AB Genotype Research Articles

Allele frequencies and genotypes of kappa casein (CSN3) and their association with chemical composition and coagulation properties of milk in Brown cattle

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to evaluate allele frequencies and genotypes of kappa casein (CSN3) and their association with milk quality and coagulation properties in Brown cattle. Milk proteins’ polymorphism was found out in 155 tissue samples from cows reared at 4 farms. The analysis of milk composition was done in the lab of the Agriculture Institute – Stara Zagora on Lactoscan ultrasound milk analyzer, whereas coagulation properties of individual milk samples were evaluated on a Computerized Renneting Metter – Polo Trade, Italy. Milk samples were obtained by milk meters. The milk was analysed within 3 hours after sample collection. Naturen Plus 215/0.8L chymosin was used, with milk coagulation activity of 215 IMCU/ml. During the study, the following parameters were studied: milk fat and protein contents (%), rennet coagulation time (RCT, min), curd firmness (а30, mm) and curd firming time (k20, min). Kappa casein (CSN3) is characterised by five genotypes – АА, АВ, ВВ, АН and ВН, the frequency of which varied within various ranges. The milk of cows with genotype AB was characterized by the highest content of fat and protein: 4.85% and 5.00%, respectively. The milk of heterozygous cows from genotype AB demonstrated the longest rennet coagulation time – 18.04 min. The animals carrying the H allele produced milk with the highest curd firmness – 37.00 mm.

Dairy productivity of holstein cattle with different genotypes of the kappa-casein gene (CSN3)

The purpose of research was to study the polymorphism of the CSN3 gene and its effect on milk yield, fat and protein mass fractions in milk, as well as on the lactation curve characteristics in the first lactation of Holstein cows. The experiment was carried out on the biological material of 146 cows of of Integrated Agricultural Production Centre “Stud farm named after Lenin” of the Atninsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan in the laboratory of agrobiological research of Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture of FRC KazanSC of RAS. DNA diagnostics by PCR-RFLP method of the CSN3 gene testified that the livestock under study is genetically diverse. The herd contains animals of all genotypes: АA – 41,1%, АВ – 47,9%, ВВ – 11,0%. The frequency of occurrence for allele A was 0.651, for allele B – 0.349. The genetic equilibrium in the population is not disturbed, the chi-square criterion is below the critical value. The analysis of milk productivity indicators of cow-heifers with different genotypes of the CSN3 gene shows the superiority of animals with the AB genotype in milk yield per standard lactation (6908.5 kg), with the BB genotype in the content of the protein mass fraction (4.05%) and protein yield (267.8 kg). Individuals with the AA genotype are characterized by an increased mass fraction and milk fat yield (3.65% and 244.4 kg). Cows have different lactation curves depending on the genotype of the CSN3 gene.

Study association of bPRL (Bovine Prolactin) gene and milk production trait in Indonesian Holstein dairy cattle

This study was aimed to analyze the genetic variation of bPRL (Bovine Prolactin) gene and its association to milk production in Indonesian Friesian Holstein (IFH) dairy cattle. In total 49 DNA from whole blood were extracted and followed with PCR-RFLP to distinguish the genotype difference between individual samples. The fragment of bPRL gene was amplified using pair of primer forward 5’-GAGTCCTTATGAGCTTGATTCTT-3’ and reverse 5’-GCCTTCCAGAAGTCGTTTGTTTTC-3’, resulting in 156 bp PCR product size. DNA digestion then performed using RsaI restriction enzyme that recognizes 5’-GT↓AC-3’ sites with blunt-end termini. According to the study, two genotypes were discovered that are AA and AB, with respective frequencies of 0.84 and 0.16. Based on the genotype grouping of milk production data, AB genotype yielded 4016.63±1344 kg while AA genotype yielded 3314.32±1153 Kg of milk per lactation. However, there is no statistical (P>0,05) difference between both genotypes on the amount of milk yielded. It is concluded that bPRL gene was not associated with milk production traits in the studied Indonesian Dairy Cattle population.

