Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Research Articles

Treatment of Poultry Wastewater with Tannin as a Natural Coagulation Agent

The coagulation-flocculation process frequently employs chemical-based coagulants and flocculants. The disadvantages of utilizing these chemical substances have triggered researchers to investigate natural substances to replace or reduce the number of chemical-based coagulants and flocculants. Thus, this study investigates the potential use of tannin as a natural coagulant for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. Results indicated that a pH of 6.9 and a dosage of 2mL of tannin resulted in the higher removal of different pollutants from slaughterhouse wastewater. Tannin was able to perform excellent elimination efficiency for all parameters under these ideal conditions. Turbidity, COD, colour, and TSS all had removal efficiencies of 93.7%, 76.2%, 95.7%, and 88.9%, respectively. Results were compared to alum, which was used as a coagulant, and it was found that pH 6.9 and dosage of 5mL were the optimum conditions for alum in slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. Alum achieved 92.8% for turbidity, 75.4% for COD, 93.1% for colour, and 91.7% for TSS, respectively. In contrast to alum, tannin is a natural substance that produces a small quantity of sludge while being safe for the environment and non-toxic. The tannin coagulant has the potential to be an efficient and productive coagulant agent for wastewater treatment from slaughterhouses.

Simultaneous Organic Matter and Nitrogen Removal from Piggery Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Bioaugmented Gaslift Membrane Bioreactor

AbstractA single bioaugmentation reactor and a side‐stream gaslift membrane bioreactor combined with bioaugmentation are conducted to treat real wastewater from a centralized piggery slaughterhouse in Vietnam. The bioaugmented reactor is inoculated with heterotrophic microorganisms (Bacillus sp.) isolated from piggery slaughterhouse wastewater. The results of a single bioaugmentation experiment show high removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (84.8%–97.5%) and total nitrogen (TN) (69.9%–87.2%) at loading rates of 1.28–3.89 and 0.14–0.37 kg m−3 d−1, respectively. The combined system demonstrates a significantly higher TN removal efficiency (89.0%–96.1%) (p < 0.001), more stable flux (36.0–38.4 L m−2 h−1), and transmembrane pressure (0.95–1.05 bar), and better capacity of separation of solid–liquid phases compared to the single bioaugmentation. High COD and TN removal efficiency is possibly due to assimilation and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes. The results of this study also indicate the feasibility and propitious efficiency of the bioaugmented gaslift membrane bioreactor for piggery slaughterhouse wastewater treatment.

Production of nanostructured crystalline composite using residual ashes from flocculated sludge burning process in a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system

Nanostructured crystalline composite (activated carbon) was synthesized from residual ashes of the burning process of the sludge generated in the flotation step of a poultry slaughterhouse and was used for Allura red dye adsorption. The ashes were chemically activated using two types of reagents, H2O2 and H3PO4, and the structure, morphology, and surface of the adsorbents were characterized by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method and Barret-Joyner-Hallenda (BJH) method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MID/FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the point of zero charge (PZC). The adsorbent synthesized with H3PO4 at 400 ºC displayed the best performance in removing dye molecules in 10 mg.L-1 solution, with a removal rate of approximately 100% when using a concentration of 2 g.L-1 in particle size of 0.42 mm. Besides that, the adsorbent synthesized with H3PO4 had a particle diameter of approximately 15 Å, a size corresponding to the nanometer range, presented a crystallinity structure with well-defined phases such as quartz and the major elements in the composition were carbon and silicon. The surface area of the ashes enlarged from 14.71 to 448.1 m2.g-1 when H3PO4 was used as an activator, producing a high-quality adsorbent, with an excellent cost-benefit, being it possible to be produced for a price of 9.35 USD.kg-1, a price lower than the commercial activated carbon, making it a promising candidate for application in an industrial environment.

