in a certain type or group of sports, proceeding from the general conditions that are characteristic of the selection system. The use of complex methods of identifying dispositions (genetical dispositions) and capabilities necessary for achieving the peak of sporting mastery allows to perform selection of children and teenagers for doing sport. Indicators, on which the sporting achievements depend and which can serve as a criterion for determining sporting aptitude, are the state of health; physical (conditional) abilities; coordination abilities; body constitution (stature); mentality of a person; genotype, functionality, motivation. Conclusions. For sport selection of children, a particular importance acquire the factors which determine the successfulness of sporting activity, which are the most limited by the heredity and are of a conservative nature. For sporting selection and orientation, the knowledge is to determine the effect of an athlete's genotype on the prospects of achievements in sport.

Lower limb in the preparticipation examination (PPE)

This article described the clinical examination of the lower extremity during a pre-participation screening in regard of sports ability, presence of injuries and musculoskeletal disorders as well as predisposing risk factors for injuries and prevention. It divided into global static and dynamic testing but also isolated analysis of joint function.

Effect of oral creatine on anaerobic sports ability of soccer players

Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore the effect of oral creatine on the anaerobic exercise ability of soccer players. Methods: Twenty healthy football players in five football teams were selected as the study participants, and they were randomly divided into the observation group and control group, each of which was 10. The football players in the control group were given glucose at a rate of 5 g/time, and the members of the observation group were given creatine glucose at a rate of 5 g/time and the supplementation of the two groups was 5 g × 4 when they have their meals and before bedtime. During the period, the training of the football players is normal. Moreover, the blood lactic acid and oxygen-free work of the two groups were compared. Results: After having oral creatine, the peak of oxygen-free work of the observation group was significantly increased, which was obviously superior to the control group without oral creatine. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After having oral creatine, the lactate level of 3 min in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group after exercise, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: After the oral creatine is taken orally, the peak of the oxygen-free work, the explosive force and the action quality of the football player can be improved. Significantly, it can increase the speed of movement fatigue recovery and it is worth popularizing.

Is National Mental Sport Ability a Sign of Intelligence? An Analysis of the Top Players of 12 Mental Sports

Research at the individual level shows strong positive relationships between performance in video games and on intelligence tests. Together with evidence of above average IQs of players of traditional mental sports such as chess, this suggests that national IQs should be strongly related to national performance on mental sports. To investigate this, lists of top players for 12 different electronic sports (e-sports) and traditional mental sports were collected from a variety of sources (total n = 36k). Using a log count approach to control for population size, national cognitive ability/IQ was found to be a predictor (p<.05) of the relative representation of countries among the top players for every game except Go. When an overall mental sports score was calculated using a factor analytic approach, the factor scores correlated r = .79 with Lynn and Vanhanen’s (2012) published national IQs. The pattern was somewhat nonlinear such that national IQs below 85 seemed to have no relationship. The games that related most strongly with the general factor of mental sport ability also correlated more strongly with national IQs (r = .94). The relationship was fairly robust to controls for geographical region (coefficient 74% of the original in chosen model specification).

청소년 운동선수들의 스포츠 능력믿음과 운동탈진의 관계에서 열정의 매개효과 검증

The purpose of this study was to analyze structural relations among the sport ability beliefs, passion, and athletic burnout of adolescent athletes and the mediating effects of passion on relations between their ability beliefs and athletic burnout. For this purpose, the investigator distributed a questionnaire to male and female athletes at physical education and general high schools in the Seoul metropolitan region and the Chungcheong region through convenience sampling. Total 346 questionnaires were selected as final valid samples. Collected data was tested for the fitness of the overall model and hypotheses with the SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 programs. The findings were as follows: first, incremental belief, a subfactor of sport ability beliefs, had significant positive (+) effects on passion (harmonious and obsessive passion), whereas fixed belief had significant negative (-) effects on it. Second, both harmonious and obsessive passion had negative (-) impacts on athletic burnout in relations between passion and athletic burnout. Third, incremental and fixed belief had negative (-) and no significant influences on athletic burnout, respectively, in relations between sport ability beliefs and athletic burnout. Finally, only harmonious passion had mediating effects on relations between sport ability beliefs and athletic burnout.