Поліморфізм гена капа-казеїну у корів різних порід молочного напряму продуктивності

Genetic polymorphism of milk proteins, in particular kappa-casein, is of considerable research interest due to its possible associations with economically important traits of dairy cattle. The aim of the study was to determine the polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene and its association with signs of milk productivity in cows of different breeds. Polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene was studied in cows of Ukrainian red-spotted dairy (UCHERM), Ukrainian black-spotted dairy (UCHRM), Montbeliard (M) breeds and crossbred cows obtained by crossing cows of Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed with Mongolians. DNA studies were performed in the Department of Animal Genetics and Biotechnology of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets NAAS using the PCR-RFLP method. As a result of research, three genotypes of the kappa-casein gene were identified: AA, AB, BB. Genotypes AA and AB were found in all studied groups of cows, genotype BB was found only in cows of Montbeliard breed with a frequency of 0.366. The highest hopes for 305 days of the first lactation among all studied cows were in crossbred cows with genotype AB (7029 kg), the lowest - in crossbred animals with genotype AA (6359 kg). According to the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the kappa-casein gene, domestic breeds of UCHRM and UCHERM are similar in genetic structure and have a low concentration of B-allelic variant, apparently due to the fact that these breeds were created by reproductive crossing with Holstein breed, in populations of which this allele quite low. The presence of such genotypes in the studied groups of first-borns is determined by the peculiarities of selection work in the herd of SE "DG" Niva "of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after MV Tooth of NAAS ». Research results genotypes and alleles of the kappa-casein gene is an additional genetic characteristic of animals, which makes it possible to create herds with the desired characteristics of milk productivity

Association of SSCP Polymorphisms of HSP70 Gene with Physiological, Production and Reproduction Performance in Sahiwal and Crossbred Cows

Background: Cellular tolerance to heat stress is mediated by heat shock proteins (HSPs). The HSPs act as molecular chaperones and are transcribed in response to stress. Among different families of these proteins, HSP70 is considered to be related to the development of temperature tolerance. Unraveling polymorphism in heat shock protein genes could be a step towards the identification of genetic markers for selecting heat-tolerant cattle. Methods: The present study was carried out in Sahiwal (n=50) and Crossbred cows (n=50) with the objective to identify polymorphisms in HSP70 gene. Two fragments (295 and 220 bp) of HSP70 gene were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique. Statistical analysis was performed to study the association of each SSCP genotype on physiological, production and reproduction traits in Sahiwal and crossbred cows using the univariate GLM model of SPSS 25. Result: The PCR-SSCP of 295 bp fragment of HSP70 gene revealed two genotypes AA and AB in Sahiwal cows and two genotypes AA and AC in crossbred cows. The association analysis revealed that genotype AA had higher peak milk yield in Sahiwal cows while the same genotype had higher total lactation milk yield, lower service period and calving interval in crossbred cows. The 220 bp fragment was found to be monomorphic in both Sahiwal and crossbred cows.

Genetic Polymorphisms of Chicken Antiviral Mx1 and TVB Genes in Indigenous and Giriraja Chicken

Background: Recent developments in molecular genetics lead to addressing certain poultry diseases via breeding for disease resistance. The present study was carried to identify and compare the genetic polymorphism in Chicken Mx1 and TVB genes among the indigenous and Giriraja chicken using PCR-RFLP technique. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 50 indigenous and 50 Giriraja birds and DNA isolation was done by Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol method. PCR amplification of Chicken Mx1 (exon 14) and Chicken TVB (exon 3) genes was carried out followed by RFLP analysis. Result: PCR product sizes of 301 bp and 303 bp of Mx1 and TVB genes, respectively were successfully amplified. RFLP analysis of Mx1 gene with Hyp8I restriction enzyme revealed three genotypes AA, AB and BB. In indigenous birds genotypic frequencies of AA, AB and BB were 0.314, 0.493 and 0.194, respectively and gene frequencies were 0.56 and 0.44 for alleles A and B, respectively. In Giriraja birds, genotypic frequencies for AA, AB and BB were 0.27, 0.499 and 0.23, respectively and gene frequencies were 0.52 and 0.48 for alleles A and B, respectively. RFLP analysis of TVB gene with NlaIII restriction enzyme revealed two genotypes viz., AA and AB. In indigenous birds genotypic frequencies of AA and AB were 0.81 and 0.18, respectively and gene frequencies were 0.9 and 0.1 for alleles A and B, respectively. In Giriraja birds genotypic frequencies for AA and AB were 0.774 and 0.211, respectively and gene frequencies were 0.88 and 0.12 for alleles A and B, respectively.