Comparison between Conventional Treatment Processes and Advanced Oxidation Processes in Treating Slaughterhouse Wastewater: A Review

The blooming of the world’s human population and the transition of the human diet into a more westernized, high-protein diet has accelerated the production of slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) as the number of meat processing plants (MPP) has increased in the past few decades. Conventional treatment processes (CTP) used in treating SWW, such as anaerobic processes, membrane processes, and electrocoagulation, have significant limitations, such as low treatment efficiency, tendency to foul, and high energy consumption, respectively. While advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) appear promising in replacing the former, they lack economic feasibility when used as a single process. In this paper, the limitations and disadvantages of the CTPs used in treating SWW influents are evaluated. The idea of utilising AOPs as a “complementary” step rather than a single process is also discussed. The review paper further explores the variability of different AOPs, such as Fenton, Electro-Fenton, Sono-Fenton, etc., and their respective strengths and weaknesses in counteracting the limitations of CTPs. The idea of incorporating resource recovery into wastewater treatment is also discussed towards the end of the paper as a means of generating additional revenue for the industry players to compensate for the high operation and maintenance costs of SWW treatment. The integration of a new-generation treatment process such as AOP into CTP while being able to carry out resource recovery is a future hurdle that must be overcome by scientists in order to produce a versatile, powerful, sustainable, yet financially feasible and operationally pragmatic treatment system.

The challenges and treatment of abattoir effluents: a South African perspective

Abstract South Africa's (SA's) water resources have been severely affected by the demand for meat products. The growing population has resulted in an increase in food production, increasing the number of abattoirs from 25 in 1988 to 420 in 2021. Organic matter is abundant in abattoir effluent, with chemical oxygen demand levels reaching 9,000 mg/L. To reach permissible discharge limits, various methods such as sequential bed reactor, granular sludge bed, membrane bioreactor, and membrane filtration have been adopted. However, some abattoirs do not meet municipal regulatory requirements. As a result, practical and cost-effective approaches such as biofilm reactors were developed to encourage abattoirs to employ water treatment technology. Bioreactor-based technologies have proven to be successful, with more than 90% efficiency. Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) are problematic in abattoir effluents as they emit odours, attract insects, and impair the biodegradability of wastewater. For this reason, hydrolysis using a novel agent (Eco-flush™) has shown to be an effective technique for decreasing FOG. During treatment, biogas produced by anaerobic degradation may be utilized as an energy source to alleviate SA's energy problem. This review aims to outline the challenges related to abattoir wastewater in SA and highlight the gaps associated with abattoir wastewater treatment.

Combined slaughterhouse wastewater treatment via pilot plant chemical coagulation followed by 4th generation downflow hanging sponge (DHS-4G)

The article aimed to investigate performance and evaluation of combining chemical coagulation pretreatment unit with a pilot-scale fourth generation downflow hanging sponge (DHS-4G) for slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) treatment. This combination of compact treatment technique was tested as a novel system for the treatment of SWW. A DHS-4G reactor with a capacity of about 100 liters was installed after a 1 m3 chemical treatment unit and operated under two different hydraulic retention times (HRT) namely 12 h and 8 h. The integrated treatment system gave reasonable organic and nitrogen removal efficiencies and the removal efficiency was 91%, and 87% for COD, 92%, and 88% for BOD and 94%, and 84% for TSS at HRT 12 h, and 8 h respectively. Profile analysis showed that most of solids and organic matter particles were entrapped in the top segments of the reactor, while in the middle part residual and soluble organic matter were biologically degraded and the bottom segment slightly removes small residuals and nitrogen compounds. Also, analysis of retained biomass indicated that sludge retention time (SRT) was 27 days, which indicated low sludge amount produced from the reactor. Accordingly, the use of the studied integrated treatment system is very effective in terms of treatment cost and quality as it achieved required treatment in shorter time and minimum requirements for construction and operation.

