Slaughterhouse Waste Research Articles

Micrococcus luteus Tarafından Sentezlenen Keratinaz Enziminin Taguchi DOE Yöntemi Kullanılarak Optimizasyonu

Keratinase is an important enzyme used for degradation of the keratinous wastes, especially slaughterhouse and poultry-derived wastes, that cause environmental pollution. In the current study, optimum conditions for keratinase production by Micrococcus luteus Y23-18 strain were investigated using Taguchi DOE L9 orthogonal array. For this purpose, the selected environmental factors were initial pH, incubation temperature and time. The optimal conditions were obtained as pH 9.5, temperature 30˚C and 3 days. The obtained results showed that keratinase activity was enhanced approximately 2.3-folds (34.95 U mL-1) when compared with the unoptimized conditions (15.33 U mL-1). As a result, M. luteus Y23-18 is an effective keratinase producer microorganism and Taguchi design of experiment is a useful tool for optimization.

Evaluation of the biogas potential of organic waste in the northern provinces of Morocco

Our work focuses on the promotion and introduction of the biogas technology as innovating solution to manage organic waste and also as a clean and renewable energy. In this article we present the digestible substrate potential in the form of its biogas energy content present in the three regions along the Mediterranean coastline of Morocco, namely de regions of Oriental, Hoceima-Taza-Taounat and Tanger-Tétouan. The organic waste identified are solid manure from animal keeping, the residues of crop growing, industrial organic waste, household organic waste and slaughterhouse waste. The biomass potential from the Oriental region, including the provinces of Oujda, Berkane, Nador, Jerada and Taourirt is about 4.8 million tons a year of which the manure part represents 78 %. This biomass potential can generate theoretically 0,090 Mtep per year of energy in the form of biogas. The biomass potential from the Hoceima- Taza-Taounat region is about 7.8 million tons a year of which 75 % manure, corresponding at 0,130 Mtep of energy per year issued from the biogas produced during the digestion process. The potential in the region of Tanger-Tétouan is about 6.7 million tons a year (81 % manure) representing 0,110 Mtep of biogas energy per year.

Improving slaughterhouse byproducts utilization via anaerobic digestion, composting, and rendering

A large number of high-strength byproducts/wastes are discharged from slaughterhouses of meat industry in China and could pose serious environment pollution if without proper treatments. These wastes are rich in protein and lipid, and could potentially be utilized for effective recovery of energy and nutrients. In this study, three treatment scenarios of slaughterhouse wastes, namely anaerobic digestion (AD), composting, and rendering, were firstly investigated in China, and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were calculated and compared. The results indicated that 23.1 Tg of slaughterhouse byproduct (SBP) and 679.7 Mm3 of wastewaters were estimated to discharge in 2020, which can potentially produce 2743 Mm3 of biomethane in AD, 316 Gg of nitrogen and 660 Gg of phosphorus nutrients in composting, or 5.4 Tg of rendering products in rendering. AD of SBP resulted in high GHG reductions (approximately 17.88 Tg of CO2-eq). The net energy produced from a typical pig slaughterhouse through treating SBP by the AD system was also estimated to be 194.7 GJ/d and GHG reduction was 100.3 Mg of CO2-eq/d. Technical challenges (include digester inhibition, odor emissions, and biosafety) were also summarized and discussed for practicing these technologies. Therefore, integrating the bioenergy/byproducts production to animal processing can potentially enhance the environmental sustainability of meat industry in China in the future.

Gelatin/Nanofibrin bioactive scaffold prepared with enhanced biocompatibility for skin tissue regeneration

This research study was to develop a nano bioactive scaffold (NBAS) using gelatins (Gel), nanofibrin (Nano-FB), and glycerol (Gly) by film casting method for potential use in skin tissue engineering. The developed NBAS were characterized for their molecular interaction (Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)), microstructure (scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.)), mechanical strength (tensile strength (MPa), elongation at break (%), and flexibility (%)), and Cell viability (M.T.T. assay ((3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) were assessed in the biocompatibility study. The mechanical result of the N.B.F. possessed better (tensile strength of 5.22 ± 0.07 MPa), (elongation at break of 5.88 + 0.04%), and (flexibility of 9.18 ± 0.09%) properties. The Invitro study using a human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line proved the 100% biocompatibility of NBAS. Based outcome of this study, performed its mechanical properties and exhibited biocompatibility in skin tissue engineering. The study has devised a process for using slaughterhouse and fish waste in the production of valuable medical products like wound dressing materials.

Effect of slaughterhouse waste on sewage channel

The meat producing sector are among primary users of global freshwater resources within the sector of agriculture and livestock. Processing of meat facilities known as MPP’s generate substantial volumes of wastewater during both the slaughtering process and facility cleaning. This wastewater, referred to as slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW), requires substantial treatment to ensure safe and environmentally friendly discharge because it contains high levels of organic materials and proteins. As a result, SWW treatment and disposal are crucial for maintaining public health. In that chapter, we study about the regulatory system pertinent management of slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW), its environmental ramifications, health implications, and the distinctive attributes of slaughterhouse waste. Due to the varying pollutant levels resulting from the type and quantity of killed flora and fauna, which can change within the meat industry, SWWs are typically assessed through bulk parameters. The characteristics of SWW, such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS), are key pollutant affecting sewage system. When SWW combines with the sewage system, it adds to the burden on both the sewage network and sewage treatment plants (STP). Therefore, employing on-site treatment utilizing integrated processes emerges as the optimal approach for treating and disinfecting slaughterhouse effluents, ensuring their safe discharge into receiving waters.

Experimental investigation of Co-Composting of gelatine industrial sludge combined with slaughter house waste and rice straw

<p>This work illustrates the co-composting of Gelatine Industry Sludge (GIS) combined with organic fraction of Slaughter House Waste (SHW) and Rice Straw (RS) employing 10% zeolite mixed with Enriched Nitrifying Bacteria Consortium (ENBC). Five piles of GIS will be prepared and mixed with SHW and RS at 2:1:0.5, 4:1:0.5, 6:1:0.5 and 8:1:0.5 and without GIS 0:1:0.5 (dry weight basis) served as control, while ENBC was inoculated in all piles and Windrow composted for 42 days. After complete the composting process to characterized to determine, Moisture content, Temperature pH, EC, TOC, TKN, P, K, C/N Ratio, Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes as per the standard methods (Indian Standard). To find out the co-variations of the samples, and Least Significant Difference value calculated for each parameter. The reactor 4 with GIS, SHW and RS ratio 8:1:0.5 were reduced the nitrogen loss and co variations is very low. The co amendment of 8% Gelatine Industrial Sludge effectively buffered the pH between 6.5-8, while lower concentration of the Gelation Industrial Sludge was comparatively delayed the early decomposition. Therefore, our results suggested that suitable of initial sample ratio 8:1:0.5 as the best formulation for the composting of gelatine industrial sludge into value added stable product.</p>

Augmented degradation of dyed organic pollutant using Fe2O3 supported on char formed from poultry slaughterhouse waste.

In this work, a novel support for an iron-based catalyst was prepared and employed for Ponceau 4R degradation by photo-Fenton reaction. To this, poultry waste was used for producing char, which was subsequently used to prepare the Fe2O3/Char composite. Process parameters, including catalyst dosage, pH, and hydrogen peroxide concentration, were investigated. The characterization analysis indicated that the textural properties of the composite were improved after impregnation with Fe2O3. The composite exhibited excellent catalytic activity, achieving a decolorization efficiency of 97% at 45min and 81.06% organic carbon removal at 300min. In addition, the material showed acceptable performance after four consecutive cycles. Furthermore, a scavenger test was performed to investigate the major reactive species involved in the Ponceau 4R oxidation, and a plausible mechanism for the respective reaction was projected. Therefore, the results of this research demonstrate that this material can be used as a potential catalyst for the abatement of dyed molecules from wastewater.

Whole genome sequencing-based cataloguing of antibiotic resistant genes in piggery waste borne samples

The growing use of antibiotics in livestock is one of the main causes of the rapid global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, extensive research on AMR in animals is currently absent. In this article, we provide the bacterial antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from piggery waste samples in West Bengal, India, based on whole genome sequencing (WGS). According to the study, there are alarmingly high levels of Enterobacteriaceae in piggery waste, especially slaughterhouse waste, that are resistant to beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, sulphonamide, and tetracycline. We found several plasmids carrying multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae including resistant to last-resort medications like colistin and carbapenems. Our findings will serve as a guide for developing AMR management policies for livestock in India and aid in understanding the current AMR profiles of pigs. To grasp the actual situation with AMR in the pig sector, large scale sample screening must be done.

Sustainability Engineering on Chicken Slaughterhouse Waste as a Source of Liquid Biofertilizers Supporting Eco-Farming

On average, Indonesia’s chicken slaughter sector consists of Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Businesses (MSMEs), which primarily use domestic product components. The government is concerned with raising national competitiveness, especially for MSMEs, to ensure fair and equitable growth. So that development can be accomplished in a sustainable way, all of these must be accomplished without compromising environmental concerns. The Chicken Slaughterhouse (RPA) MSME industry’s production processes undoubtedly create waste that pollutes the environment. The RPA liquid waste’s high nutrient content must be utilized as a natural resource to aid in the growth of organic and environmentally friendly agriculture. One solution is to use a fermentation process to turn the trash into liquid organic fertilizer. This research was done to ascertain the quality and quantity of macronutrients in liquid biofertilizers as well as the ideal fermentation period for the process. In order to conduct this study, rotten bananas and banana gedebog, EM4, molasses, and chicken manure were added to a reactor containing RPA wastewater. Throughout the 35-day fermentation process, samples were taken on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 in order to test the macronutrient content, which included C, N, P, and K, using the UV/VIS, SSA, and N spectrophotometry methods utilizing the Kjeldahl method. The best liquid biofertilizers in this study were made from a combination of RPA waste with banana gedebog, rotten bananas, EM4, molasses (molasses), and skin chicken dung. The mixture fermented for 14 days and contained 17.4 each of the components C-Organic, N-total, K2O, and P2O5 per day. With the exception of the P2O5 level, the liquid organic fertilizer generated complies with Permentan Number 261 of 2019. Notwithstanding this, the liquid organic fertilizer obtained is of higher quality than some fertilizers that have been sold commercially.

Kinetics simulations for thermophilic biogas production data from market wastes co-digested with rumen matter

This study reports simulation of cumulative biogas production data from thermophilic digester loaded with mixed fruit and vegetable wastes co-digested with slaughterhouse wastes at 55 ℃ and 6.8 -7.2 operation temperature and pH respectively. The experimental data was fitted to the linear, exponential, Gaussian, logistic and modified Gompertz kinetic models. The results obtained showed that biogas generation rate was slow at the lag phase with exponential increment thereafter. The maximum generated biogas was 33100 mL on day 25 with the yield showing a decrease henceforth. The ascending limb data modeling fitted best in the modified Gompertz model with regression values of 0.998 compared to the 0.8909, 0.9025, 0.9899 and 0.9860 for linear, exponential, Gaussian and logistic models respectively.

Environmental impact assessment of abattoirs in Rivers State, Nigeria

Abattoir waste discharged randomly into a recipient ecosystem can have a serious ecological impact. This study aimed to assess the environmental impact of abattoir operations, looking at the physicochemical and microbiological quality of air, soil and wastewater within the vicinity of operations. Physicochemical parameters of air, soil and water were found to differ across locations, though not significant (p>0.05). BOD and COD exceeded the tolerable limits of 30-100 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively, for all samples. Only the pH (10.62) of wastewater from the Mbodo-Aluu abattoir exceeded the tolerable limit of 5.5-9.0. All heavy metals were within tolerable limits, except Zn, which exceeded 0.2 mg/l. Microbiological parameters of air, soil and water were also found to differ across locations, though not significant (p>0.05). Abattoir operations impact the physicochemical characteristics of wastewater, soil, and air in the abattoir environment. Microbes associated with wastewater, soil impacted by abattoir wastewater, and air from the abattoir environment were found to include pathogenic species of bacteria and fungi. Proper waste management should be encouraged among abattoir operators and should include treatment of wastewater.

Effect of Abattoir Waste on Surface Water Quality Parameters of Iwofe River, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Indiscriminate discharge of abattoir wastewater has been a major cause of concern globally due to its negative effect on the environment. This study analyzed the effect of abattoir waste on surface water quality parameters the of Iwofe River, Port-Harcourt, and the River’s state using standard methods. The water samples were collected at three different points (upstream, midstream, and downstream) and the results were analyzed using Oneway ANOVA at p = 0.05. From the results; temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, and turbidity were in the range of 28.50 – 29.70 oC, 7.19 – 7, 3.00 – 6.35 PSU, 5059 – 11208 µS/cm, 91.70 – 164.80 mV, and 59.60 – 78.10 NTU respectively. Although the temperature was slightly above WHO standards, pH, Electrical conductivity, and Turbidity were all within WHO acceptable limits. TDS, TSS, DO, BOD5, and COD were in the range of 2542 - 5604 mg/L, 2.90 – 7.75 mg/L, 5.90 – 12.90 mg/L, 0.42 – 3.08 mg/L, and 5.90 – 18.50 mg/L respectively. DO and TS were above WHO permissible limit while BOD5, COD, TSS, COD, and ORQ were within WHO permissible limit in all samples. Total alkalinity, hardness, Cl-, CO32-, and NO3- were 25 – 113 mg/L, 990.00 – 1256.00 mg/L, 3669.08 – 7887.63 mg/L, 12.50 to 66.00 mg/L, 0.85 – 1.08 mg/L. SO42-, PO42-, oil and grease, and total coliform were in the range of 133.56 – 283.17 mg/L, 90.00 – 100.00 mg/L, 0.10 – 0.15 mg/L, 1.34 × 104 to 2.98 × 105 cfu/mL. Total Alkalinity was within limit only in upstream, while hardness, Cl-, NO3, SO42-, and total coliform were all above WHO permissible limit in drinking water. Heavy/trace metals results ranged as follow; As (<0.001 – 0.009 mg/L), Pb (<0.001 – 0.002 mg/L), Zn (<0.001), Fe (0.019 – 0.285 mg/L), K (8.245 – 8.540 mg/L), Mn (<0.001 – 0.005 mg/L), Mg (3.345 – 4.076 mg/L), Ca (2.452 – 4.085 mg/L), Ni (0.002 – 0.010 mg/L), Cu (<0.001 – 0.006 mg/L), Cr (0.001 – 0.003 mg/L), Cd (0.006 – 0.013 mg/L). As, Pb, Zn, K, Mn, and Ca were not above WHO permissible limit, but were present in significant amount indicating that the river was gradually being polluted with metals. Most of the water quality parameters did not meet WHO permissible limits for drinking water. Also, the study indicates that the meat processing industry can potentially reduce water portability, thereby adversely affecting the range of its uses. Hence the activities of the abattoir should be monitored closely by relevant agencies in order to prevent full-blown environmental problems and health hazards in the near future.

Effect of Processed Rumen Digesta with Probiotics on Eggs Quality Characteristics of Khaki Campbell Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos Domesticus)

Khaki Campbell is a duck with a dual purpose, as a producer of meat and egg, although its role as laying is more prominent. The aim of the present study is to examine feed ingredients for ducks (poultry) originating from abattoir waste that does not compete with humans. Feed is the largest component that affects poultry production since feed expenses occupy at least 60 - 70% of the production cost. The examined feed ingredient was the rumen digesta of the cow that was collected from the slaughterhouse and it is recommended to participate at 10 - 15% in rations, so as not to cause adverse side effects. The method of addition of probiotics to the feed of processed cow rumen serves to improve the growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, egg production, and livestock health. Measurements in the form of the amount of raw feed balance with processed rumen digesta substitution feed on the productivity of duck eggs. The conclusion of this study that the partial replacement of processed rumen content feeds up to 15% in Khaki Campbell ducks, did not give a noticeable difference (p>0.05) on egg weight, egg shape index, egg white index, yolk index, Haugh Unit, and egg yolk color. The main finding is that processed beef rumen content at the level of 10-15% can be used as a diet ingredient for ducks without affecting egg quality characteristics.