Evaluation of CYP19 as a candidate gene for milk production traits in native cattle and buffalo populations of Southern India

Candidate gene approach facilitates searching causative polymorphisms that influence quantitative traits. Biosynthesis of estrogen catalyzed by aromatase, a product of the CYP19 gene affect lactogenesis. The objective of the study was to determine the polymorphism in the promoter region of CYP19 gene by PCR-RFLP and was undertaken on 502 bovine species belonging to Ongole (Bos indicus), Holstein Friesian crossbred, Jersey crossbred cattle, and Murrah buffaloes reared across Southern India. The frequency of the CYP19A allele was 0.90, 0.88, and 0.77 in Jersey crossbred, HF crossbred, and Ongole cattle, respectively. The BB genotypes could not be observed in Jersey crossbred cattle. Fixation of the B allele was evident in Murrah buffaloes. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was verified and general linear model procedure was adopted to evaluate the effect of CYP19/PvuII genotype on milk production traits. The AA genotypes (2111.53 ± 51.84 kg) in Jersey crossbred cattle, AB genotypes (2529.00 ± 238.08 kg) in Holstein Friesian crossbred and BB genotype (590.85 ± 92.29 kg) in Ongole cattle yielded more milk. The fat content of milk in AB genotypes was higher in all the cattle. The solid-not-fat and lactose content was more in the milk of BB genotypes and protein in AB genotypes of Ongole cattle. The fat, SNF, protein, and lactose content in Murrah buffalo milk was 7.26 ± 0.62%, 9.20 ± 0.19%, 3.44 ± 0.06%, 4.87 ± 0.11%, respectively. No significant (p > 0.05) effect of CYP19/PvuII genotypes on milk production and composition was found in any of the genetic groups studied. The sequence analysis of CYP19 P 1.1 revealed additional SNPs in all the cattle under study. A novel SNP at 82 nucleotides upstream of the PvuII restriction site was observed in Murrah buffaloes.

Genetic studies of nephrotic syndrome in Egyptian children

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) might be caused by a kidney disorder or it can be a secondary disease. Untreated or resistant to treatment, NS stimulates glomerular damage that reduces the kidney function. This reduction leads to the end stage of renal failure. Therefore, it is very important to diagnose NS early, with the aim of inhibiting or lessening its associated morbidity and mortality. Gene polymorphism analysis for the three genes eNOS 27 bp VNTR, GSTP1 and IL-10(1082 G/A) were checked in 98 children with NS and 101 control subjects. eNOS 27 bp VNTR genotypes and alleles are significantly different in the group of 98 children with NS compared to the 101 control subjects. The frequencies of ab and bb genotypes are significantly lower in patients than in the control group (ab: 17.2% vs. 22.8%; OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.06-0.58; p = 0.0026 & bb: 54.7% vs. 70.3%; OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.07-0.5; p = 0.0004). However, neither GSTP1 nor IL-10(1082 G/A) genotypes showed any significant difference in both groups. eNOS 27 bp VNTR gene might be considered as an independent risk factor in the early prediction of nephrotic syndrome incidence, which may help prevent/reduce the occurrence of other complications associated with the late diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Association of neuropeptide-Y gene polymorphic variants with quantitative traits in Jabalpur colour and Kadaknath chicken

The present study included 60 birds of Kadaknath and Jabalpur colour to explore polymorphism of NPY gene and its association with quantitative traits. PCR-RFLP assay of NPY/Dra1 gene (240 bp) locus revealed three genotypes, viz. AA (240 bp/240 bp), AB (240/161/79 bp) and BB (161/79 bp) in Kadaknath and Jabalpur colour chicken. Genotype AA (240 bp/240 bp) was predominately found in both the chicken population. The population of Kadaknath was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, while Jabalpur colour was not in HWE at NPY gene locus. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences between breeds, whereas the effect of genotypes and breed × genotype interaction was non-significant. The means of body weight at sexual maturity, body weight at 20, 30 and 40 weeks, egg weight and egg production at 40 week and shape index were significantly higher in Jabalpur colour than Kadaknath. Although the effect of genotypes was non-significant but comparatively higher adult body weight was recorded for AA genotype in Jabalpur colour and AB genotype in Kadaknath at 20, 30 and 40 weeks of age. Similarly, AA genotype was marginally superior in Jabalpur colour, while genotype BB exhibited marginal superiority in Kadaknath for egg production at 40 weeks of age.