Treatment of slaughterhouse industry wastewater with ultrafiltration membrane and evaluation with life cycle analysis

Slaughterhouse wastewater is one of the most produced industrial wastewater in the world and has a high pollution potential, and this wastewater can cause a high level of polluting effect when it is given directly to river beds or sewage systems. Wastewater contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the treatment of blood, skin and feathers, which results in much higher biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen content (COD). The possibility of using ultrafiltration for slaughterhouse wastewater treatment was investigated. The results showed that ultrafiltration can be an efficient purification method. COD and BOD5 remova lefficiency is around 96% and 95%. In addition to these results, the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the ultrafiltration system was also carried out. Accordingly, the effects of ultrafiltration system on human health, ecosystem quality, climate change and resources were calculated as 0,00000046 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), 0,134 PDFxm2yr, 0,336 kg CO2 eq and 6,937 MJ respectively. As a result of the study, it is thought that slaughterhouse wastewater can be used as irrigation water after passing through the ultrafiltration membrane due to the high content of N and P.

Multi-characteristic optimization and modeling analysis of electrocoagulation treatment of abattoir wastewater using iron electrode pairs

Multi-characteristic optimization and modeling analysis of electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of abattoir wastewater (AWW) using iron‑iron electrodes are reported. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Intelligent (AI) modeling tools viz. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) were used for the modeling while the numerical method of RSM and RSM-based Genetic Algorithm (RSM-GA) were used to optimize the response variable. The independent variables were pH, current intensity, electrolysis time, settling time, and temperature while the dependent variable was percentage turbidity removal. Based on high determination coefficient (R2) and low standard deviation (SD) values, the quadratic model was selected from the ANOVA of the RSM model. For the ANN model, the number of neurons were varied between 2 and 10 but based on low MSE and high R2 values, 10 was selected as the optimum number of neurons. The ANFIS network used the triangular input membership function (trimf) with 100 epochs. The three models depicted linear adequacy with respective R2 values of 0.9978, 0.9995, and 0.8285 for RSM, ANFIS, and ANN respectively. However, the performance error indices indicated that the prediction accuracy of the three models followed the order — ANFIS > ANN > RSM. Further, the validated optimization results produced 94.74 % and 97.42 % turbidity removal for the RSM and RSM-GA optimization methods respectively. This proved that RSM, ANN, and ANFIS can reliably be used to model the EC treatment of AWW using FeFe electrodes; while the response variable can successfully be optimized by RSM and RSM-GA methods.

Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment by Integrated Chemical Coagulation and Electro-Fenton Processes

The slaughterhouse industry produces large amounts of highly polluted wastewater which needs to be treated before being discharged water. Thus, this work was conducted to investigate the feasibility of treating slaughterhouse wastewater using combined chemical coagulation and electro-Fenton methods. We studied the effect of process parameters such as polyaluminum chloride (PAC) concentration (25, 50, 75, 100 mg/L) for chemical coagulation and hydrogen peroxide concentration (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000 mg/L), the pH of the solution (3, 5, 7, 10), and the reaction time (5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 75, 120 min) and the voltage (10, 20, 30, 40 V) on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and fecal coliforms (FC). The optimum removal efficiency for the electro-Fenton process was obtained at PAC = 75 mg/L, reaction time = 75 min, pH = 3, H2O2 = 2500 mg/L, and V = 20 V, which resulted in the removal efficiency of 89.55% for COD, 88.88% for BOD, 91.27% for TSS, 69.23% for TKN, and 100% for FC. The findings demonstrated that combined chemical coagulation and electro-Fenton processes effectively and efficiently treat slaughterhouse wastewater. The results of this research can be used by competent authorities to increase the efficiency of slaughterhouse wastewater treatment and to protect the environment.