Anaerobic Fermentation of Slaughterhouse Waste—Codigestion with Wheat Straw to Determine Methane Biochemical Potential and Kinetic Analysis

Slaughterhouse solid waste is one of the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) today. Crop residue decomposition or incineration has a great impact on global warming. Therefore, it is urgent to study the possibility of better environmentally friendly approaches to solid waste management and its safe disposal. The digestion of this type of solid waste in a decomposing process from organic content allows the recovery of valuable resources (such as biogas) and the use of the digestate in various fertilizer industries. In this study, two substrates were studied to determine their biomethane (BMP) potential in anaerobic digestion. The substrates were fermented and digested anaerobically and biogas production was measured. Methane yield of the slaughterhouse substrates had a lower methane yield between 232.2 and 250.8 mL/gVS and 53.6 to 57.9% biodegradability. Harvest substrates produce between 167.1 and 274.9 mL/gVS with a biodegradability of 39.1 to 64.3%. Co-digestion of both substrates at a ratio of IS 1:2 (RR:WS 3:1) generated a higher yield 289.1 ml/gVS and 66.9%. biodegradability of A kinetic analysis was carried out using Gompertz models, transfer and logistic function for methane production biodegradation.

Bacteriological Survey of Abattoir Wastewater in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria

The bacteriological survey of abattoir wastewater in Aba was investigated. Samples of wastewater contaminated with abattoir waste were collected at ten different spots in the abattoir. Nutrient agar was utilised as the media for the total aerobic plate count, McConkey agar was used for the coliform count, and cellulolytic media was used for the cellulolytic count. It was done using the pour plate method. The bacteria were identified using colonial morphology, gram staining, and biochemical assays. All of the aerobic plates, coliform count and cellulolytic count for the abattoir wastewater ranged from 1.03 x107 to 7.1 x 106 CFU/mL, 5.8 x 106 to 1.2 x 106 CFU/mL and 3.7 x106 to1.3x 106 CFU/mL, respectively. Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli were among the bacteria that were isolated. This survey further confirmed the presence of varying bacteria genera in abattoir wastewater and the expedient nature of treating wastewater rather than releasing it to the physical environment as it poses a threat to public health.

Assessment of abattoir waste management: Evidences from Kano central Abattoir, Northwestern Nigeria

Abattoir waste disposal in many developing countries like Nigeria, has been a very serious challenge over the years. In most cases, waste materials are disposed of without regard to sound environmental management practices; which makes it harmful to humans and other terrestrial and aquatic life. Thus, the major aim of the study was to assess the waste management practices in Kano central abattoir. A total number of 100 respondents primarily butchers were randomly selected from the population. A structured questionnaire was designed and served as the primary source of information on the management of abattoir in Kano central abattoir. 70% of the respondents described the management of waste in the abattoir good, 20% of the respondents described it as moderate while 10% evaluated it as a poor process. The wastes are treated prior to storage in sanitary bin before final disposal which is conducted most frequently. However, there was provision and utilization of protective gadgets with a relative magnitude of recycling technology despite the constraints from level of education. Hence, the waste management practice in Kano central abattoir is critically important and considered good. It can be recommended that, sensitization and adoption of recent best practices of waste management by the abattoir personnel should be encouraged.

BACTERIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF KWATA ABATTOIR WASTE WATER AWKA, NIGERIA

Abattoir wastes can have a detrimental effect on the environment, public health, animal health, and economy of a country if they are not effectively managed and controlled. The bacteriological evaluation of waste water from Kwata abattoir was carried out to determine the bacterial load present and if the waste water generated is suitable for direct discharge into the environment. A total of two samples were aseptically collected, in which the physicochemical analysis of the waste water showed objectionable color and odor, pH of 7.3 and 6.5, and temperature of 30.2°C and 25.3°C for samples A and B, respectively, of which the pH and temperature were within acceptable limits by WHO. The membrane filter method was used to determine the total coliform and thermotolerant coliform counts present per 100 mL of the samples using MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, respectively. The total viable count was obtained for both samples: 5.1×105 CFU/mL for sample A and 1.4×106 CFU/mL for sample B. Phenotypic and biochemical tests were carried out for four isolates, which include Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Bacillus spp., and Bacillus cereus. Thus, it can be concluded from the above study that untreated abattoir waste water contains a high level of pollutants, which supports the growth of the microbial population, as evidenced in the microbial study. Therefore, waste water has to be treated before discharge into the environment to protect public health and promote the safety of the environment.

