Sports Ability Research Articles

What do patients expect from osteosynthetic stabilization of proximal tibial fractures?

Aims and Objectives:Surgical treatment of proximal tibial fractures is often associated with complications and postoperative limitations in knee motion. Unrealistic patient expectations of the operation may lead to dissatisfaction with the surgical outcome despite successful surgery. The hypothesis of this study was that patients with proximal tibial fracture have very high expectations of surgical intervention in terms of painlessness, return to work and sport ability. Further, underestimation of the risk for the development of secondary gonarthrosis was hypothesized.Materials and Methods:From 2017-2018, n=79 patients (n=35 w, mean age 48 years ±13.6 years) with proximal tibial fracture were prospectively and consecutively enrolled at three level A trauma centers. Preoperatively, demographic data, fracture classification according to AO classification, the HSS -Knee Surgery Expectations Survey using the 4-point Likert scale, the workload according to REFA criteria and the non-standardized expectations regarding the return to work/sport ability and the secondary risk for developing gonarthrosis were collected and analysed. A statistical significance of p<0.05 was assumed.Results:81% (n=63) of the patients expect a maximum duration of incapacity for work of 12 weeks regardless of age, gender and workload (n.s.). 74% (n=58) expect a return to work and 70% (n=55) a return to sport with no or only minor restrictions. Younger patients (younger than 55 years) had significantly higher expectations of an unrestricted return to work (p=0.045) and sport (p=0.04). Gender and workload had no significant influence on this expectation (n.s.). 33% (n=26) do not expect any residual pain postoperatively, regardless of activity. Younger patients expect significantly less residual pain than older patients (p=0.03). 92% (n=73) expect a completely normal knee joint or only minor differences to a healthy knee, regardless of age, gender and workload (n.s.). At least 72% (n=57) of the patients consider an unrestricted or only slightly restricted knee function to be at least important, regardless of age, sex and workload (n.s.). 29% (n=23) of the patients, regardless of age, sex and workload (n.s.) assume that the operation prevents secondary gonarthrosis.Conclusion:The results confirm our hypothesis that patients have very high expectations of the surgical treatment of proximal tibial fractures. For younger patients in particular, an unrestricted return to sport, work and painlessness is very important. The risk assessment regarding developing secondary gonarthrosis seems unrealistic. This study should help surgeons to discuss realistic expectations and results of osteosynthetic stabilization of proximal tibial fractures with their patients in order to improve patients’ satisfaction.

Genetics and the Elite Athlete: Our Understanding in 2020.

Modern competitive sport has evolved so much that athletes would go to great extremes to develop themselves into champions; medicine has also evolved to the point that many genetic elements have been identified to be associated with specific athletic traits, and genetic alterations are also possible. The current review examines the published literature and looks at three important factors: genetic polymorphism influencing sporting ability, gene doping and genetic tendency to injury. The ACTN3 gene has an influence on type II muscle fibres, with the R allele being advantageous to power sports like sprinting and the XX genotype being associated with lower muscle strength and sprinting ability. The ACE gene polymorphisms are associated with cardio-respiratory efficiency and could influence endurance athletes. Many other genes are being looked at, with specific focus on those that are potentially related to enhancement of athletic ability. Recognition of these specific gene polymorphisms brings into play the concept of genetic engineering in athletes, which constitutes gene doping and is outlawed. This has the potential to develop into the next big threat in elite sports; gene doping could have dangerous and even fatal outcomes, as the knowledge of gene therapy is still in its infancy. Genetic predisposition to injury is also being identified; recent publications have increased the awareness of gene polymorphisms predisposing to injuries of ligaments and tendons due to influence on collagen structure and extracellular matrix. Ongoing work is looking at identifying the same genes from different races and different sexes to see if there are quantitative racial or sexual differences. All of the above have led to serious ethical concerns; in the twenty-first century some sports associations and some countries are looking at genetic testing for their players. Unfortunately, the science is still developing, and the experience of its application is limited worldwide. Nevertheless, this field has caught the imagination of both the public and the sportsperson, and hence the concerned doctors should be aware of the potential problems and current issues involved in understanding genetic traits and polymorphisms, genetic testing and genetic engineering.

Hip Arthroscopy Successfully Treats Femoroacetabular Impingement in Adolescent Athletes.