Electrooxidation treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater: investigation of efficiency of Ti/Pt anode

In the present study, investigation of the applicability and efficiency of electrochemical oxidation (EO) processes for slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) was targeted by evaluating the treatment efficiency and energy consumption values. The effects of operating parameters, such as the type of supporting electrolyte (SE) (Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaCl, and KCI), supporting electrolyte concentration (SE concentration) (0.1–0.4 M), initial wastewater pH (3–11), and current density (CD) (4.06–12.18 mA/cm2) on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), turbidity, and color were investigated. The most effective electrolyte type was observed to be NaCl. The experiment with 0.2 M SE type and 4.06 mA/cm2 current density, at a stirring speed of 400 rpm was accepted as optimum. For these conditions, it was observed that the COD, color, turbidity, and suspended solids (SS) removals were 80.05, 98.64, 99.18, and 98.47%, and energy consumption of 210.7 kWh/m3, respectively. It has been observed that the electro-oxidation process provides substantial efficiency in undesirable parameters in wastewater after 3 h of operation. Additional processes can be added to this process so that the SWW can be reused after treatment, and the recovery and further treatment of the wastewater can be achieved.

Investigation on the Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater in a Sequential Batch Reactor

In the present study, the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater was carried out in a sequential batch reactor. A lab-scale column type reactor was fabricated with Perspex material having dimensions of 10 cm diameter, 100 cm height, and an effective volume of 7 liters provided with ports at different levels. The reactor performance was evaluated in terms of COD, BOD, TSS, TKN, and phosphorus removal. The reactor was operated for 432 days; the effectiveness of the reactor is the temperature of wastewater in the reactor. The removal efficiencies of COD and BOD were84% and 80% in the reactor. The maximum TSS removal was around 87% and TKN’s maximum removal efficiency was 61% in aerobic treatment. Phosphorus maximum removal efficiency was around 68%, in the meantime pH and alkalinity were also monitored, and no change in the pH was reported throughout the experiment. On the other hand, an aerobic SBR is also operated using wastewater after the DAF unit. In the same manner, the reactor was operated with initially diluted wastewater (05 times) and kept HRT 8 h. The reactor performance was studied in terms of COD, BOD, TSS, TKN, and phosphorus. The maximum removal efficiencies of COD and BOD were 80% and 81% respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies of TSS, TKN, and Phosphorus were 73%, 81%, and 69% respectively. It is concluded that the removal efficiency of COD was better in the anaerobic process as compared with the aerobic process in addition the generation of methane gas during the degradation of organic matter can be used for operating the aerobic unit by making some necessary arrangements. Besides this, it is also concluded that the removal efficiency of TKN was better in the aerobic process as compared with the anaerobic process. There was a buildup of VSS from 4500 mg.L-1 to 6500 mg.L-1 in the study.

Application of synthesized Fish Scale Chito-Protein (FSC) for the treatment of abattoir wastewater: Coagulation-flocculation kinetics and equilibrium modeling

This work explores the use of chito-protein synthesized from fish scale as a bio-coagulant in Abattoir wastewater (AW) treatment. The effect of settling time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and temperature of coagulation on Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity, and Color from the AW sample were studied. The kinetic study was carried out using four process equilibrium models which are Langmuir, Freundlich, Frumkin, and Tempkin to investigate the mechanism of the reaction. SEM and FTIR spectral analyses were used to evaluate the surface morphology and chemical composition of the bio-coagulant. A low pH, 3 g of dosage in 250 mL vessel, settling period of 30 to 35 min, and temperatures of 323 K for all parameters resulted in the most efficient pollutant elimination. Turbidity, however, had an optimal temperature of 313 K. The result of the study shows that Langmuir model provided the best fit from the equilibrium models compared to Freundlich, Frumkin, and Temkin's models. The experimental data suited the Elovich, Pseudo-first, and Second order kinetic models’ analysis and the high values of the regression coefficient of 0.90 supported the idea of perikinetic as the governing mechanism of coag-flocculation in the study. It can be inferred from this study that fish scale as a bio-coagulant provides a significant resource for abattoir wastewater treatment.