Response surface methodology for anaerobic digestion of waste from poultry slaughterhouse: Optimization of load and hydraulic retention time

The anaerobic digestion (AD) study for the valorization of poultry slaughterhouse waste (PSHW) was assessed at laboratory scale and in mesophilic conditions. Different loads, given gradually from 0.5 g VS/L to 3 g VS/L, were used to evaluate the methane production from PSHW via AD. The highest cumulative methane production (CMP) and methane yield (YCH4) were observed for the 2 g VS/L and 1 g VS/L added loads, with values of 566 Nml and 378 Nml/g VS, respectively, in a HRT of 140 h. The efficiency of the process was examined using a response surface method-central composite design (RSM-CCD) to examine the impact of independent variables such as load and HRT on CMP and YCH4. A statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to evaluate the suitability of the developed model. The YCH4 results showed a probability value (P-value) < 0.0001 and a Fisher value (F-value) of 46.92, confirming the suggested model's strong capability. The observed R2 value, adj. R2, and “F-values” indicate that the CMP and YCH4 models are significant. The highest R2 of 0.9710 and an adjusted R2 value of 0.9503 are obtained for YCH4 as a result of the model's fit. The results showed that the experimental data and the proposed model have a significant level of agreement. The optimal CMP and YCH4 values obtained were 343 ml and 224 ml/g VS, respectively, and were achieved with a loading of 1.6 g VS/L and a HRT of 108 h.

Profitability of the agricultural biogas plants operation in Poland, depending on the substrate use model

The circular economy is one of the most critical challenges in the 21st century. By using waste, the consumption of valuable raw materials can be reduced. It will also reduce the amount of waste directed to landfill or incineration. Also, in biogas production terms, activities consistent with the circular economy are raised. They mainly consist of the use of waste in the anaerobic digestion process and the rational use of the digestate. For the owners of biogas plants, the essential issue is optimizing the anaerobic digestion process to produce as much biogas as possible. The work aimed to determine the profitability of the operation of agricultural biogas plants in Poland, depending on the substrate use model.The study analyzes two options for supplying agricultural biogas plants with substrates: Option I — traditional (maize silage and slurry) and Option II — waste (slaughterhouse waste and slurry). In both options, it was assumed that biogas plants would operate under the conditions of the auction system — one of the models in force in Poland. The investment balance can be significantly improved by using waste instead of maize silage. The profit for the biogas plant operating in Option I was estimated at PLN 628,360, and in Option II it was PLN 2,307,600. The conducted analysis showed that the operation of waste biogas plants is much more profitable than traditional ones. The positive impact on the natural environment will complement the economic benefits. It is because managing waste from the agri-food industry in controlled conditions will significantly contribute to energy production, considering the aspects of protection against climate change.

Optimization of substrate mixing ratios for the anaerobic digestion of chicken manure and slaughterhouse waste: a case study of Irvine’s Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd, Zimbabwe

This study investigated the biogas potential of co-digesting chicken manure (CM) and slaughterhouse waste (SW) at Irvine’s Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd farm. Four different mixes of CM to SW as a percentage of total solids (TS) as follow: Mix 1 (100%: 0%); Mix 2 (67%: 33%); Mix 3 (33%: 67%) and Mix 4 (0%: 100%) were considered for co-digestion using cow dung as inoculum. The mixes were characterised in terms of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, TS, and volatile solids (VS). After 15 days of digestion, Mix 1 produced the highest biogas of 51 mL/gTS (24.4 m3/m3 feedstock) with a methane content of 30.2 mL/gTS (59.1%). The COD, pH, and TS values for the mixes after digestion ranged from 11,250 mg/L (Mix 1) to 25,000 mg/L (Mix 4), 5.54 (Mix 1) to 6.48 (Mix 4) and 11.5% (Mix 4) to 14.7% (Mix 2), respectively. Unlike findings from other studies that suggest that co-digestion increases gas production, mono-digestion of CM had the highest biogas potential and produced the most stable sludge. Therefore, mono-digestion of CM can be used for biogas production at Irvine’s Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd farm.