How to Think about ‘Mental Ability’ in Running and Other Sports

ABSTRACTCoaches and athletes often talk about ‘mental abilities’ that improve athletic performance in a way distinct from physical talents. But the existence of distinct mental abilities in sport is prima facie implausible since (dualists aside) all mental states are physical states of the brain, and all physical bodily movements are the results of mental guidance. Yet it still seems useful and important to talk about a distinctly ‘mental’ aspect of athletic performance. In this paper, I try to clarify what a distinctly mental realm of sports would be and discuss how we can talk about it in ways that can help athletes improve.

Confiabilidad de los test que miden las capacidades coordinativas en deportes acíclicos.

Objetivo: Determinar la confiabilidad de las pruebas empleadas para medir las capacidades coordinativas. Metodología: Se realizó la búsqueda de un total de 35 artículos mediante una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos como: Sport Discus, Ebsco, Proquest, Science Direct y Google Académico. Efectuada la búsqueda de los artículos, se realizó una tabla en Excel 2013 para organizarla en forma de base de datos. Se seleccionaron 30 de los 35 artículos teóricos y empíricos acerca de los test empleados para medir las capacidades coordinativas en deportes acíclicos y actividades físicas donde se analizaron y se determinaron los test más utilizados para medir las capacidades coordinativas. Resultados: se evaluaron todos los artículos en términos de protocolo, fiabilidad, validez y objetividad con el fin de valorar la confiabilidad de las pruebas en una escala de 0 a 3. A partir de la valoración efectuada se evidencia que el Star excursion balance test (SEBT), Y Balance Test (YBT) se perfilan como las más adecuadas para medir el equilibrio. En cuanto a la capacidad de reacción el test de Galton es un test de fácil aplicación, sin embargo los parámetros de confiabilidad no son los más adecuados para medir la reacción. El Illinois ball Dribbling Test, Coda Test y Arrowhead Agility Test sobresalen como las más adecuadas para medir las capacidades coordinativas en deportes específicos. Mientras que el MABC-2 Test, y KTK Test se destacan como las más adecuadas para medir varias capacidades coordinativas. Finalmente, el T-Test, Illinois Test y 505 Agility Test se perfilan como las más adecuadas para medir la agilidad.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) moderates the change in handgrip strength on an aggressive stimulus: A study among Polish young adults

BackgroundThe ratio of the lengths of second finger (2D) to the fourth (4D) is a putative indicator of foetal hormonal exposure. The link between 2D:4D and physical strength or sports performance in not consistent. It was suggested that the association of 2D:4D with the sporting and physical ability is better demonstrated in the context of challenge and competition, either real or simulated. However the evidence is limited to a few studies till date. AimThe objective of this study was to assess whether an aggressive video show could increase muscular strength and if 2D:4D moderated such increase. Study designWe compared outcome measures in two experimental conditions. Outcome measuresLengths of second (2D) and fourth (4D) digits and their ratio (2D:4D) for both hands, height and weight, handgrip strength of both hands. Subjects250 healthy young adults (76 female). ResultsThe mean left-, right- and average HGS values increased after aggressive video watching than after control blank screen show. The increase was higher in females compared to males. The increase was higher among the individuals with lower 2D:4D, more clearly among females. ConclusionsThe 2D:4D correlated negatively with HGS after exposure to challenge condition and this relationship is pronounced in females than males. Thus there is link between prenatal androgenisation and enhanced physical power in challenge situation.