P-068: Haplotypes rich in activating killer-cell immnuglobulin-like receptor genes are associated with delay on age of myeloma onset

<h3>Background</h3> Natural killer (NK) cells are known for their anti-tumoral cytotoxic effects. Effector NK-cell functions are controlled by interactions between inhibitory and activating killer-cell immnuglobulin-like receptors (iKIRs and aKIRs) on NK cells in the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands on target cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of KIR genotypes with/without their cognate ligands among myeloma (MM) patients compared to a healthy population. <h3>Methods</h3> 178 MM patients diagnosed between 2007-2018 enrolled into the study. The median age of patients was 63 (range, 33-95) with ISS:I/II/III:49/36/37; IgG/IgA/Light chain: 58/22/40 and median lines of treatment of three (range, 1-6) (38% history of transplant). As a control group, 449 healthy subjects screened for HLA and KIR genotyping aged median: 42 (7-82) as related/unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donors were included. The Olerup SSP KIR Genotyping Kit (Olerup, Stockholm, Sweden) and Olerup KIR HLA Ligand Detection Kit was used to type KIR and KIR ligands: For KIR genotype comparisons total AA, AB and BB, their telomeric and centromeric motifs were chosen. <h3>Results</h3> Among aKIR genotypes 2DL5B and 2DS3 were found to be less frequent among MM patients compared to healthy subjects (p=0.001; p=0.04). When KIR receptor genes were evaluated along with their cognate ligands, the frequencies of KIR2DL2 and C1, KIR2DL3 and C1 as well as KIR2DS2 and C1 were found to be less frequent among MM patients (p=0.002; p=0.03; p=0.002). The frequency of patients with aKIR ≥5 was significantly lower among MM patients (P<0.0001). When the total haplotype was compared,AB is more and BB less frequent among patients with similar inheritance of AA (p=0.001). Among MM patients, haplotype AA (with ligands C2+Bw4+) frequency is significantly higher compared to healthy controls (p=0.005). BB haplotype carrying male patients had a four years delay in onset age of diagnosis. This effect was in the opposite direction for females. AA haplotype carrying males had MM diagnosed seven years earlier than negative patients, an effect not visible among females. When the predictors for age at diagnosis was assessed, tAB1 haplotype appears to be a stronger factor (p=0.06) than gender (p=0.76). When impact on early relapse was analyzed cAB1 (n=7) was the only motif to have a minor effect. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This study is the first to demonstrate activating KIR containing haplotypes to be less frequent among myeloma patients when compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore specifically this effect was confirmed in the presence of their ligands and the haplotypes rich in activating KIRs. Haplotype BB which includes the highest and haplotype AA which has the least number of a KIRs were found to influence the age of onset mainly among males delaying (haplotype BB) or earlier onset (Haplotype AA). Similar analysis among smoldering MM is warranted to provide further evidence.

Investigation of MBL2 and NOS3 functional gene variants in suspected COVID-19 PCR (–) patients

ABSTRACT For COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) cases, detecting host-based factors that predispose to infection is a very important research area. In this study, the aim is to investigate the MBL2 and NOS3 gene polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients with lung involvement, whose first nasopharyngeal PCR results were negative. Seventy-nine patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between April-June 2020 who were admitted to a university hospital, and 100 healthy controls were included. In the first statistical analysis performed between PCR-positive, CT-negative and PCR-negative, CT-positive patients; the AB of MBL2 genotype was significantly higher in the first group (p = 0.049). The B allele was also significantly higher in the same subgroup (p = 0.001). The absence of the AB genotype was found to increase the risk of CT positivity by 6.9 times. The AB genotype of MBL2 was higher in healthy controls (p = 0.006). The absence of the AB genotype was found to increase the risk of CT positivity; also, it can be used for early detection and isolation of patients with typical lung involvement who had enough viral loads, but whose initial PCR results were negative.