Numerical Optimization of the Physico-chemical Process Used in the Treatment of Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater for Water Quality Improvement

Numerical Optimization of the Physico-chemical Process Used in the Treatment of Real Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater for Water Quality Improvement

AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION FOR THE TREATMENT OF POULTRY INDUSTRY WASTEWATER WITH ADVANCED HYBRID TECHNOLOGY SONO-PHOTOCATALYSIS

<p>Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSWW) is a crucial concern fundamentally due to extensive generation and related substantial amounts of recalcitrant organic content due to high COD and oil and grease (O&G) levels. Hybrid advanced oxidation processes are promising, green, and innovative options to treat various industrial wastewater; to date, this potential has not been implemented to high-strength wastewater from the poultry industry. This work aims to investigate the combination of ultrasound and photocatalysis processes in the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater for the removal of COD and O&G under different operating conditions such as catalyst type (TiO2 and ZnO), irradiation type (UVA365 and UVC254), catalyst dosage (0.5-2.5 g/L), pH (2–10), hydrogen peroxide concentration (0-10 mM) and operation time (30-180 min). Taguchi’s experimental design based on the L36 orthogonal array was adequately applied to optimize the process. The finding results presented that ZnO concentration of 2.5 g/L, pH 2, and operation time of 180 min under UVC254 were optimum parameters to achieve maximum COD removal while, ZnO concentration of 1.5 g/L, pH 6, H2O2 concentration of 5 mmol/L and operation time of 30 min under UVC254 were optimum parameters to achieve maximum oil and grease removal. With these optimum conditions, the best attained COD and O&G removal yields were 54% and 99%, respectively.</p>

Abattoir Wastewater Treatment in Anaerobic Co-Digestion with Sugar Press Mud in Batch Reactor for Improved Biogas Yield

Slaughterhouse wastewater (SHWW) has a great potential to generate biomethane energy when subjected to anaerobic digestion (AD). Nonetheless, the process is susceptible and prone to failure because of slow hydrolysis and the production of inhibitory compounds. Accordingly, to address this deficiency, anaerobic co-digestion (ACoD) is used to improve the treatment efficiency of the monodigestion of this high-strength waste and thereby increase methane production. The current investigation utilized the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test to assess the treatment performance of co-digested SHWW with sugar press mud (SPM) for improving biomethane energy recovery. It was established that the ACoD of SHWW with SPM increased methane (CH4) yield, enhanced organic matter removal efficiency and improved process stability, while also presenting synergistic effects. The anaerobic monodigestion (AMoD) of SHWW (100SHWW: 0SPM) showed a higher CH4 yield (348.40 CH4/g VS) compared with SPM (198.2 mL CH4/g VS). The 80% SPM: 20% SHWW mix ratio showed the optimum results with regard to organic matter removal efficiency (67%) and CH4 yield (478.40 mL CH4/g VS), with increments of 27% and 59% compared with AMoD of SHWW and SPM, respectively. However, it is also possible to achieve 5% and 46% CH4 yield increases under a 40% SPM: 60% SHWW mix proportion in comparison to the AMoD of SHWW and SPM, respectively. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of the study using a modified Gompertz model revealed that the CH4 production rate increased while the lag time decreased. The synergistic effects observed in this study demonstrate that incorporating SPM into the substrate ratios investigated can improve the AD of the SHWW. In fact, this represents the environmental and economic benefits of successfully implementing this alternative solution. Bioenergy recovery could also be used to supplement the country’s energy supply. This would help to increase the use of cleaner energy sources in electricity generation and heating applications, reducing the greenhouse gas effect.

Enhancement Effects of Water Magnetization and/or Disinfection by Sodium Hypochlorite on Secondary Slaughterhouse Wastewater Effluent Quality and Disinfection By-Products

