Days Of Storage Period Research Articles

Effect of mirasol pathogen reduction technology system on immunomodulatory molecules of apheresis platelets

Pathogen inactivation for platelets by riboflavin system (MIRASOL) efficiently reduces transfusion related pathogen transmission. However little is known about its impact on platelets’ immunomodulatory biochemical profile. We aimed was to assess the effects of MIRASOL treatment on platelet quality parameters and immunomodulatory molecules CD62P, RANTES, and CD40L in Single Donor Platelets (SDPs) resuspended in plasma (SDP-P) or T-PAS and additive solution (SDP-A). Twenty nine SDPs (15 SDP-P and 14 SDP-A) were included in the study. Samples were collected before, after MIRASOL treatment and just before transfusion. P-selectin (CD62P), RANTES, and CD40L were tested by ELISA. Platelet products quality assays were also performed. Platelet count/unit decreased after Mirasol treatment by 13 %. The pH of all units decreased over the 5-day storage period but remained above expected limits and the swirling test was positive throughout storage. P-selectin levels were not different between the three different time points in both SDPs-P and SDPs-A while RANTES levels were found to differ statistically significantly at the three different time points in all units and in the SPD-A subgroup. CD40L levels in all SDP products increased slightly during storage but this was not statistically significant. CD62P, RANTES, and CD40L in all time points were elevated in SDPs-A compared to SDPs-P but not at a statistically significant level. In conclusion MIRASOL treatment apart from RANTES increase does not seem to substantially affect platelets associated other cytokines and immunomodulatory molecules namely P-selectin and sCD40L which are implicated in immune transfusion reactions.

Effects of Naringin on Postharvest Storage Quality of Bean Sprouts.

This study investigated the effects of naringin on soybean and mung bean sprouts postharvest quality. It was found that naringin could maintain the appearance and quality of soybean sprouts and mung bean sprouts during a 6-day storage period as well as delay the occurrence of browning in mung bean sprouts and soybean sprouts. The optimal application rate of naringin was 50–100 μg/mL, which could effectively inhibit the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in bean sprouts and increase the ascorbic acid content, where this inhibition response to the browning of mung bean sprouts and soybean sprouts was significantly reduced. Naringin treatment increased gallic acid and p-coumaric acid content in mung bean sprouts as well as the daidzin and rutin content in soybean sprouts, which was also reflected in the improvement of antioxidant activity. The binding of naringin with PPO and POD was analyzed with molecular docking, naringin, and PPO had a lower binding energy (−1.09 Kcal/mol). In conclusion, naringin application in postharvest preservation of mung bean sprouts and soybean sprouts can maintain favorable consumer quality.

Microbial Storage Stability of Paneer Spread Incorporated with Ginger and Garlic

Background: Paneer spread is a perishable item and requires innovative technologies to extend its shelf life. The use of spices to improve sensory and storage life is traditionally used. The milk products and byproducts may be contaminated intentionally/unintentionally at different level at the time of production, processing and storage. Therefore, the present study was aimed to estimate the microbial analysis of ginger and garlic incorporated paneer spread prepared from cow milk. Methods: The control and treatment paneer spread samples were examined for the standard plate count (SPC), coliform count, yeast and mould count during storage for 12 days at refrigeration temperature for interval of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. Result: The microbial load of standard plate count, increased significantly high (P less than 0.01) in all the samples whereas the initial yeast and mould count was nil up to 6th day of storage, After that, only a few colonies were seen on the 9th day, which was significantly lower than the prescribed standard, but then increased significantly high (P less than 0.01). No coliform counts were observed during storage. Therefore, it is concluded that the ginger and garlic incorporated paneer spread were microbiologically safe upto 9th days of storage period. After nine days of storage, it should not be recommended for consumption due to visible yeast and mould growth.