Identification of polymorphism of FecX gene in indigenous sheep of Meghalaya

Fecundity gene such as FecX, govern fertility and litter size in sheep. Selection of animals with the help of molecular markers through identification of polymorphism of fecundity genes is an impactful method of genetic improvement. The present study was carried out to identify the polymorphism of FecX gene in indigenous sheep of Meghalaya. Blood samples were collected from 50 randomly selected ewes from 2 districts of Meghalaya namely, East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples and PCR amplification of FecX gene with specific primer set was done. PCR product size of 141 bp was obtained. Further, digestion of the PCR product with restriction enzyme HinfI through PCR-RFLP technique was conducted to identify the variants in FecX gene. Upon digestion, 2 types of fragment pattern identified, arbitrarily designated as AA and AB genotype, where AA genotype yielded one fragment (141 bp) and AB genotype yielded 2 fragments (100 and 41 bp). Presence of polymorphism can be an important indicator for selection with the help of molecular markers.

Effects of Beta-lactoglobulin Gene Polymorphism and Some Factors on Milk Quality and Yield in Dairy Cattle of Kashmir, India

Background: Polymorphisms in candidate beta-lactoglobulin genes are associated with traits of economic importance in cows and are related to milk composition, quality, production as well as cheese-production. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of breed, season and polymorphism on milk quality and yield in Jersey and Crossbred Holstein Friesian cows. Methods: The quality traits studied were fat %, lactose %, protein %, SNF, density and ash while quantity traits were average monthly milk yield, protein yield and fat yield. The beta-lactoglobulin gene exon IV (262 bp) was screened for polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP using BsuRI (Hae III) enzyme. Result: Our investigation revealed only two patterns AA and AB in both the breeds under study. BB genotype was absent. AA genotype was most abundant in Jersey cows (0.68) and crossbred HF cows (0.56). A allele frequency was highest in Crossbred HF cows (0.72) and Jersey cows (0.66). In Jersey genotype AB was observed to be responsible for high milk yield, protein and fat yield in each season whereas it was genotype AA of crossbred HF cows affecting milk yield, protein and fat yield. In crossbred HF cow, genotype effect was observed to be non-significant (p greater than 0.05) on all quality traits and effect of season was significant on lactose % and fat %. In Jersey cows, genotype and season effects were significant (P less than 0.05) on fat % concluding that the breed, season and genotype affectmilk quality and yield.

Composición fisicoquímica, rendimiento y aceptación sensorial del queso fresco Coalho obtenido a partir de leche de vaca cebú

The aims were to evaluate the effect of breed on the genetic polymorphism kappa-casein, physicochemical composition of milk and Coalho cheese, and on cheese yield; and to evaluate the effect of different periods of storage on sensorial acceptance of the Coalho cheese obtained from milk of Guzerat, Gyr and Sindi cows. Twenty (20) cows of Zebu breeds were selected, from which it was obtained the frequency values of the genetic polymorphism kappa-casein. Milk were submitted to fat, protein, lactose, non-fat solids and total solids, electrical conductivity analysis and somatic cell count. Cheeses were submitted to fat, protein, total solids, pH, moisture and yield (g TS/L) analysis. Attributes appearance, aroma, texture and flavor were judged at the 1st, 25th and 46th day of storage. There was a total frequency of 0.70 for genotype AA, 0.30 for genotype AB. There was no significant difference in milk composition among the studied breeds. However, there were differences in the physicochemical composition (with the exception of the protein) and the yield of the cheeses, but all the breeds showed a similar real yield. It was found effect of the storage period on the cheeses sensory attributes in the different breeds, with the exception of the appearance. The milk of the Guzerat, Gyr and Sindi breeds constitute an excellent raw material for the production of curd cheese and ensures a satisfactory sensorial acceptance of the product at the 1st, 25th and 46th days of storage.

Variation in the Ovine Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta-Interaction Protein Gene (GSKIP) Affects Carcass and Growth Traits in Romney Sheep.