There is evidence that femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is increasingly prevalent among adolescent athletes. Abnormal contact forces across the hip and alterations in bony morphology characteristic of FAI may be especially detrimental in this group, given their young age and active lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to report the findings, outcomes, and return to sport percentage among adolescent athletes with FAI treated with hip arthroscopy. A retrospective review of all patients younger than 18 years who underwent hip arthroscopy for FAI at a single institution was performed. All athletes who were attempting to return to sport and underwent hip arthroscopy were included. Patients with previous hip surgery and/or hip conditions were excluded. Arthroscopic procedures and an assessment of intra-articular findings were recorded. Patient-reported outcome measures were recorded at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively, and included the modified Harris hip score, the nonarthritic hip score, hip outcome score-sports subscale, visual analogue scale for pain, and patient satisfaction. Return to sport percentage and ability levels were also noted. There were 96 eligible cases of adolescent athletes treated with hip arthroscopy; 81 (84.4%) hips in 69 patients had 2-year follow-up. Running/track and field was the most common sport (25), followed by soccer (12), dance (10), baseball/softball (9), and basketball (6). There were 61 females and 20 males, whose average age was 15.9±1.2 y (range: 13.1 to 18.0 y). The most common procedures were labral repair (81.5%), iliopsoas fractional lengthening (72.8%), femoroplasty (69.1%), and acetabuloplasty (66.7%). Capsular repair or plication was performed in most patients (81.5%). Cartilage damage was more common on the acetabulum than the femur, with Outerbridge grade 2 or higher occurring in 23.5% and 4.9% of hips, respectively. Statistically significant improvements were seen in all patient-reported outcomes from preoperative to minimum 2-year follow-up. A total of 84.0% of patients had returned to their sport at latest follow-up. There were 6 (7.4%) patients who underwent revision arthroscopy at a mean of 37.3 months postoperatively. Symptomatic FAI in adolescent athletes can be successfully treated with hip arthroscopy, with a higher return to sport rate and low complications and reoperation rate at minimum 2-year follow-up.

대학태권도선수의 스포츠능력믿음과 성취목표 및 운동열정의 관계

이 연구는 대학태권도선수의 스포츠능력믿음과 성취목표 및 운동열정의 관계를 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2019년 8월 전국대학선수권대회에 참가한 대학태권도선수들을 모집단으로 선정하여 270명을 대상으로 표본을 추출하였으며, 이 중 응답의 일관성이 결여되는 11명의 자료를 제외한 총 259명의 자료를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 23.0 통계프로그램을 이용하여 상관관계 분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 대학태권도선수의 스포츠능력믿음은 성취목표에 부분적으로 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 스포츠능력믿음의 하위요인인 향상은 자기목표와 과제목표에, 학습은 과제목표에 정적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 대학태권도선수의 스포츠능력믿음은 운동열정에 부분적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 스포츠능력믿음의 하위요인인 안정과 향상은 강박열정에 정적으로, 학습은 부적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 대학태권도선수의 성취목표성향은 운동열정에 부분적으로 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 성취목표성향의 하위요인인 과제목표는 강박열정과 조화열정에, 자기목표는 조화열정에 정적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 결론적으로, 선수들의 스포츠능력믿음은 성취목표성향과 운동열정을 예측할 수 있는 변수로 규명되었다.

GENDER EQUALITY IN ONLINE ENGLISH BOOK IN READING AND WRITING MATERIALS

This study is to find out whether the writing and reading material is gender biased in the online English book published by British Council. The researchers used qualitative method by using content analysis technique. The data are collected through document review. The research focused on the analysis of six aspects which suggested by Logsdon, they were number of female/male in character, in the linguistic Equal on she and he as pronouns, one’s profession, gender role and behaviors, female and male on which focus on public and domestic role, female and male which focus on art talent, sport ability, and intellectual competence in art and sport in online English book. The result of research showed that the percentage of female is higher than male in the aspects female pronouns in writing material, gender roles (public role) in reading material, art, and sport talent in both of reading and writing material. And the percentage of male are higher than female in the aspects male characters in reading material, female pronouns in reading material and intellectual competence in reading material. It can be concluded that online English books written by the British Council are still found with inequality gender.