Meat yield and meat quality characteristics of backcrossed Sonali chicken compared to Aseel♂ × Sonali♀ and Hilly♂ × Sonali♀ crossbreds

The experiment was conducted to assess the meat yield and meat quality characteristics of backcrossed Sonali chicken compared to Aseel♂ × Sonali♀ and Hilly♂ × Sonali♀ crossbreds during 0, 15 and 30 days of storage. Therefore, 6 male birds from each of 4 genotype i.e. RIR♂ × Sonali♀, Fayoumi♂ × Sonali♀, Aseel♂ × Sonali♀ and Hilly♂ × Sonali♀ around 1.2 kg of body weight were slaughtered, eviscerated and dissected to compare meat yield and meat quality characteristics during 0, 15 and 30 days of storage period. The results showed that there were no significant differences among the genotypes on meat yield, proximate, physio-chemical and biochemical characteristics of backcrossed Sonali chicken compared to Aseel♂ × Sonali♀ and Hilly♂ × Sonali♀ crossbreds. Drip loss, cooking loss, pH and CP% decreased, while DM%, EE%, ash%, peroxide value, free fatty acid value, thiobarbituric acid value increased with the increasing of storage time. The present study reveals that backcrossing had no demerits on meat quality and yield characteristics.

Effect of combined fishmeal and fish oil replacement on growth performance, flesh quality and shelf life of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect on growth performance, muscle integrity and quality traits throughout ice storage of distinct levels of substitution of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) by sustainable plant raw materials (plant meal and oils) on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in long-term feeding of 18 months. Six experimental diets, isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isolipidic (21%), containing gradually reduced levels of FM and FO as follows (%FM/%FO): 20/6, 20/3, 10/6, 10/3, 5/6 and 5/3 were evaluated. The reduction of FM resulted in a significant decrease (17–20%) of fish growth performance. There were no differences among the experimental diets for myofibrillar or endoproteases antibodies (anti-desmin, anti-dystrophin, anti-calpastatin, anti-M-calpain, anti-Micro-calpain) after 8 days of storage period. FO substitution increased n-6 fatty acids (FA) and reduced saturated FA, n-3 LC-PUFA (Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid) and n-3/n-6 ratio. Monounsaturated fatty acids were not affected by the content of the diet. No organoleptic changes were observed following the Quality Index Method (QIM) scheme, but a higher hardness measured by instrumental texture in whole fish and the raw fillet was associated with diets with high inclusion of FM at the beginning of storage, not perceptible in the cooked fillet.

Probiyotik Yoğurda Böğürtlen ve Yulaf Kepeği İlavesinin Lactobacillus acidophilus Canlılığı ve Antioksidan Aktivite Üzerine Etkisi

In this study, oat bran and blackberry were used separately and together in the production of probiotic yogurt (Lactobacillus acidophilus). It was aimed to determine the effect of oat bran and/or blackberry on probiotic viability, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity levels (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC methods) of yoghurts during both cold storage times and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion stages. At the end of the 21 day of storage period, it was determined that the highest and lowest L. acidophilus viability was found in yoghurt containing blackberry (B) (107 cfu/g) and oat bran (Y) (105 cfu/g), respectively. Oat bran and blackberry containing yogurt YB and control yogurt had the highest and lowest total phenolic content at the beginning and end of the storage period, respectively. According to the antioxidant activity results determined by the DPPH method, B yogurt had the highest antioxidant activity, while according to the ABTS and CUPRAC methods, YB yogurt had the highest antioxidant activity. As a result, it has been revealed that the functional properties of probiotic yogurt can be further improved with the addition of oat bran and blackberry, and blackberry can have a prebiotic effect on L. acidophilus.

Synergism of Industrial and Agricultural Waste as a Suitable Carrier Material for Developing Potential Biofertilizer for Sustainable Agricultural Production of Eggplant

The study investigates biochar from agriculture waste and flyash from coal power station as possible carrier materials for two plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacterial strains Burkholderia sp. L2 and Bacillus sp. A30 for enhanced eggplant growth and yield. Biochar-based biofertilizers with/without flyash showed higher viability up to 270 days of storage period. The maximum percentage of seed germination was observed in L2-based biochar and flyash + biochar (1:1) bifertilizer. Moreover, the L2 + biochar+flyash produced a maximum percentage increase in fruit yield with significant (p < 0.05) improvement in plant growth parameters. Post-harvest soil status also showed enhanced physical (water holding capacity, moisture content), chemical (pH, electrical conductivity, NPK), and dehydrogenase activity. The study suggests that biofertilizer of L2 strain with agriculture waste generated biochar and flyash as carrier materials can tremendously enhance the productivity of eggplant and could act as a substitute for chemical fertilizer thus solving their disposal problem by sustainable waste management.