Simple SummaryThe glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)-interacting protein plays a role in regulating glycogen metabolism, protein synthesis, the cell cycle, and in regulating gene expression. To date, physiological function research into the GSK3β-interacting protein has been focused on cell lines, gene ‘knockout’ models, and over-expression studies, and to our knowledge, there have been no reports on how variation in the GSK3β-interacting protein gene (GSKIP) may affect phenotypic traits. In this study, PCR-SSCP methods were used to screen for variation in exon 1 and exon 2 of GSKIP in 840 New Zealand (NZ) Romney sheep. Two variant sequences were identified in exon 1 and this variation in GSKIP was associated with variation in lamb birth weight, hot carcass weight, and fat depth at the 12th rib.The glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)-interacting protein (encoded by the gene GSKIP) is a small A-kinase anchoring protein, which complexes with GSK3βand protein kinase A (PKA) and acts synergistically with cAMP/PKA signaling to inhibit GSK3β activity. The protein plays a role in regulating glycogen metabolism, protein synthesis, the cell cycle, and in regulating gene expression. In this study, PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analyses were used to screen for variation in exon 1 and exon 2 of GSKIP in 840 New Zealand (NZ) Romney sheep. Two SSCP banding patterns representing two different nucleotide variants (A and B) were detected in an exon 1 region, whereas in an exon 2 region only one pattern was detected. Variants A and B of exon 1 had one non-synonymous nucleotide difference c.37A/G (p.Met13Val). The birthweight of sheep of genotype AA (5.9 ± 0.06 kg) was different (p = 0.023) to sheep of genotype AB (5.7 ± 0.06 kg) and BB (5.7 ± 0.06 kg). The hot carcass weight (HCW) of sheep of genotype AA (17.2 ± 0.22 kg) was different (p = 0.012) to sheep of genotype AB (17.6 ± 0.22 kg) and BB (18.0 ± 0.29 kg), and the fat depth at the 12th rib (V-GR) of sheep of genotype AA (7.7 ± 0.31 mm) was different (p = 0.016) to sheep of genotype AB (8.3 ± 0.30 mm) and BB (8.5 ± 0.39 mm). The results suggest that the c.37A/G substitution in ovine GSKIP may affect sheep growth and carcass traits.

МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ ГЕНОДИАГНОСТИКА БЫКОВ-ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЕЙ ПО ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО-ЦЕННЫМ ПРИЗНАКАМ

Based on the results of the analysis of the relationship between the DGAT1 gene polymorphism and economically valuable traits, it was concluded that animals with the DGAT1KK genotype have the highest milk yield and fat content. When analyzing the relationship of CSN3 gene polymorphism with milk productivity, it was found that higher rates are characteristic of mothers cows with a homozygous CSN3BB genotype. Animals of this group have an advantage, in comparison with the AB and AA genotypes, in milk yield, protein content, mass yield of fat and protein. When studying the data of the relationship between the LGB gene polymorphism and economically valuable traits, it was concluded that animals with the homozygous LGBBB genotype have the highest milk yield, fat, protein content, mass fat and protein yield.

Genotyping of kappa casein in crossbred cattle as a factor in managing the technological qualities of milk

The article presents the results of a study of DNA isolated from the sperm of bulls-producers of the Belgian white-blue breed, images of the wool of cattle of the Holstein breed and crossbred calves obtained by crossing Holstins with the Belgian white-blue breed, for the presence of the B-allele gene kappa casein (CSN3) associated with a high content of protein in milk and optimal coagulation properties of milk used to produce cheese and cottage cheese. It was found that out of 33 animals studied, 26 individuals (78.9%) showed the AA genotype, which determines the inheritance of the ability of animals to produce milk suitable for drinking only, 7 individuals (21.2%) have the AB genotype. Animals with the AB genotype may produce milk suitable for the production of fermented milk products, but their quality will not be high enough. Therefore, calves and gobies with the AB genotype must be crossed with individuals having the AB genotype, then it is possible to obtain offspring with the BB genotype of milk kappa casein, which can be used to make high-quality cottage cheese, yogurt, cheese and other dairy products with a high protein content. Milk of cows with the genotype BB has the best technological qualities and does not require the addition of rennet enzyme in the production of lactic-acid products.

Productive qualities of Holstein black-and-white cattle of different genotypes according to kappa-casein