Satisfaction with return to sports after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and what type of sports are patients doing

PurposeThe present study provides insight into patient satisfaction with return to sports after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and to what type of activities patients return. This is important because indications for UKA have expanded and younger and more active patients undergo surgery currently. MethodsPatients who received a UKA were contacted between 12 and 24 months' post-surgery, receiving a questionnaire to evaluate postoperative satisfaction with return to sports, level of return, type of activities performed pre- and postoperatively, and (activity) outcome scores (NRS, UCLA, HAAS). Descriptive statistical analysis focused on the influence of patients' sex and age, and a regression model was fitted to assess the predictors for high satisfaction postoperatively. ResultsOne hundred and sixty-four patients (179 UKAs) with a mean age of 62.3 years responded at an average follow-up of 20.2 months. Preoperatively, 132 patients (81%) participated in sports, which increased to 147 patients (90%) after UKA. Analyzing outcomes for each knee individually, satisfaction with return to sports was recorded in 83% (149/179). Return to a higher or similar level was reported in 85.4% of the cases (117/137). Most common sports after UKA were cycling (45%), swimming (38%), and stationary cycling (27%). Overall, 93.9% of patients were able to return to low impact sports, 63.9% to intermediate and 32.7% to high impact sports. Regarding activity scores, preoperative NRS score improved from 6.40 ± 2.10 to 1.33 ± 1.73 postoperatively (p < .001). The mean preoperative UCLA score improved from 5.93 ± 2.19 to 6.78 ± 1.92 (p < .001) and HAAS score from 9.13 ± 3.55 to 11.08 ± 2.83 postoperatively (p < .001). Regression analyses showed that male sex, preoperative UCLA score and sports participation predicted high activity scores postoperatively. ConclusionThe vast majority of patients undergoing medial UKA returned to sports postoperatively, of which over 80% was satisfied with their restoration of sports ability. Male patients, patients aged ≥70, and patients who participated in low-impact sports preoperatively achieved the highest satisfaction rates. Regarding type of sports, male patients and patients aged ≤55 were most likely to return to high and intermediate impact sports. This study may offer valuable information to help manage patients' expectations regarding their ability to return to sports based on demographics and type of preoperative sporting activities. Level of EvidenceCase series; Level of evidence IV.

Sekolah Alam di Kalsel; Latar Belakang, Ekspektasi dan Persepsi

This study aims to identify the background, expectations and perceptions of parents sending their children to SD Alam Muhammadiyah and students in attending education at the Nature School The method in this research is qualitative with a case study approach.. Data collection techniques in this study through interviews, observation, documentation and field notes. The results of this study found that the background that influenced parents decided to send their children to SD Alam can be concluded for several reasons, namely Distrust, Past Experience, Word of Mouth Communication, External Communications, Personal Need and Institutional. While the background of school students in SD Alam is due to the reasons for the Parent Need and School Environment. The expectations of parents is that children have a strong religious foundation. Children have social intelligence, children have good morals / characters, have abilities in sports, schools can direct children to have their own unique and creative talents, supply of available books and the construction of SMP and SMA Alam. Whereas students 'expectations, namely extracurricular programs, are reproduced and students' self-development programs are more often implemented. In the aspect of parental perception is the concept of nature-based schools that are fun and interesting for children, the portion of religious education is more, the rules are more flexible than state schools, prioritizing religious values, character and creativity and do not distinguish between social status and condition of children. While the perception of children is school, teachers and subjects are fun and many extracurricular.

蒙古族学生参加长跑运动的意识对运动能力的影响

蒙古族学生参加长跑运动的意识对运动能力的影响

内蒙古自治区蒙古族中小学生体育锻炼家庭支持性环境对运动能力影响分析

内蒙古自治区蒙古族中小学生体育锻炼家庭支持性环境对运动能力影响分析

Association Between Isokinetic Knee Strength and Perceived Function and Patient Satisfaction With Sports and Recreational Ability After Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation.