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of chitosan edible coating with plant extracts against Salmonella and E. coli isolated from chicken

This study aims to investigate the effect of chitosan edible coating with medicinal leaf extracts, their antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity against the selected strains of Salmonella spp. and E. coli isolated from the chicken sample. The presence of bioactive compounds in leaf extracts was confirmed by antioxidant assay, polyphenolic content, UV–VIS, FTIR, and GC–MS analysis. Chitosan with M. piperita and P. amboinicus (ECMO) had a greater zone of inhibition against the multidrug-resistant strains (Salmonella spp., 22.10 ± 1.15; E. coli, 24.50 ± 0.500) and biofilm inhibition percentage was ≤96% in both Salmonella spp. and E. coli. In shelf-life analysis, ECMO significantly lowered the growth of pathogens during 15 days of storage period. The results suggest that ECMO was identified as the impeding agent for biofilms and foodborne pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the antibiofilm and antibacterial properties of chitosan with M. piperita and P. amboinicus. Novelty impact statement The combination of chitosan with M. piperita and P. amboinicus is the first study on chicken that significantly controlled pathogens during storage period at 4°C. Antibiofilm property was exhibited by chitosan with M. piperita and P. amboinicus against Salmonella spp. and E. coli. Chitosan with M. piperita and P. amboinicus, perchance a new natural preservative for perishable foods.

A Comparative Study on Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cells and Tumors in Mice by Carotenoid Extract and Nanoemulsion Prepared from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Peel.

The objectives of this study were to determine carotenoid composition in sweet potato (TNG66) peel and prepare carotenoid nanoemulsion to study its inhibition effect on breast cancer cells MCF-7 and tumors in mice. Results showed that a total of 10 carotenoids were separated within 30 min by employing a YMC C30 column and a gradient mobile phase of methanol/acetonitrile/water (74:14:12, v/v/v) and dichloromethane (B) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min, column temperature of 25 °C, and detection wavelength of 450 nm. Following quantitation, all-trans-β-carotene was present in the highest amount (663.8 μg/g). The method validation data demonstrated a high accuracy and precision of this method. The carotenoid nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing an appropriate proportion of carotenoid extract, Tween 80, PEG 400, soybean oil and deionized water with the mean particle size being 15.7 nm (transmission electron microscope (TEM)), polydispersity index 0.238, encapsulation efficiency 97% and zeta potential −69.8 mV. A high stability of carotenoid nanoemulsion was shown over a 90-day storage period at 25 °C and during heating at 100 °C for 2 h. The release percentage of total carotenoids from carotenoid nanoemulsion under gastric and intestinal condition was 18.3% and 49.1%, respectively. An antiproliferation study revealed that carotenoid nanoemulsion was more effective than carotenoid extract in inhibiting the growth of human breast cancer cells MCF-7. Following treatments of paclitaxel (10 μg/mL), carotenoid nanoemulsion (20 and 10 μg/mL) and carotenoid extract (20 and 10 μg/mL), the tumor weight of mice respectively decreased by 77.4, 56.2, 40.3, 36.1 and 18.7%, as well as tumor volume of mice by 75.4, 65.0, 49.7, 46.7 and 26.5%. Also, both carotenoid extract and nanoemulsion could reduce the levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum, with the latter being more effective. This finding suggested that carotenoid nanoemulsion was more effective than carotenoid extract in inhibiting tumor growth in mice.

FORMULATIONS AND PHYSICAL STABILITY TEST OF OLIVE OIL (Olea europaea L.) LIP BALM WITH ILLIPE BUTTER

Lip balm is a preparation that is applied on the lips to protect the lips from damage. Olive oil is an oil that has emollient properties that are able to maintain moisture, flexibility, and smoothness in the skin. Oleic acid content in olive oil has the ability to improve skin permeability. Tengkawang fat is known to have characteristics similar to cocoa fat so it is used as a base. This study will provide an overview of the physical properties of olive oil lip balm (olive oil) with tengkawang fat based on storage for 28 days. Lip balm preparations are made in three concentration variations for 10%, 15%, and 20%, Then the preparation will be observed organoleptically changes, homogeneity of the preparation, pH and temperature of the melting point. The results ANOVA test of pH showed there was no significant difference between storage time to pH for each formula. Organoleptic and homogeneity test show good results in the absence of discoloration, odor, and texture and homogeneity during the storage period. The evaluation of lip balm preparations for each formula showed that the preparations were physically stable during the 28-day storage period.