In Sverdlovsk region Holstein black-and-white cattle of the Ural type are bred, which are represented by highly productive animals with a high genetic potential for productivity. The aim of the work was to study the effect of genotypes of the kappa-casein gene on milk productivity and quality indicators of milk from Holstein black-and-white cattle of the Ural type. Most of the cows had the AA kappa-casein genotype, and they had the worst indicators of technological properties in terms of cheese suitability. The best technological properties of milk are possessed by cows with the BB kappa-casein genotype. There were only 4.2% of such animals among those examined. The highest milk yield in 305 days of lactation was observed in cows with the genotype for BB kappa casein (9595 ± 314.3 kg), which is 373 kg and 537 kg more, or 3.9 and 5.6% more than in animals with AA and AB genotypes, respectively. The indicators for the mass fraction of fat and mass fraction of protein in the milk of cows of different genotypes for kappa-casein were the same. There was a tendency to an increase in the protein content in the milk of cows with the BB genotype and a decrease in the mass fraction of fat in the milk of cows with the AB genotype. Thus, more nutrients, namely milk fat with the same content in milk, were obtained in the group of first-calf heifers with the BB genotype (380 ± 13.19 kg). They also had a higher yield of milk protein (311 kg), which is more than in other groups by 13 and 19 kg.

KIR-HLAC genotyping in married couples with early reproductive losses of unknown genesis

Aim. KIR-HLAC genotyping in married couples with early idiopathic pregnancy loss. Methods. DNA extraction and purification, PCR-SSP, agarose gel electrophoresis. Results. The spectrum of KIR genes was analyzed and the frequency of KIR genotypes in women with early reproductive losses was established. The most common (77.78 %) was the AB genotype, 20.37 % had the AA genotype, and 1.85 % had the BB genotype. HLAC genotyping of couples with regular early reproductive losses showed the C1/C2 genotype of the HLAC gene in 40.74 % of women and 44.44 % of men. The frequency of C1/C1 genotype in women was 27.78% versus 38.89 % in men. The C2/C2 genotype of the HLAC gene was detected in 31.48 % of women and 12.96 % of men. According to the results of KIR-HLAC analysis of genotyping of married couples with early reproductive losses, a high/significant risk of reproductive losses of immunological genesis was found in 55.56 % of cases. Conclusions. KIR-HLAC genotyping is a genetic test that allows to assess the risks of the embryo being rejected by the maternal immune system, and thus to direct medical interventions in order to achieve a successful pregnancy.&#x0D; Keywords: early reproductive losses, KIR, HLAC.

Characteristics of kappa-casein gene polymorphism in cows of Swiss breed and their productive qualities at a large dairy

Kappa-casein is a fraction of the main milk protein, which determines the technological properties of milk and the quality of dairy products, especially cheese and fermented milk products. The study tested the distribution of kappa-casein gene genotype polymorphism (CSN3) in mothers and daughters of the Swiss breed cows, taking into account their milk productivity qualities. The study was performed on 111 cows of the Swiss breed on a large dairy. The observation group I included 51 cow-mothers of the Swiss breed; group II – 60 cow-daughters of the Swiss breed. In a study of the polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene in cow-mothers and cow-daughters of the Swiss breed, the dominance of allele B (0.73 and 0.70) was found, which was registered more than two times more often than allele A. The incidence of genotypes AA – AB – BB in cow-mothers of the Swiss breed was as follows: 5.9% – 43.1% – 51.0% with indicators of observed heterozygosity 0.43 and expected heterozygosity 0.40. In cow-daughters of the Swiss breed the frequency of the BB genotype was the same, but, genotype АА was registered almost twice as often, with lower indicators of observed heterozygosity and smaller increases of indicators of expected heterozygosity than in cow-mothers. Cow-mothers of the Swiss breed with the AA genotype, in comparison with the AB genotypes, had higher milk yields during lactation (by 43%), fat production (by 86.9%), ratio of fat to protein (by 40.5%). Also note, the cow-mothers of the Swiss breed with the AA genotype, in comparison with the BB genotypes, had reliably high rates of fat to protein (by 35.8%) and only a trend to higher fat production; fat and protein. The production of fat in dairy cows-daughters with the BB genotype was higher than with the AA genotype, but only at the level of tendency. The correlation analysis showed that the AA genotype of the kappa-casein gene in cow-mothers of the Swiss breed was associated with the duration of lactation, indicators of milk yield during lactation, fat production, fat content and protein in milk with registration of reliable and positive coefficients of correlation. The genotypes in cow-daughters did not have a reliable correlation with the duration of lactation and fat or protein content in milk. The results of the kappa-casein gene polymorphism study indicated that the AA genotype of cow-mothers of the Swiss breed was associated with higher productive milk qualities which should be taken into account when forming a highly productive herd of cattle of the Swiss breed under intensiveoperative technology at a large-scale dairy unit.