Background:Returning to a sound level of activity after matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) is important to patients. Evaluating the patient’s level of satisfaction with his or her sports and recreational ability is critical.Purpose:To investigate (1) satisfaction with sports and recreational ability after MACI and (2) the role that knee strength plays in self-reported knee function and satisfaction.Study Design:Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Isokinetic knee strength was assessed in 97 patients at 1, 2, and 5 years after MACI to calculate hamstrings-quadriceps ratios and peak knee extensor and flexor torque limb symmetry indices (LSIs). The Sports and Recreation subscale of the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS Sports/Rec) was completed. A satisfaction scale was used to evaluate how satisfied the patients were with their ability to return to recreational activities and their ability to participate in sport. Associations between knee strength LSI, KOOS Sports/Rec, and satisfaction with recreational and sporting activities were assessed through use of multivariable linear and logistic regression, with adjustment for confounders. Mediation analysis was conducted to assess the extent to which self-reported knee function mediated associations between strength LSI and satisfaction.Results:Satisfaction with the ability to return to recreational activities was achieved in 82.4%, 85.6%, and 85.9% of patients at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively, and satisfaction with sports participation was achieved in 55.7%, 73.2%, and 68.5% of patients at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Knee extension torque LSIs were associated with KOOS Sports/Rec after adjustment for confounders over 1, 2, and 5 years (5-year regression coefficient, 6.0 points; 95% CI, 1.4-10.7; P = .012). KOOS Sports/Rec was associated with the likelihood of being satisfied at all time points (recreation: 5-year adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.26; 95% CI, 1.48-3.46; P < .001; and sports: 5-year adjusted OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.47-2.68; P < .001). In a multivariable mediation model, the knee extension torque LSI was associated with satisfaction directly (standardized coefficient, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.28; P = .017) and indirectly via KOOS Sports/Rec (standardized coefficient, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.01-0.38; P = .027), the latter representing 55% of the total association of knee extension torque LSI with satisfaction.Conclusion:Knee extensor symmetry was associated with satisfaction in recreational and sporting ability, both directly and indirectly, via self-reported sports and recreation–related knee function. Restoring strength deficits after MACI is important for achieving optimal outcomes.

Peripheral Vision Tests in Sports: Training Effects and Reliability of Peripheral Perception Test.

Various studies suggest the importance of peripheral vision (PV) in sports. Computer-based test systems provide objective methods to measure PV. Nevertheless, the reliability and training effects are not clarified in detail. The purpose of this investigation was to present a short narrative non-systematic review on computer-based PV tests and to determine the reliability and the training effects of peripheral perception sub-test (PP) of the Vienna test system (VTS) in a test–retest design. N = 21 male athletes aged between 20 and 30 years (M = 26.15; SD = 3.1) were included. The main outcome parameters were peripheral reaction (PR), PR left (PRL), PR right (PRR), field of vision (FOV), visual angle left (VAL), and visual angle right (VAR). Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman plots. Training effects were determined by students t-test. Good reliability was observed in PR, PRL, and PRR. Moderate reliability was found in FOV, VAL, and VAR. Significant improvements between T0 and T1 were found in PRL with a mean difference of 0.04 s (95% CI [0.00–0.07]) and in PR with a mean difference of 0.02 s (95% CI [0.00–0.05]). For PRR, FOV, VAL, VAR, no significant differences were detected. These results indicate that PP can be applied to asses PV abilities in sports. Future research is needed to clarify the influence of test repetitions on visuomotor learning in PP. Moreover, PV tests should be cross-validated with sport-specific measurements (e.g., on-field and/or ‘virtual reality’ approaches).

Reprise du sport après reconstruction glénoidienne par greffon iliaque sans implant

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate sports ability and the rate of return to sports after implant-free iliac bone graft for recurrent, anterior shoulder instability and anterior glenoid bone loss. Subgroups of younger and older patients and patients who had previous arthroscopic Bankart surgery and those who did not have such surgery before implant-free iliac bone graft were formed and compared. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 34 patients; 14 patients had previous arthroscopic Bankart surgery, and 20 patients did not have the surgery; The median age at the time of iliac bone graft was 35.3 years (range, 23 to 75), 17 patients were over the age of 35, and 17 patients were under the age of 35. The mean follow-up was 39.5 months (range, 25 to 56). ResultsAll the 34 patients were engaged in pre- and post-operative sport, which represents a return to sport rate of 100%. Although the number of sport disciplines decreased significantly from 6 before the operation to 4.8 after the operation (p=002), the number of sports sessions per week did not change significantly, and the duration per session did not change significantly. More than two-thirds of all patients returned to sports within 6 months. Overall, 41% of patients changed sport disciplines, 15% of whom cited shoulder-related causes; however, all patients returned to the same sport level. ConclusionsOverall and within the subgroups, the return to sport rate after implant-free iliac bone grafting was high, with a high sense of well-being. The number of sport disciplines decreased significantly and more than one third of the patients changed disciplines, of which 15% percent changed due to shoulder-related causes. The sport level remained equal, and no other parameters changed significantly compared with the time before the onset of restrictive shoulder symptoms.

