ABC Region Research Articles

Medidas de qualidade lexical na avaliação da proficiência de leitura em alunos universitários brasileiros

ABSTRACT Purpose: to assess the reading ability of university students using tasks to measure Lexical Quality (LQ) and evaluate the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on both the reading performance and the components of Lexical Quality (LQ). Methods: 44 students from two federal universities took online linguistic tests, 19 from the Federal University of the Great ABC Region (UFABC) and 25 from the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil. Two-ranked Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon rank-sum test) and Pearson’s Correlation tests at p<0,05 were applied to analyze the data. Results: high and medium correlations were obtained among the different components of LQ, such as vocabulary and spelling recognition. In addition, significant differences were found between the performances of the two universities' students and their distinct socioeconomic levels. Conclusion: shorter reading times were correlated to higher accuracy in the Test of Word Reading Efficiency for Adults. The number of correct answers in the homonym test was correlated to the higher accuracy of the Test of Word Reading Efficiency for Adults, and both were correlated to the reaction time measures of these tests. The influence of socioeconomic status on reading performance and Lexical Quality components tasks was also found.

Suficiência de leite humano para prematuros em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva

Abstract Objective To analyze human milk sufficiency in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo according to the number of premature babies, estimated demand for human milk and actual consumption. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, carried out at Human Milk Collection Stations and Human Milk Banks registered with the São Paulo Network of Human Milk Banks in 2017. Data from 2017 census vital statistics were used to identify premature baby distribution in Regional Health Care Networks. Results 100% of Human Milk Collection Stations and 84.6% of Human Milk Banks in São Paulo participated in the study. Pasteurized human milk distribution insufficiency was identified between estimated demand and actual consumption by premature babies. During the study period, only the Center and Southeast regions met 100% of human milk coverage, followed by the Greater ABC region, with 44.62%. Conclusion Most Human Milk Collection Stations and Human Milk Banks in the metropolitan region of São Paulo do not assist all premature children. The management of these units can contribute to encouraging donor recruitment and collected human milk optimization.

Charisma's Birth from the Bottom Up: Lula, ABC's Metalworkers’ Strikes and the Social History of Brazilian Politics

AbstractIf David Bell in his book Men on Horseback (2020) focuses on what is political charisma, how it functions, and what it means ‘to write its history’, this article examines how Brazil's ex-President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (‘Lula’) acquired charisma during the dramatic 1978–80 metalworkers’ strikes in the industrial ABC region of São Paulo, Brazil. While generating a vast literature, scholars of the ABC strikes have evaded the question of how Lula, the gifted organiser, emerged as a recognisably charismatic figure. This article explains where, when and why this happened and how a charismatic bond was forged as 100,000 stigmatised, fearful, self-doubting ‘peons’ came to constitute themselves as a locally articulated social actor, a group in fusion, whose boldness and creativity led to extraordinary feats of organisation and mobilisation. Arguing against conflating charisma and populism, it also establishes the utility of the theorisation of group-making advanced in the Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960) by Jean-Paul Sartre.

LEUCEMIA MIELÓIDE AGUDA EM PACIENTES IDOSOS: CARACTERÍSTICAS CLÍNICAS E RESULTADOS TERAPÊUTICOS

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological profile of patients aged 60 years or older with AML treated at a referral hospital in the ABC region in Sao Paulo, Brazil, assessing the impact of the therapeutic strategy on the overall survival (OS) of this cohort. METHODs: Descriptive retrospective cohort study evaluating patients treated at Mario Covas State Hospital (HEMCO), for a period of 8 years, divided into groups according to the applied therapy. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients were evaluated. There were no significant differences in OS when groups of patients treated in an intensive and non-intensive way were compared. However, there was a strong tendency, in patients older than 70 years, to present better results when submitted to reduced doses of QT. Regarding mortality, in the first month it was slightly higher in the subgroup of intensive chemotherapy, reflecting mortality related to induction, but the values ​​tend to be equal in the first year. CONCLUSION: The results obtained allow us to know the epidemiological profile and the evolution of the treatment in elderly patients diagnosed with AML treated in a reference unit for acute leukemia in a developing country.