French translation and validation of the exercise-induced leg pain Questionnaire

Objective: The “Exercise-Induced Leg Pain” questionnaire was developed (in German) for the evaluation of the severity of symptoms and sports ability in individuals with exercise-induced leg pain. The purpose of the present study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt this questionnaire into French and to study the reliability and validity of this French-language version.Methods: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the original “Exercise-Induced Leg Pain” was performed according to established guidelines. The translation part was carried out in six stages: (i) two initial translations from German to French; (ii) synthesis of the two translations; (iii) backward translations; (iv) comparison between the backward translations and the original questionnaire by an expert committee; (v) pretest; and (vi) approval of the final version of the French-language “Exercise-Induced Leg Pain” questionnaire. To validate this questionnaire, 84 subjects were recruited (28 pathological patients with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic leg pain, 28 asymptomatic sport students, and 28 healthy control athletes). The discriminative power of the questionnaire was tested, as well as its reliability (internal consistency and test–retest reliability after a 7–10-day interval), construct validity and floor/ceiling effects.Results: The French version of the “Exercise-Induced Leg Pain” questionnaire was generated without any major difficulties. The ability of the questionnaire to discriminate between the three groups of subjects was demonstrated with a total score of 61.0 ± 18.5 for the pathologic group; 93.9 ± 7.57 for the asymptomatic group and 94.1 ± 9.79 for the control group. A high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.93) and an excellent test–retest reliability [intraclass coefficient correlation: 0.98 (95% confidence interval: 0.97–0.99, p < 0.001)] indicated that the “Exercise-Induced Leg Pain” is reliable. The questionnaire also demonstrated good construct validity against different subscales of the Short Form-36 questionnaire, a generic quality of life questionnaire, with more than 87% of the prespecified hypotheses confirmed. Finally, no floor effects or ceiling effects were observed.Conclusion: The French version of the « Exercise-Induced Leg Pain » was successfully translated and cross-culturally adapted. The questionnaire is consistent, valid and reliable for evaluating French-speaking patients with chronic exercise-induced leg pain.Implications for rehabilitationThe “Exercise-Induced Leg Pain” questionnaire aims to assess the severity of symptoms that impact the function and sports ability of patients with exercise-induced leg pain;The French version of the « Exercise-Induced Leg Pain » was successfully translated and cross-culturally adapted. The questionnaire is consistent, valid and reliable for evaluating French-speaking patients with chronic exercise-induced leg pain.

Are Sports-Related Factors Correlated to the Prevalence and Initiation of Illicit Drug Misuse in Adolescence? Prospective Study in Older Adolescents.

Sport participation is considered as a factor of potential influence on illicit drug misuse (IDM) in adolescence, but there is an evident lack of studies which prospectively investigated this problem. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the sports-related factors related to IDM and the initiation of IDM among older adolescents. The participants were 436 adolescents (202 females; 16 years old at study baseline). They were tested at baseline and follow-up (two years later). The predictors included variables associated with different facets of sports participation and success in sports. The criteria were (i) baseline IDM, (ii) follow-up IDM, and (iii) initiation of IDM between baseline and follow-up. Crude and adjusted (controlled for parental conflict, age, socioeconomic status, and gender) logistic regressions were applied to establish correlations between predictors and criteria. There were higher odds for baseline IDM in adolescents who quit individual sports (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.3-13.9), who had better competitive sports achievements (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0-3.3), and those involved in sports for a longer time (OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0-2.5). The IDM at follow-up was more prevalent in adolescents who were involved in sports for a longer time (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.6). Initiation of drug use was predicted by longer experience in sports (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1). Sports-related factors were more negatively than positively related to illicit drug use. Most probably, the transition from junior to senior level in sports put specific stress on those adolescents who were highly committed to sports until that time, but who then had to question their own sports abilities and future potential in sports. Sport-authorities should be informed on established results and specific public-health efforts aimed at preventing IDM in athletic adolescents are urgently needed.

PO-288 Research on Norm Construction and Evaluating Levels of 20-m Running in Preschool Children

Objective The study tested young children's 20-m running in Chengdu, analyzed of the characteristics of change in age and gender, to construct the norm and evaluation system of the 20-m running of young children and provide the basis for assessing children's sports ability and physical fitness. The results can used as one of the children's physical fitness evaluation content.&#x0D; Methods The stratified random sampling method was used to select kindergarten children in from 25 kindergartens in a district of Chengdu, and totally, 3089 children of 3-6 years old were tested．The best scores by two trials were used as the 20-m running performance.&#x0D; Results With the growth of the age, young children's 20 m running is gradually increased. There are significant differences in the mean values of boys and girls aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 (F = 228.696, F = 366.477, P &lt; 0.01). Compared with boys and girls of the same age group, boys are superior to girls, and there is no significant difference between boys and girls aged 6 (F = 0.879, P &gt; 0.05). The differences in other groups were statistically significant (F=0.138, F=0.204, F=0.133, P &lt; 0.01). The percentile 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 values of the 20 m running of young children were recorded, respectively, and according to the statistical percentile method to divide the evaluation grade standards, the test results of the 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentage site test results were selected to develop the five-level rating system of children's 20 m running.&#x0D; Conclusions With the growth of the age, young children's 20 m running is gradually increased, and there are significant differences between groups. It is suggested that the flexibility of nervous processes, the coordination of the body, the flexibility of joints and muscles, and the strength and endurance of muscles are gradually enhanced in children. Constructed the norm and five-grade evaluation system of preschool children's 20 m running, and provided the basis for formulating the grade standard of preschool children's physique evaluation in the future.