Hip Arthroplasty with Increased Expectancy.

The patient's demands and expectations after total hip arthroplasty have increased significantly. In particular, the athletic function is the focus of the patient's interest, whereby not the basic sports ability is inquired, but also the achievable sports level. The benefits of increased activity with a reduction in cardiovascular mortality and the minimization of osteoporosis risk are contrasted by amplified wear followed by prosthesis loosening. Activities are categorized in low-, intermediate- and high-impact kind of sport. Patient-based influencing factors such as physical condition and expertise in his sport, as well as the self-reference of the surgeon to the desired sport influence the recommendation and advice of the patient. Innovations in prosthesis design and materials technology allow meeting patient's expectations and aiming to improve the return to sport. After total hip arthroplasty, the majority of preoperatively active patients return to athletic activity, although there is a tendency to shift from "high-impact" to "low-impact" sports. The currently recommended sports include swimming, cycling, Nordic walking, sailing, golf, hiking, dancing and cross-country skiing. A limited recommendation exists for tennis (single), alpine skiing, mountain hiking and sportive running. Not recommended are marathon, football, handball, volleyball, basketball, martial arts, high jump, water skiing and rock climbing. The recommendations are based primarily on expert opinions and are in a progressive extension including "high-impact" sports.

Return to sports after glenoid reconstruction using an implant-free iliac crest bone graft

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate sports ability and the rate of return to sports after implant-free iliac bone graft for recurrent, anterior shoulder instability and anterior glenoid bone loss. Subgroups of younger and older patients and patients who had previous arthroscopic Bankart surgery and those who did not have such surgery before implant-free iliac bone graft were formed and compared. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 34 patients; 14 patients had previous arthroscopic Bankart surgery, and 20 patients did not have the surgery; The median age at the time of iliac bone graft was 35.3 years (range, 23 to 75), 17 patients were over the age of 35, and 17 patients were under the age of 35. The mean follow-up was 40 months (range: 25 to 56). ResultsAll the 34 patients were engaged in pre- and post-operative sport, which represents a return to sport rate of 100%. Although the number of sport disciplines decreased significantly from 6 before the operation to 4.8 after the operation (p=0.002), the number of sports sessions per week did not change significantly, and the duration per session did not change significantly. More than two-thirds of all patients returned to sports within 6 months. Overall, 41% of patients changed sport disciplines, 15% of whom cited shoulder-related causes; however, all patients returned to the same sport level. ConclusionsOverall and within the subgroups, the return to sport rate after implant-free iliac bone grafting was high, with a high sense of well-being. The number of sport disciplines decreased significantly and more than one-third of the patients changed disciplines, of which 15% percent changed due to shoulder-related causes. The sport level remained equal, and no other parameters changed significantly compared with the time before the onset of restrictive shoulder symptoms.

К вопросу изучения психологического статуса и особенностей личности в спортивной деятельности

In recent years, progress has been observed in the field of psychological support for both the training and education of the younger generation and sports training. Directly psychological training of athletes plays a big role in achieving sports results. Athletes with high psychological preparation should participate in the competition. This condition is determined by the real assessment of their capabilities, the optimal level of emotional arousal, the lack of fear and the struggle for the best result with a rival. The organization of optimal psychological support and also psychological preparation of athletes leads to a deliberately effective psychological selection of athletes. At the same time, in our republic, attention was paid to psychological training, psychological selection and individual typological properties of athletes, that today occupy an important place in physical education and training of athletes. A psychologically prepared athlete can control his actions, exercise maximum thinking in difficult situations in the sports arena. And, as you know, an insufficient level of psychological readiness often leads to poor results and defeats at competitions.The article reveals some of the main aspects and problems of studying the psychological properties and characteristics of the personality of athletes, presents the psychomotor factors that determine the process of developing of special sports abilities and the effectiveness of activities in any sport.