Performance of the mobile emergency care service from the perspective of managers and professionals: case study in a region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

This article aims to analyze the perspective of managers and professionals about the performance of the Mobile Emergency Care Service (SAMU) in the Grande ABC region. This is a qualitative case study based on the formulation of a theoretical-logical model of intervention and semi-structured interviews. The Theoretical-Logical Model translated the dimensions of SAMU analysis: regulation, care and management. The regulation process was understood as a strategic space where the judgment of the patient's need and the ambulance dispatch time have the potential to influence the outcomes of the cases transported. In health care, the main themes that emerged were investment in the qualification of the team and in telemedicine with the perspective of improving the quality of care and making the diagnosis more accurate. In management, challenges such as integrating SAMU with tertiary centers, improving the information system, and monitoring and evaluation were highlighted aiming to qualify the regulatory processes by aligning them with the objectives proposed in the health policy. The set of data analyzed reinforces the capacity of the SAMU in emergency care in the region; however, the intervention needs to overcome important challenges in order to improve the prognosis of the cases transported.

Implementar uma política de combate às mudanças climáticas em uma região metropolitana: o caso da região do Grande ABC no Brasil

Les gouvernements locaux sont récemment apparus comme un niveau d’action important de lutte contre le changement climatique. Il devient donc nécessaire d’étudier quels sont les facteurs favorisant une action sur le sujet, et comment celle-ci est mise en place. A travers le cas de la Région du Grand ABC dans la Région Métropolitaine de São Paulo au Brésil, on peut analyser la construction d’une politique climatique, qui c’est faite en zone métropolitaine, par des villes petites et moyennes, et à travers la coordination d’un Consortium inter-municipal. Plus particulièrement, on voit comment les circonstances de mise à l’agenda de la lutte contre le changement climatique – des acteurs, institutions, niveaux de gouvernements ou secteurs impliqués - influencent la manière dont cette politique est mise en œuvre. Cela permet ainsi d’identifier en partie l’origine de problèmes d’institutionnalisation de la problématique, ou de répartition inégale des bénéfices du processus entre municipalités et secteurs.

Evaluation of mobile emergency service with the use of mixed method.

This is an evaluative study, with sequential explanatory mixed methods, aimed at evaluating the performance of the Brazilian Mobile Emergency Medical Service (SAMU) in the Grande ABC region, located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In the quantitative approach, an analysis of interrupted time series was performed to evaluate the immediate and gradual effects of the SAMU on hospital mortality due to acute myocardial infarction. The qualitative approach was conducted via semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis was applied for the interpretation of the results, exploring the attitudes and values of the interviewees regarding the performance of SAMU in the Grande ABC region. Interrupted time series analysis showed a -0.04% reduction in the underlying mortality rate since SAMU implementation (95%CI: -0.0816; -0.0162; p-value = 0.0040) and a reduction in the mortality level, -2.89 (95%CI: -4.3293; -1.4623; p-value = 0.0001), both with statistical significance. To improve the robustness of the results, a control region was used, showing a statistically significant difference in the post-intervention result of -0.0639 (95%CI: -0.1060; -0.0219; p-value = 0.0001). The interviews revealed that the SAMU has the potential to intervene in the prognosis of transported cases, however, challenges related to the availability of beds, expansion of telemedicine, and continuous training of professionals for qualified emergency care in the event of a heart attack must be overcome. The results indicate that the studied intervention is part of a set of factors that, together, generate more conditions to achieve a better result.

SARS-CoV-2 and Exposure to Pollution of the Population near an Industrial Area in the Metropolitan Region in São Paulo State, Brazil

Background Industrial installations close to residential areas could cause health risks. Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in December 2019, the epidemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes clusters of severe respiratory illness, has rapidly developed into a pandemic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between pre-existing diseases, such as obstructive pulmonary disease (OPDs), rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis and primary hypothyroidism (PH), in residents close to an industrial area exposed to long-term air pollutants and an increased risk of complications when infected with SARS-CoV-2. Methods With a focus on the area affected by the Capuava Petrochemical Complex (CPC) (Region 1) and combining the AERMOD dispersion model with the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) (2016), we evaluated the Greater ABC region, Brazil. The concentrations of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed in 2017 and these data were correlated with data obtained in a survey of 2004 residents 8-72 years of age of both sexes; 1002 (Region 1), and 1002 of them reside within the areas surrounding various industrial areas (Region 2). SARS-CoV-2 cases were collected from the Greater ABC region. Result Region 1 showed higher average concentrations of all pollutants analyzed. Among the 2004 total residents, there were significant differences between Region 1 and Region 2 in the incidence of cases of rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, OPDs, conjunctivitis, dermatitis and PH demonstrating that there is a higher incidence of the evaluated diseases in residents who live closer to the CPC. Compared with residents with these diseases, the residents of Region 1 had a higher relative risk of complications when infected with SARS-CoV-2 than did the residents of Region 2. Conclusion To protect public health from the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, further research into the dynamics of COVID-19 infection in polluted regions is urgently needed. To reduce the possibility of the virus mutating and causing more waves of infection, an early diagnosis quickly and accurately is essential, as people living in polluted regions are more vulnerable to disease and complications with sequelae or even not having a recovery evolving towards death.

Mental health status and quality of life of people with disabilities in social isolation

Introduction: at this critical moment of the COVID -19 pandemic, we observe the social withdrawal and the break from the routine of individuals in society, for people with disabilities who need adequate support and a routine of more intense and effective activities may feel a greater need for care and attention of family support for solving everyday problems. Objective: to identify factors associated with the impact of the pandemic on the quality of life of individuals with disabilities and their caregivers. Methods: a virtual survey was carried out with parents and caregivers of people with disabilities to identify the main factors associated with the impact of the Pandemic on daily life and social relationships between family and community. Results: of the parents and caregivers we had access to and answered the questionnaire, 90% are residents of the ABC region of São Paulo. Their children and adolescents with disabilities are between 4 and 18 years old. The main scores of caregivers on difficulties in care during the pandemic, 70% felt helpless at some point, 17% had difficulties in performing self-care activities, 42% had anguish and fear during the period, 83% have the greatest responsibility for household decisions, and about 50% can share those decisions. Conclusion: the main complaints about the care of people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic are related to the feeling of fear and anguish that affects decision-making and family relationships, which influences self-care activities and mental health of this population.

Lula and His Politics of Cunning: From Metalworker to President of Brazil

Lula and His Politics of Cunning: From Metalworker to President of Brazil

More Than Three Meals per Day

More Than Three Meals per Day

Long-term monitoring of SARS-COV-2 RNA in wastewater in Brazil: A more responsive and economical approach

SARS-CoV-2, the novel Coronavirus, was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has since spread rapidly, causing millions of deaths worldwide. As in most countries of the world, in Brazil, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have been catastrophic. Several studies have reported the fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers from infected symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Therefore, the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater can be used to track the virus spread in a population. In this study, samples of untreated wastewater were collected for 44 weeks at five sampling sites in the ABC Region (São Paulo, Brazil), in order to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 occurrence in the sewerage system. SARS-CoV-2 RNA titers were detected throughout the period, and the concentration ranged from 2.7 to 7.7 log10 genome copies.L−1, with peaks in the last weeks of monitoring. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between the viral load in wastewater and the epidemiological/clinical data, with the former preceding the latter by approximately two weeks. The COVID-19 prevalence for each sampling site was estimated via Monte-Carlo simulation using the wastewater viral load. The mean predicted prevalence ranged 0.05 to 0.38%, slightly higher than reported (0.016 ± 0.005%) in the ABC Region for the same period. These results highlight the viability of the wastewater surveillance for COVID-19 infection monitoring in the largest urban agglomeration in South America. This approach can be especially useful for health agencies and public decision-makers in predicting SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, as well as in local tracing of infection clusters.

IMMerSe: An integrated methodology for mapping and classifying precarious settlements

The widespread presence of precarious settlements in developing countries remains a persistent and relevant issue to be addressed. Developing well-informed strategies to tackle it demands up-to-date and reliable information on these settlements, which are usually unavailable. This paper proposes a methodology for mapping and classifying precarious settlements into different typologies. The methodology, named IMMerSe (Integrated Methodology for Mapping and Classifying Precarious Settlements), integrates methods, spatial data and knowledge from different sources and nature. It consists in a flexible and easy-to-follow classification framework that involves: (a) integration of a wide range of physical, environmental, morphological, and census-derived variables; (b) estimation of logistic regression models to generate surfaces of probability for different typologies of precarious settlements; and (c) identification and classification of precarious settlements through classification trees. All stages rely on the collaboration between researchers and policymakers, in a process of co-production of knowledge including conceptual development, understanding local contexts, model building, validation of results, and improvement of applied tools for housing policies. The methodology was applied to the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista, Brazil. In order to evaluate the replication potential of this methodology, the models that were built based on data from Baixada Santista, were then applied to another Brazilian area, the ABC Region. The results describe the distinctive features of each settlement typology, help to identify previously unknown precarious settlements in the studied regions, and contribute to produce knowledge for policy purposes.

Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of FLT3-ITD and NPM1 Mutations: A Cohort of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia from the ABC-SP, Brazil

Several factors determine the prognosis of patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) including mutations in FLT3 (15-25%) and NPM1 (35%), which carry a poor and a favorable prognostic value, respectively. In latest LeukemiaNET classification, such mutations are, together, sole factor for classification groups on all 3 risk groups. Few studies are investigating the prevalence and clinical correlation of these mutations in the Brazilian population. Here we show the prevalence and impact of NPM1 and FLT3 mutations in the ABC region of São Paulo.We prospectively and retrospectively evaluated 38adult AML patients from Hospital Estadual Mario Covas from May 2008 until October 2016.To investigate the mutations, we first extracted the genomic DNA using DNA Illustrative Blood GenomicPrep Mini Spin® Kit from the collection of 5 mL of peripheral blood and bone marrow from patients previously selected. Second, we performed semi-quantitative PCR to amplify the samples using specific primers for NPM1 and FLT3 mutations. The PCR reaction was done through Taq DNA Polymerase Recombinant® reagent, according to the manufacturer's protocol. The product obtained using primers is approximately 318bp for NPM1 wild-type allele and 322bp for mutant allele of NPM1 and 393bp for wild-type FLT3 alleles and greater than 393bp for mutated alleles of the same gene.30-50 ng of DNA was used for amplification of the sequence of interest. After PCR reaction, we performed purification of the PCR product with PureLink PCR Micro® Kit.Afterward, the purified material was diluted with water nuclease-free. FLT3 material was diluted between 1:20 (if weak staining in the gel) and 1:30 (if high staining and DNA drag on the gel). While the dilution of NPM1 material ranges from 1:5 (if weak staining in the gel) to 1:10 (if high staining and DNA drag on the gel).Finally, we analyzed the PCR product, a mixture of 8.8 μL formamide, 0.2 μL GeneScan™ 600 LIZ® Size Standard v2.0 and 1 μL purified PCR product was made. This mixture was pipetted into a 96-well plate and incubated at 95 °C for 3 minutes, placed on an ice sheet for 5 min and taken to the capillary electrophoresis apparatus (Applied Biosystems 3500) programmed for analysis of long fragments. The injections were pre-analyzed in the Gene Mapper 5 program. As a result of the investigation, we had a good graphic reading of 38 samples for the FLT3 mutation and 34 for NPM1. We found 10 mutated samples for FTLT3 and 7 for NPM1 (26.3 and 20.6%, respectively). We conclude that FLT3 and NPM1 mutations are frequent in the Brazilian population, further studies are needed to confirm our preliminary results. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Analysis of Respiratory Tract Cancer: A Population-Based Study

Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality in Brazil and in the world. Respiratory cancer is one of the most expressive fractions. It is important to study its incidence and try to correlate its association with behavioral factors in big urban centers such as the ABC region in Sao Paulo. This paper focuses on analyzing and comparing the incidence of respiratory tract cancers in the population of the ABC region and their respective correlations with the state of Sao Paulo and Southeast region. This is an ecological observational study with temporal analysis, using secondary data referring to hospital admissions for cancer of the larynx, trachea, and lung in the ABC region from 2008 to 2017. In the ABC region, the female sex showed a greater increase in older age groups. Sao Paulo showed a significant increase for both genders in the age group over 60 years old. Southeast region showed the greatest significant variation, with the male gender decreasing in the younger age groups and increasing in the older age groups, while the female is increasing in older age groups. Airway cancers in the younger age groups for both males and females are decreasing in all regions analyzed. For older age groups, numbers are increasing especially in the ABC region. The most important correlation found in this study is an increase in the number of cases of these diseases in women compared to men, which may suggest that females have increased their tobacco consumption, while men appear to be decreasing.

The knowledge of the nursing team about autistic disorders in children in the light of the human caring theory

Introduction: Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) or Autistic Disorders (AD) are complex neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social communication deficits, social interaction, and nonverbal behavior in multiple contexts. Objective: To analyze the knowledge of the nursing team about ASD and the approach to the subject during professional training based on the principles addressed in the Human Caring Theory. Methods: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach, adopting the Human Caring Theory by Jean Watson as a theoretical reference. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals from the nursing team of a Primary Health Center in the ABC Region from São Paulo State, Brazil, in May 2019. Their knowledge about ASD in children was assessed by a 7-question guiding script. Data analysis was performed using Content Analysis Method. Results: Four main categories were elaborated: the care based on humanistic-altruistic values, the cultivation of sensitivity for self and the other, the valorization of the feelings expression and the interpersonal relationship, the promotion of intra and interpersonal teaching-learning process. Conclusion: The nursing team professionals are not prepared to work in the care of children with ASD. During their training, the subject's approach is poor, making professionals feel insecure and unable to provide care to this child and his family.

GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS NO BRASIL PARADOXOS E SOLUÇÕES

In Brazil, the National Solid Waste Policy, implemented by the Law 12305/2010, determined the extinction of landfills up to 2014. Were analyzed the Municipal Plans of Integrated Management of Urban Solid Waste, of the seven municipalities from the Great ABC region and actions adopted by the Municipal to perform the Municipal Solid Waste Management. The research is descriptive, using the deductive method, was conducted by a documental analysis of such Plans, in the light of the legislation. The research field was based on interviews with managers responsible for the Urban Solid Waste Management in each studied municipal district. At the end, the following conclusions: selective collection has not yet been deployed as requires the National solid waste Policy and that public managers of the studied municipal districts are favorable to finding solutions Consortium.

Air pollutants associated with surface meteorological conditions in São Paulo’s ABC region

Air pollution is one the main environmental problems in urban areas like the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) in Brazil, where millions of inhabitants are exposed to pollution concentrations above the standards, with potential health impacts. Exposure is unequal throughout MASP, relying on the dynamics of local emission sources interplaying with weather and climate in a regional scale. The ABC region — ABC standing for Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo and São Caetano do Sul, the cities the area originally comprised of — is MASP’s largest industrial center, sitting in its southeast border, and encloses environmental protection areas. That leads to a unique emission profile that differ from the metropolis center. This study aims to characterize the variability of atmospheric pollutants in the ABC region in 2015, investigating possible sources and associations with surface meteorological conditions. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to data from seven air quality monitoring stations and surface meteorological variables. Results show that São Bernardo do Campo stood out, with O3 concentrations 20% higher (43±19 µg.m-3) than the other sites, while São Caetano do Sul had the highest annual mean PM10 concentrations (39±19 µg.m-3), mostly related to vehicular emissions. Relative humidity was negatively correlated with primary pollutants, while temperature and radiation correlated with O3. Unusually high O3 concentrations were observed in January of 2015, concomitant with negative anomalies of precipitation and relative humidity, likely associated with the 2014/2015 summer drought event in Southeast Brazil. Overall, results show that local emission sources significantly impact air pollution loading and its diurnal variability, particularly in the case of primary pollutants. Climate modulates the seasonal concentration variability, and regional scale weather phenomena may impact air quality conditions. To reach concentration standards everywhere, policy makers must be aware of processes occurring in different spatial scales that determine air quality.

Fatores associados a casos de Dengue na área industrial brasileira: um estudo ecológico

Introdução: A dengue é uma doença infecciosa viral sistêmica aguda, estabelecida mundialmente em ciclos de transmissão epidêmica e endêmica. Altos níveis de precipitação, temperaturas adequadas, proximidade entre centros urbanos e peri-urbanos, movimento humano entre centros populacionais e produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) podem facilitar a transmissão e a disseminação da dengue.
 Objetivo: Identificar a relação entre casos diagnosticados de dengue e fatores socioeconômicos, geração de massa de RSU e índice pluviométrico.
 
 Método: Estudo ecológico, com coleta secundária de dados de 2010 a 2016 para cada município da Região do Grande do ABC, em São Paulo, Brasil. Foram investigados a população total, o produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita, RSU, número de casos de dengue e índice pluviométrico. Os dados foram coletados nos sites do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), os municípios da Região do Grande ABC, o Consórcio Intermunicipal do Grande ABC, a Agência de Desenvolvimento Econômico do Grande ABC, o Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Saneamento, Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Estado de São Paulo e o Departamento de Água e Energia Elétrica do Estado de São Paulo. As relações entre variáveis foram testadas pela correlação de Spearman.
 
 Resultados: A análise dos dados de todos os municípios mostrou correlação positiva entre casos de dengue com população total (r = 0,675, p <0,01), produto interno bruto per capita (r = 0,539, p <0,01) e RSU por habitante por ano (r = 0,492, p <0,01). Também foram observadas correlações positivas entre população total e produto interno bruto per capita (r = 0,583, p <0,01), RSU / dia (r = 0,302, p <0,05) e RSU / ano (r = 0,961, p <0,01); produto interno bruto per capita e RSU / dia (r = 0,849, p <0,01), RSU / ano (r = 0,410, p <0,05) e índice de precipitação (IR) (r = 0,416, p <0,05); RSU / dia e RSU /ano (r = 0,389, p <0,01) e IR (r = 0,388, p <0,05).
 Conclusão: Quanto maior a população total, poder de compra ou condição socioeconômica (PIB per capita) e a geração de RSU, maior o número de casos de dengue. O descarte adequada dos RSU parece ser uma maneira de ajudar no controle dos casos de dengue.

English

Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of death from malignancies in the world. Given its importance, it is a disease that needs further studies to deepen its understanding and epidemiological behavior. The aim of this work is to evaluate the epidemiological profile of EC in the ABC, Southeast and the national territory of Brazil between 2008 and 2017. This is an ecological study that evaluated the temporal trend of esophageal cancer in the elderly population, between 50 and 79 years of age, between 2008 and 2017 in the ABC region compared to the Southeast region and Brazil as a whole.  The number of male hospitalizations has shown an increasing pattern over the years studied in the Southeast and Brazil. The mean number of days of hospitalization tended to decrease for both genders, whereas in the male gender this reduction was expressed in all of the analyzed regions, and in the female gender only in the Southeast and in national scale in Brazil, in a statistically significant way. The average cost of hospitalizations increased in the Southeast and Brazil for males. These findings are important public health markers, which should be considered for the establishment of preventive and health promotion measures for the public network. Key words: Esophagus, cancer, epidemiology