Wastewater disinfection is one of the most critical issues in protecting human health against exposure to waterborne pathogenies. Chlorine is among the most commonly used disinfectants in many wastewaters’ treatment plants. Nevertheless, disquiets regarding chlorine’s disinfection by-products (DBPs) have grown recently. One of the most effective ways to reduce DBPs generation is to reduce chlorine dosage by increasing disinfectant efficiency. Using magnetic field (MF) in wastewater treatment is one of the promising research topics with significant progression. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of using a magnetic field and/or sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection on secondary slaughterhouse wastewater effluent quality and by-products. Three groups of secondary slaughterhouse wastewater effluents were used: G1 was treated with NaClO only at 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/L; G2 was treated with exposure to MF at 14,500 gausses, and G3 was pretreated with MF, then NaClO at the exact chlorine dosages and MF strength. The results showed an augmented effect when using a magnetic field as a pre-treatment step before NaClO treatment in the remediation of slaughterhouse wastewater over the use of any of them solely. The removal rate of COD and BOD increased by up to 26 and 20%, respectively, when pre-treatment with MF was employed as a mean percentage at all chlorine dosages, while TSS, TDS, and EC increased by 23.5 and 5.5%, respectively. Over and above, the removal rate for each TN and TP increased by 12 and 6.5% as a mean percentage at all chlorine dosages when using a combination of the two. In addition, pre-treatment by MF reduced the required concentration of NaClO from 6 to 4 mg/L, resulting in an 11% increase in the reduction rate of total coliform count, 8% increase in the reduction rate of fecal coliforms, and 10% increase in the reduction rate of E. coli and 5% in Salmonella via increasing the disinfection efficiency of NaClO. Finally, it decreased the concentration of Chloroform produced by more than 77.2% by using the higher concentration of NaClO (6 mg/L). The issue that approved the promising approach of using MF as a pre-treatment step in the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater provides the advantage of using smaller dosages of disinfection, lowering the cost of the procedure process, and reducing the harmful concentration of DBPs.

PENURUNAN COD, BOD, TSS, AMONIA DAN KOLIFORM AIR LIMBAH RUMAH POTONG HEWAN DENGAN BIOFILTER AEROBIC FIXED-BED REACTOR DAN KLORINASI

Slaughterhouses produce wastewater containing high organic matter, which has the effect of polluting water and the surrounding environment. Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment can be done biologically, namely biofiltration, by utilizing microorganisms and chlorination. Efforts in wastewater treatment continue to be developed. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of biofiltration processing techniques with an Aerobic Fixed-Bed Reactor (AFBR) with pumice stone media combined with chlorination to reduce the levels of COD, BOD, TSS, ammonia, and coliform bacteria. The method applied was to use biofilms from the seedings on pumice with variations of with or without the addition of active suspension, aeration system treatment with time variations, and the addition of chlorine with variations of active chlorine doses. The results showed that the addition of active suspension in the process produced the best biofilm, and was effective in reducing the levels of COD, BOD, TSS, and ammonia. The best reduction of COD levels was at the 36th hour at 81.60 mg/L with an efficiency of 57.45%, BOD at the 36th hour was 24.67 mg/L with an efficiency of 65.74%, TSS at the 42nd hour was 54.0 mg/L with an efficiency of 85.66%, and ammonia at the 42nd hour of 1.5539 mg/L with an efficiency of 88.29%. Chlorination after the treatment with AFBR resulted in a decreased number of coliform bacteria from 1,100 MPN/100 mL to 0 MPN/100 mL with 100% efficiency. The chlorination process resulted in the optimum chlorine dose of 165 ppm with a chlorine residual of 28.80 mg/L. Thus, the treatment for 36-42 hours on AFBR followed by chlorination with a chlorine dose of 165 ppm was relatively effective in reducing COD, BOD, TSS, ammonia, and coliform levels of bacteria in slaughterhouses wastewater.
 Keywords: ammonia, biofiltration, chlorination, coliform.

Biogas production and nutrients removal from slaughterhouse wastewater using integrated anaerobic and aerobic granular intermittent SBRs – Bioreactors stability and microbial dynamics

Slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) was effectively treated in sequential anaerobic and aerobic granular intermittent sequencing batch reactors (ASBR+ISBR) for 665 days at different HRTs (48 h, 32 h, 24 h, and 12 h). The ASBR was stable at each HRT but performed relatively well at 12 h (OLR - 7.8–9.8 kg COD/m3-d) in terms of pollutants removal and biogas production than previously conducted research. The average biogas production was about 17.3 L/day having 70–76 % of CH4 which could subsidize around 52 % of electricity demand while saving 103 US dollars/day if installed at full scale. In the case of post aerobic granular ISBR, carbon and nutrients removal (N&P) was achieved by enriching granules (1.7–2.2 mm) at low DO (0.5–0.8 mg/L) via the nitrite pathway. The ISBR was also well stable at 12 h HRT (average OLR of 2.1 kg COD/m3-d) and met the effluent discharge guidelines recommended by the Central Pollution Control Board of India. During steady-state conditions (12 h HRT), the average removal efficiencies for COD, TSS, O&G, TN, and PO4-P were 98.8 %, 96.4 %, 98.7 %, 93.4 %, and 86.6 % respectively from combined ASBR and ISBR. The microbial analysis confirmed Euryarchaeota, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, and Synergistetes as the dominant phyla in ASBR. Methanosaeta (21.56 %) and Methanosarcina (6.48 %) were the prevailing methanogens for CH4 production. The leading phyla observed in ISBR were Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Armatimonadetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, and Planctomycetes. Heterotrophic AOB (Thauera, Xanthomonadaceae, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonadaceae, and Rhodococcus) were mainly detected in the system for ammonia oxidation besides common autotrophic AOB. Similarly, a known PAO (Accumulibacter) was not identified but other PAO (Rhodocyclaceae, Dechloromonas, Pseudomonas, Flavobacteriaceae, and Sphingobacteriaceae) were prevalent inside aerobic granular ISBR that contributed to both carbon and nutrients removal. The results obtained would help implement the investigated reactor configurations at the pilot and full scale for SWW treatment.

Non-Biological Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment with Membrane Processes-An Opportunity for Water Recycling.

The pressure-driven membrane separation processes ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) enable the effective purification of wastewater, in particular in combination, allowing organic and inorganic contaminants to be separated from the wastewater. Consequently, this work investigates the suitability of this technology for slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) recycling. This was investigated by means of laboratory and bench-scale plant membrane experiments, whereby slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) pre-treated by flotation was first treated with UF and then further purified with RO. Through the process combination UF + RO in the bench scale experiment, a reduction of the parameters total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) of more than 98% and 97% for the parameter total nitrogen (TN) could be achieved. This means that wastewater reuse without product contact can be guaranteed. For direct process water reuse, only the concentration limit for ammonium could not be reached. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses of the RO membrane were carried out before and after the experiment, which did not indicate any scaling effects.

Evaluation of Improved Bioremediation Strategy for the Treatment of Abattoir Wastewater using Bacillus licheniformis ZUL012

The abattoir generates a large volume and variety of biowastes, posing a high risk of environmental contamination, disease outbreaks, and contaminated food. The purpose of this research was to characterize and remediate abattoir wastewater (Aww). The physicochemical characterization of the Aww revealed high level of pollution which served as a baseline for monitoring treatment efficacy. The B. licheniformis ZUL012 isolated from textile wastewater was primed with H2O2 and used to remediate Aww waste water in the current study. This study revealed Aww high pollution level which necessitated a need for the Treatment with this bacterium resulted in a significant decrease in some of the waste water parameters tested. The induced cell reduced the parameters to 155 41 mg/L, 75 mg/L, 454 mg/L, 1750 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L, whereas the naive cell reduced them to 375 mg/L, 776 mg/L, and 3122 mg/L, respectively. This equates to an average reduction of 95 percent (COD), 95 percent (BOD5), 77 percent (TOC), and 71% (TDS) compared to raw wastewater. These novel strategies show that H2O2-induced B. licheniformis ZUL012 could be a viable hybrid-bioremediation option for reducing or transforming the pollutants present in Aww, thereby contributing to compliance with wastewater discharge regulations into bodies of water.