Comparative study assessing sporting ability after Arthrodesis and Cartiva hemiarthroplasty for treatment of hallux rigidus

Comparative study assessing sporting ability after Arthrodesis and Cartiva hemiarthroplasty for treatment of hallux rigidus

The Role of Time Constraints in Athletes' Egocentric Mental Rotation Performance.

A selective effect of motor expertise on mental rotation is revealed by a high correlation between the performance of sports experts and ability on a mental rotation task. Evidence is shown by studies involving a spatial factor, such as image interference or a movement constraint. Alternatively, the time constraint, as another performance factor, is considered critical in the effect of sport expertise on mental rotation. Three experiments were conducted to examine the role of time constraints in egocentric mental rotation and the stage performance of athletes (divers) and nonathletes. In Experiment 1, an egocentric mental rotation task in an untimed condition was conducted, and reaction times (RTs), error rates (ERs), RTs at 0 °, and mental rotation speed were assessed. The results indicated that divers outperformed nonathletes in terms of RT, as well as perceptual and decision stages and rotation stages. Experiments 2 and 3 added a relative time constraint (subtracting 1/2 SD of all the subjects’ RT from the M of each group’s RT) and an absolute time constraint (subtracting 1/2 SD of all the subjects’ RT from the M of all the subjects’ RT) to the task, respectively. Superior RT and lower ER were observed for the divers in the time constraint condition. Moreover, the results illustrated that divers were faster than nonathletes in both stages when facing time pressure. In general, the present study has, for the first time, confirmed the role of time in the relationship between sports expertise and mental rotation.

Promoting Physical Activity Through Youth Sport

Participation in a sport is widely considered a valuable form of physical activity, especially for children and adolescents. In addition, many think that sport participation translates to future physical activity. However, limited research has examined the ability of youth sport to significantly contribute to meeting daily physical activity guidelines (60 min/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity) and whether the physical activity behaviors of youth sport participants will translate into future, habitual activity in both the short and the long term. In this paper, available research on the role of youth sport in the promotion of physical activity is evaluated. Two major questions are used to frame the discussion: How much physical activity do youth sport participants attain during games and practices, and does sport participation during childhood and adolescence translate into habitual physical activity in adulthood? This is followed by ideas for future research and preliminary recommendations for best practices or policies.

A cluster analysis of high-performance handball players' perceived motivational climate: Implications on motivation, implicit beliefs of ability and intention to be physically active

The aims of this study were to uncover the different motivational climate profiles to compare differences on their implicit beliefs of sports ability, motivational orientation, and intention to be physically active, and finally to analyse the relationship of the gender with motivational climate profiles, in a large sample of high-performance handball players in Spain. A total of 444 (233 males, 211 females) high-performance handball players agreed to participate. They completed a questionnaire that included the Spanish validated versions of Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire-2, Sport Motivation Scale and Intention to be Physically Active Questionnaire. A hierarchical cluster analysis uncovered two independent motivational climate profiles that were confirmed by a K-Means cluster analysis: “mastery climate” and “performance climate”. The results revealed that the mastery climate profile comprised players with less amotivation and higher scores in both incremental ability belief and greater intention to be physically active, and more women than men. By contrast, the performance climate profile comprised players with higher scores in extrinsic motivation and amotivation, both entity ability belief, lower intention to be physically active and primarily men. The importance of the coach in creating a mastery climate that fosters athletes' engagement was confirmed.

MANIFESTATIONS OF EXPLOSIVE POWER: DIFFERENCES IN THE LEG SPRINGS BETWEEN FOOTBALLERS OF THE DIFFERENT COMPETITIVE LEVEL

Explosive power is the dominant motoric ability in most sports, regardless of the age, gender and level of the competition, and as such participates in the equations of the specification. Vertical jump (Squat Jump) is a test for estimating the explosiveness of caudal extremities in a number of sports, most often in football, athletics, basketball, volleyball. The study included a sample of 39 respondents (19 cadets, ages 15 ± 0.5 years and 20 juniors, age 17 ± 0.5 years). The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the strength of the leg springs between players of junior and cadet ages. For the estimation of explosive power, the Squat Jump was measured using the Chrono Jump contact mat tensiometric platform (Bosco System, Spain). The analysis of the T-test showed statistically significant differences at the level of p <0.000 in favor of boys of junior age. Article visualizations: