Abate Fetel Research Articles

Calyx mould management on exported ‘Abate Fetel’ pears from the Western Cape

Calyx mould management on exported ‘Abate Fetel’ pears from the Western Cape

Biochemical compounds related to superficial scald and soft scald in ‘Abate Fetel’ pears

Biochemical compounds related to superficial scald and soft scald in ‘Abate Fetel’ pears

Superficial scald incidence in ‘Abate Fetel’ pears in relation to maturity, ethylene production and antioxidant capacity

Superficial scald incidence in ‘Abate Fetel’ pears in relation to maturity, ethylene production and antioxidant capacity

The Biophysical Properties of the Fruit Cuticles of Six Pear Cultivars during Postharvest Ripening

Pears are abundant in bioactive compounds, which exert favorable effects on human health. The biophysical attributes of fruit cuticles are pivotal in determining fruit quality, storability, and susceptibility to mold growth. This study aimed to elucidate the biophysical properties of six pear cultivars, ‘Conference’, ‘Celina’, ‘Abate Fetel’, ‘Packham’s Triumph’, ‘Sweet Sensation’, and ‘Williams’. Two maturity stages, unripe and fully ripened, were investigated. Furthermore, the efficacy of trimethyl-chitosan-coated pear surfaces in preventing Penicillium expansum (P. expansum) growth was assessed. Basic maturity indices (CIE color, ethylene evolution, firmness, soluble solids), cuticle contact angle, roughness, and zeta potential were analyzed. Surface roughness was measured using an optical profilometer, hydrophobicity was measured via profilometry, and zeta potential was quantified using an electrokinetic analyzer. The ‘Celina’ cultivar exhibited the highest roughness, whereas ‘Williams’ had the lowest roughness. All the cultivars’ cuticles demonstrated hydrophilic characteristics, with contact angles ranging between 65° and 90°. For pH values exceeding 3.5, all pear surfaces exhibited a negative zeta potential. P. expansum growth was the slowest on the ‘Packham’s Triumph’ and ‘Conference’ cultivars. Treatment with trimethyl chitosan effectively inhibited P. expansum growth in the initial hours of incubation. In conclusion, diverse pear cultivars manifest distinct biophysical surface properties and varying susceptibility to P. expansum growth. The growth of P. expansum correlates positively with roughness, contact angle, and zeta potential. These differences can significantly impact shelf life potential and the overall postharvest quality of pears.

Optimum storage conditions for ‘Abate Fetel’ pears

Optimum storage conditions for ‘Abate Fetel’ pears

Eating quality of ‘Abate Fetel’ pears stored in dynamic CA in relation to maturity at harvest

Eating quality of ‘Abate Fetel’ pears stored in dynamic CA in relation to maturity at harvest

Quality Characteristics, Sensory Profiles and Ethylene Production of Stored ‘Abate Fetel’ Pears Sorted at Harvest by Time-Resolved Reflectance Spectroscopy

Time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS), a nondestructive technique, can help the industry to provide high-quality fruit to encourage pear consumption. The absorption coefficient measured by TRS at 670 nm (μa670) represents a maturity index for pear fruit, with less mature pears high μa670 and more mature low μa670. The aim of this work was to study the quality characteristics, the sensory profiles and the ethylene production of ‘Abate Fetel’ pears sorted at harvest in different TRS maturity classes and stored in different atmospheres. At harvest, 540 pears were measured by TRS for μa670, ranked by μa670 in three maturity classes (less-LeM, medium-MeM and more-MoM mature) and randomized in nine samples according to 1-MCP treatment (treated, control), storage time (4–6 months) and atmosphere (air-NA; CA: 8–12 kPa O2, 1 kPa CO2). Fruits were examined at harvest and after 7 days of poststorage shelf life for skin color, firmness, soluble solids, acidity and ethylene production and were submitted to sensory analysis. At harvest and after storage, MoM pears were less green and showed a higher SSC content than LeM ones. After storage, MoM pears produced less ethylene and were perceived to be firmer (especially in 1-MCP-treated pears), more astringent and less juicy (when stored for 6 months) than LeM ones.

Effects of Quince Rootstocks and Pear Cultivars on Fruit and Yield Characteristics

The research carried out to evaluate effects of quince rootstocks [Quince Province BA29 (BA29), Quince A(QA), Quince C (MC)], pear cultivars, and research years on fruit quality and yield efficiency in the years 2020-2021. The highest fruit weight was obtained from BA29 (196.02 g), the lowest from MC (158.09 g). In the cultivars the highest fruit weight was obtained from ‘Abate Fetel’ (210.85 g), the lowest from ‘Santa Maria’ (156.73 g). The highest number of fruits (17.06 pieces tree-1), yield per tree (3.13 kg tree-1), yield per hectare (5982.8 kg ha-1) and yield per trunk cross sectional area (0.30 kg cm-2) obtained from BA29 followed by QA. In the cultivars, highest number of fruits (19.60 pieces tree-1), yield per tree (2.98 kg tree-1), yield per hectare (5685.00 kg ha-1) obtained from ‘Santa Maria’. In the research years, pre-harvest fruit drop rate (PHFDR 11.04%) and black spotted fruit rate (BSFR 13.79%) observed to be higher in 2021, while marketable fruit rate (MFR 77.03%) observed to be higher in 2020. In the rootstocks, the highest PHFDR (11.24%) observed on BA29 rootstocks, while highest MFR (73.72%) recorded on QA. In terms of cultivars, the highest PHFDR (10.73%) observed in ‘Williams’, while highest BSFR (16.41%) in ‘Deveci’, and highest MFR (76.31%) in the ‘Santa Maria’. As a conclusion, the highest yield and marketable fruit rate obtained from ‘Santa Maria’ cultivar and yield from BA29 rootstock. It could be suggested semi-dwarf cultivars and rootstocks for suitably performs under high density pear orchards.

Stionic interaction on leaf parameters and survival of grafted pear saplings

The present study was conducted to find the effect of different rootstock-scion combinations on multiplication of Pear (Pyrus communis) saplings. There were four scion cultivars and five rootstocks, constituting twenty treatment combinations. Data revealed that maximum leaf length and width were recorded in cv. Chinese Sandy Pear grafted on BA-29 and Pear sucker rootstocks. However, the minimum leaf length and width were recorded in cv. Carmen grafted on Quince and cv. Abate Fetel on BA-29 rootstocks. The highest leaf area (23.46 cm2) was recorded in cv. Chinese Sandy Pear on BA-29, while it was minimum (14.19 cm2) in cv. Abate Fetel on BA-29. Leaf chlorophyll content was highest (3.71 mg/g) in Chinese Sandy Pear grafted on Quince. Length (27.11 μm) and width (9.96 μm) of stomata were recorded maximum in cv. Abate Fetel grafted on Kainth and cv. William Bartlett grafted on Quince, respectively. In contrast, the stomatal density was maximum (20.63/μm2) in cv. Carmen grafted on Quince. Grafted saplings of cv. Abate Fetel on Quince , cv. Chinese Sandy Pear on BA 29 and cv. William Bartlett on Quince C rootstocks recorded 86.67 per cent survival compared to other grafts. More number of saleable plants was recorded when cv. William Bartlett was grafted on Quince (86.33%). The investigations concluded that pear varieties raised on Quince rootstock had higher values for all studied parameters, followed by Quince C rootstock.

Valorization of the Antioxidant Effect of Mantua PGI Pear By-Product Extracts: Preparation, Analysis and Biological Investigation.

For improving the management of the production chain of PGI Mantua pears (which comprises many varieties, including Abate Fetel), applying the cardinal principles of circular economy and sustainability, the fruits with diseases or defects were recovered for producing dried rounds of pears from the Abate Fetel cultivar, a new product with high nutritional value that extends the remaining life. This process led to the production of secondary and residual by-products, which are mainly composed of the highest and lowest part of the fruits, comprising seeds, pulps, peels and petioles. Hence, this study was focused on the valorization of these secondary by-products of Abate Fetel pears through the production of pear extracts using traditional and "green" extraction methods that involve the use of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction. The produced extracts, together with a reference solvent-derived extract, were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS, and in parallel, their direct and cellular antioxidant activity were assessed. Evidence has indicated that all the tested extracts reduced the H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) levels, respectively, in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Hence, this study clearly suggests that extracts obtained from Mantuan PGI pear by-products may be used as valuable sources of bioactive upcycled phytocomplex for the development of dietary supplements and/or functional foods.

Determination of Phenological and Morphological Characteristics of Some Standard Pear Cultivars on Different Quince Clonal Rootstocks

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Quince BA29 (BA29), Quince A (QA), and Quince C (MC) rootstocks on phenological and morphological characteristics of ‘Deveci’, ‘Santa Maria’, ‘Abate Fetel’, and ‘Williams’ pear cultivars in Bafra (Samsun) ecological conditions between 2020-2021 years. It has been determined that the effect of rootstocks and cultivars on phenological characteristics was significant. In the study, the earliest flowering and harvest were in ‘Abate Fetel’, the latest flowering was in ‘Williams’, and the latest harvest was in the ‘Deveci’ cultivar. The highest rootstock diameter, trunk diameter and tree height were in BA29 and the lowest in MC rootstock. The highest canopy volume was determined in the ‘Santa Maria’ cultivar and the lowest in the ‘Williams’ cultivar. The effect of rootstocks and cultivars on leaf area was significant and the highest leaf area was determined in ‘Santa Maria’/QA combination. Annual shoot length of the MC rootstock was lower than the other rootstocks. It is thought that it would be more appropriate to continue the research for a long time to determine the most suitable cultivar/rootstock combination as a result of the data obtained due to the young trees of the plants where the research was carried out.

Using Artificial Neural Network Application in Modeling the Mechanical Properties of Loading Position and Storage Duration of Pear Fruit

In the study, rupture energy values of Deveci and Abate Fetel pear fruits were predicted using artificial neural network (ANN). This research aimed to develop a simple, accurate, rapid, and economic model for harvest/post-harvest loss of efficiently predicting rupture energy values of Deveci and Abate Fetel pear fruits. The breaking energy of the pears was examined in terms of storage time and loading position. The experiments were carried out in two stages, with samples kept in cold storage immediately after harvest and 30 days later. Rupture energy values were estimated using four different single and multi-layer ANN models. Four different model results obtained using Levenberg–Marquardt, Scaled Conjugate Gradient, and resilient backpropagation training algorithms were compared with the calculated values. Statistical parameters such as R2, RMSE, MAE, and MSE were used to evaluate the performance of the methods. The best-performing model was obtained in network structure 5-1 that used three inputs: the highest R2 value (0.90) and the lowest square of the root error (0.018), and the MAE (0.093).

Evaluation of Different Rootstocks and Cultivars on Pruning Weight in Young Pear Trees

This study was carried out to evaluation of the effects on pruning weight (kg plant-1), cumulative pruning weight per plant (kg plant-1), and cumulative pruning weight per hectare (kg ha-1) of 3 quince rootstocks [Quince BA29 (BA29), Quince A (QA), Quince C (MC)] and 3 pear clonal rootstocks (Fox11, OHxF333, Farold 40) and pear seedling rootstocks grafted with 4 standard pear cultivars (‘Abate Fetel’, ‘Deveci’, ‘Santa Maria’, ‘Williams’) between 2019-2021 years. Rootstocks, cultivars, research years and their interactions significantly affected all examined parameters in the study, except for the interaction of year x rootstock x cultivar. Regarding rootstock averages, the highest pruning weight (kg plant-1) was observed from Fox 11, the lowest was in the BA29, QA, and MC quince rootstocks. Regardless of the cultivar averages, the highest pruning weight was in the ‘Deveci’, the lowest was in the ‘Santa Maria’ pear cultivar. The highest pruning weight (kg plant-1) was observed from ‘Deveci’/Fox11, and the lowest was in the ‘Williams’/QA, ‘Williams’/BA29, ‘Abate Fetel’/MC, and ‘Santa Maria’/MC combinations in terms of rootstock x cultivar interaction. The highest cumulative pruning weight per plant (kg) was determined in the ‘Deveci’/Fox11, the lowest was in the ‘Williams’/QA combination in terms of rootstock x cultivar interaction. Furthermore, the highest cumulative pruning weight per hectare (kg) was determined in the ‘Deveci’/Fox11, the lowest was in the ‘Williams’/QA, ‘Williams’/BA29, ‘Abate Fetel’/MC, ‘Santa Maria’/MC, and ‘Santa Maria’/Seedling combination in terms of rootstock x cultivar interaction. Except for the pear seedling rootstock, quince clone rootstocks generally had lower all pruning weight traits than pear clone rootstocks in the study. It can be said that the weaker development of quince rootstocks compared to pear rootstocks causes this situation. According to the results of this study carried out on young pear trees, it can be said that quince rootstocks are somewhat advantageous due to less pruning labor and cost.

Komparativni učinak različitih insekticida i kaolina na smanjenu brojnost populacije Cacopsylla pyri L.

Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is one of the most serious economic pear pests in Eastern Croatia. Previous methods of pear control in the Republic of Croatia have led to the development of an insect population resistan to certain active ingredients. The objectives of this two-year study were to determine the optimal number of treatments for psylla control based on the monitoring of pest life cycle and to determine the effectiveness of processed kaolin in controlling the pear psylla in comparison with other chemical insecticides in four different treatments (T1. IPM-integrated protection program – diflubenzuron, spirotetramat, abamectin, acetamprid; T2. acrinatrin + abamectin, T3. kaolin clay, T4. control treatment). The research was conducted in 2017 and 2018 in a six-year-old experimental pear orchard on three varieties (Williams, Conference, and Abate Fetel). Monitoring of the pest population and its development was performed by visual inspection on two one-year shoots per tree of each variety in all replicates. The T1 treatment demonstrated the highest efficiency, between 84-95%, depending on the year, while the kaolin treatment had the lowest one, but it varied greatly from one year to the other (37-71%).

Effect of Different Pollen Sources on Fruit Set and Maturity of Exotic Pear (Pyrus communis L.) cvs. Carmen and Abate Fetel under Kashmir Conditions

Effect of Different Pollen Sources on Fruit Set and Maturity of Exotic Pear (Pyrus communis L.) cvs. Carmen and Abate Fetel under Kashmir Conditions

Preharvest Factors Affecting Quality on “Abate Fetel” Pears: Study of Superficial Scald with Multivariate Statistical Approach

Although superficial scald (SS) is well characterized on apples, there are only a few insights concerning the influence that agronomic and management variability may have on the occurrence of this physiological disorder on pears. In this study, we aimed to improve our understanding of the effect of different preharvest factors on SS development using a multivariate statistical approach. Pears (Pyrus communis L.) cv “Abate Fetel” were picked during two consecutive seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) from twenty-three commercial orchards from three growing areas (Modena, Ferrara, and Ravenna provinces) in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Bioclimatic indices such as weather and soil, agronomic management such fertilization and irrigation, orchard features such as rootstock and training systems, and SS incidence were carried out at harvest and periodically postharvest in all producers. Two different storage scenarios (regular atmosphere and use of 1-MCP) were also evaluated. Our data in both seasons showed high heterogeneity between farms for SS symptoms after cold storage either in the regular atmosphere or with 1-MCP treatment. Nevertheless, in 2018, all the producers showed SS at the end of the storage season, but in 2019 some of them did not exhibit SS for up to 5 months. In fact, some preharvest factors changed considerably between the two seasons such as yield and weather conditions. Indeed, some factors seem to affect SS in both growing seasons. Some can increase its occurrences such as physiological and agronomical factors: high yields, late date of blooming, heavy downpours, improper irrigation management (low watering frequency and high volumes), nitrogen (included that deriving from organic matter), soil texture (presence of clay), orchard age, and canopy volume in relation to training system and rootstock. Others can decrease SS such as climatic and management factors: late harvest dates, rain, gibberellins, calcium, manure, absence of antihail nets or use of photoselective nets, and site (probably related to better soils toward the Adriatic coast). Initial preharvest variability is an important factor that modulates physiological plant stress and, subsequently, the SS after cold storage in “Abate Fetel” pears. Multivariate techniques could represent useful tools to identify reliable multiyear preharvest variables for SS control in pear fruit different batches.

Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activity of Fruits Representing Diverse Apple and Pear Cultivars.

Simple SummaryApples and pears are popular with consumers because of their pleasant taste and high content of bioactive, health-promoting phytochemicals. However, the metabolic profiles of apples and pears are affected by genetic and environmental factors and, therefore, differ even between cultivars of the same species. Biochemical characterization and testing of antioxidant activity are useful tools to identify cultivars with superior organoleptic properties and potential health benefits. We, therefore, used these complementary approaches to analyze the metabolic profiles of six apple and five pear cultivars during two growing seasons, revealing variations in the content of primary and specialized metabolites. We found one ancient Italian apple cultivar rich in polyphenols and one pear cultivar low in sucrose that may be particularly attractive to consumers.The false fruits of apple (Malus domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis) are consumed all over the world, contributing to the dietary intake of health-promoting antioxidant phytochemicals. For example, polyphenols confer many beneficial effects (according to their chemical structure, bioavailability, and absorption efficiency in the gut) and the consumption of polyphenol-rich apple and pear fruits may therefore reduce the risk of some diseases. However, the content of such molecules is highly dependent on the specific fruit cultivar. To examine this metabolic diversity in detail, we used metabolomic analysis (NMR and HPLC-DAD/MS) to profile the metabolome of six apple and five pear cultivars. We also determined the antioxidant capacity of the extracts (FRAP assay) and correlated this with the metabolomic composition and abundance of specific metabolites. We observed the cultivar-specific accumulation of sugars, amino acids, malic acid, and various polyphenols, which was also related to the growing season for some cultivars. We found that the ancient Italian apple Pom Prussian was enriched for chlorogenic acid as well as more characteristic polyphenols (phloretin derivatives), the pear cultivar Abate Fetel was low in sucrose, and both cultivars displayed high in vitro antioxidant activity. These cultivars may, therefore, be particularly attractive to health-conscious consumers.

Effect of pollen source on some fruit characteristics of exotic pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. carmen and abate Fetel

A research experiment was conducted on two fruit bearing exotic cultivars “Carmen” and “Abate Fetel” of pear (Pyrus communis L.). The treatments included self, open and cross pollination of these two maternal parents with seven pollinizers viz., “William Bartlett”, “Fertility”, “Clapp’s Favourite”, “Chinese Sandy Pear”, “Max Red Bartlett”, “Kings Pear” and “Beurre de Amanalis”. The design of experiment was RCBD with three replications and the number of treatment combinations were 18. Pollen source affected the fruit colour significantly, wherein the highest value of red colour based on ‘a’ value was recorded with the pollen of “Max Red Bartlett” in the combination ‘Carmen × Max Red Bartlett’ (a=25.81) whereas, it was lowest with the pollen of “Kings Pear” (a=-16.63) in the combination ‘Abate Fetel × Kings Pear’, fruit shape, pedicle length and number of lenticles remain unaffected with the pollenizers used, however, sensory characteristics varied significantly with the pollenizers used.

Bazı Armut Klon Anaçları Üzerine Aşılı Armut Çeşitlerinin Fidan Gelişim Performanslarının Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışma, 2018-2019 yılları arasında bazı armut klon anaçları üzerine aşılı armut çeşitlerinin aşı başarısı ve fidan gelişim performanslarını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, ‘Deveci’, ‘Williams’, ‘Santa Maria’ ve ‘Abate Fetel’ armut çeşitleri Fox9, Fox11, OHxF87 ve OHxF333 armut klon anaçları üzerine dilciksiz aşı yöntemiyle Nisan ayında aşılanmıştır. Çalışmada anaçların aşı tutma oranı üzerine etkisi olmazken aşı sürme ve fidan yaşama oranı ile aşı sürgün çapı ve sürgün uzunluğu üzerine etkisinin ortalamalar bakımından önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çeşitlerin, aşı sürgün çapı hariç aşı tutma, sürme ve fidanların yaşama oranı ile sürgün uzunluğu üzerine etkisinin ortalamalar bakımından önemli olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada aşı tutma oranın %86.7-%100, aşı sürme oranın %80.0-%100, fidan yaşama oranının %77.8-%100 arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aşı tutma ve aşı sürme oranları bakımından ‘Santa Maria’ ve ‘Deveci’ çeşitleri en iyi sonucu vermiştir. En yüksek fidan yaşama oranı ‘Santa Maria’ ve ‘Deveci’, en düşük ise ‘Williams’ çeşidinde belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada aşı sürgünü uzunluğunun 96.4 cm-135.5 cm, aşı sürgünü çapının 17.60 mm-20.94 mm arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada anaçlar bakımından en uzun aşı sürgünü Fox9 en kısa ise OHxF333 anaçlarında belirlenmiştir. Çeşitler bakımından ise aşı sürgün uzunluğunun ‘Santa Maria’ çeşidinde diğer çeşitlerden daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada ‘Deveci’ ve ‘Santa Maria’ için Fox11 ve OHxF87; ‘Williams’ için Fox11 ve OHxF333; ‘Abate Fetel’ için Fox9 ve OHxF87 anaçları tavsiye edilebilir. Bu çalışma sonucunda armut yetiştiriciliğinde büyüme, verim ve kalite bakımından oldukça önemli olan kaliteli aşılı fidan üretiminin sürgün dönemde başarılı bir şekilde yapılabileceği ortaya konulmuştur.

Armut Fidanlarının Morfolojik Özellikleri Üzerine Anaçların ve Çeşitlerin Etkisi

Meyve yetiştiriciliğinde anaçlar üzerine aşılanan çeşidin büyüme ve gelişmesini etkilediği gibi çeşitler de üzerlerine aşılandıkları anacı etkilemektedirler. Günümüzde armut yetiştiriciliği farklı büyüme özelliklerine sahip anaçlar üzerine aşılanarak çoğaltılan fidanlar ile yapılmaktadır. Bitkilerin kök sistemini oluşturacak olan anaçların seçimi çeşit seçimi kadar önemlidir. Bu çalışma, aşılı armut fidanlarının morfolojik özellikleri üzerine bazı armut klon anaç ve çeşitlerinin etkisini belirlemek amacıyla 2018-2019 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada, ‘Deveci’, ‘Williams’, ‘Santa Maria’ ve ‘Abate Fetel’ armut çeşitleri Fox9, Fox11, OHxF87 ve OHxF333 armut klon anaçları üzerine dilciksiz aşı yöntemiyle aşılanmıştır. Araştırmada fidanlarda anaç çapı (mm), aşı noktası çapı (mm), aşı sürgününde yan dal sayısı (adet), boğum sayısı (adet), boğum arası mesafe (cm), yaprak eni ve boyu (cm), yaprak sapı uzunluğu (cm) ve kalınlığı (mm), sürgündeki yaprak sayısı (adet), ortalama ve toplam yaprak alanı (cm2) incelenmiştir. Araştırmada tüm parametreler üzerine anaçların ve çeşitlerin değişen düzeylerde etkiye sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. En yüksek aşı noktası çapı anaçlar bakımından Fox9; çeşitler bakımından ‘Deveci’de belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada en fazla yan dal sayısı ve yaprak sayısı Fox9 üzerine aşılı ‘Deveci’ çeşidinde tespit edilmiştir. Ortalama yaprak alanı en fazla ‘Santa Maria’, bitki başına toplam yaprak alanı ise ‘Deveci’ çeşidinde belirlenmiştir. Sürgündeki boğum sayısının Fox9 anacında diğer anaçlardan daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Boğum arası mesafenin Fox9 anacında diğer anaçlardan daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. ‘Santa Maria’ çeşidinde boğum arası mesafenin diğer çeşitlerden daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın sonucunda morfolojik özellikler bakımından Fox9 anacı üzerine aşılı ‘Deveci’ çeşidinin diğer çeşit/anaç kombinasyonlarından daha iyi değerlere sahip olduğunu söyleyebiliriz.