Seed pumpkin flour as a dietary fiber source in Bologna‐Type sausages

Seed pumpkin flour (SPF) obtained from the species Cucurbita pepo was used as a dietary fiber source in bologna-type sausage production at levels of 1.5%, 2.2%, and 3%. There was a significant decrease in emulsion stability of batters containing SPF (p < .05), while a significant increase in jelly-fat separation, viscosity, and WHC (p < .05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and color (L*, a*, b*) values significantly increased in the end-product with the increasing level of SPF, and this tendency continued during the 28-day storage period at 4°C (p < .05). Hardness and adhesiveness values significantly increased, while chewiness, cohesiveness, and resilience values decreased (p < .05). Maximum shear force, work of shear, and work of penetration values of the samples which contain SPF were significantly lower than the control samples (p < .05). SPF did not have any negative effect on sensory properties. These results suggested that the SPF could be used as a dietary fiber source in meat products. Novelty impact statement Research on the use of waste is of great importance both from an environmental and economic point of view. After the seeds are separated from the seed pumpkin, the remaining part such as peel, mesocarp, endocarp, and small seeds is thrown away as a very significant amount of waste. This amount constitutes approximately 92–95% of the seed pumpkin. Considering this ratio, tons of waste material are produced. These wastes are generally left to rot in the harvested areas and cannot be used sufficiently. This situation causes great damage to the economy of the country and the environment. Thus, research on the use of waste is of great importance both environmentally and economically. In this research, pumpkin flour was obtained from the waste material of seed pumpkin, its dietary fiber content was revealed for the first time and it was used as a dietary fiber source in the production of bologna-type sausage.

Effect of Maturity Indices on Quality, Storability and Seedling Performance of Prinsepia utilis Royle (Bhekal) Seed

Background: Prinsepia utilis Royle is a wild woody oil yielding shrub of Rosaceae, commonly known as bhekal. Plant whole parts are all precious; their root, stem, leaf, fruit, and seed oil are used as medicine. Its tender stems, leaf and fibrous root decoction, are used in toothache and throat inflammation. Besides all this, the plant is also commonly used as bio-fence, apple grafting, a substitute for soap and cosmetics, and performing different ritualistic/holistic practices. Material and methods: The fruits were collected from Chakrata forest Division (Uttarakhand), India, in mid-May 2017. Fruits are collected directly from branches and separated according to their color into three sub-lots, i.e., green, purple-green and violet. Seeds were tested under controlled conditions for their viability and vigour at different storage intervals viz 0 days (fresh), 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days. In the nursery, seeds were sown as fresh 0 and 30 days after collection to see the storage effect on seedling performance. Seeds were sown in four replications of 100 seeds of each lot in a nursery bed prepared with compost, sand, and soil (1:1:1). Results: Fresh seeds obtained from violet fruit showed 94.50% germination, followed by purple-green and green fruit with 90.25 and 77.75%, respectively. The germination declined during storage in all types of fruit colors. It is evident from the survival curve that violet fruit retained a maximum period of mean viability (P50) (71 days) as compared to purple-green fruits (59 days) and green fruit (42 days). The violet exhibited a higher mean germination percentage (50.88) after 150 days of storage period as compared to purple-green fruit (44.17) and green fruit (26.75). The seedling performance was significantly affected by fruit colors. The violet seeds significantly exhibited good values of as compared to green and purple, green seeds. Conclusion: Seeds obtained from violet fruits may be preferred for longer storage of seeds and remaining fruit seed color should be avoided for storage purposes.

Assessment of nutritional and microbial quality of Jamun-Bael blended fruit cheese during storage

Aim: To standardize appropriate blends of jamun and bael for developing fruit cheese and its nutritional and microbial analysis during 90 days of storage. Methodology: Fruit cheese was prepared by blending jamun and bael fruit in different ratios of pulp in each treatment. The blended product was monitored regularly for 90 days of storage period at ambient conditions at an interval of 30 days. The data obtained was analysed statistically using Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) at 5 % level of significance. Results: With the advancement of storage period moisture content, crude protein, ash and crude fat decreased from 16.94 to 15.90 %, 2.15 to1.72%, 0.63 to 0.52 % and 5.98 to 5.54 %, respectively. Available carbohydrates and browning showed increasing trend from 74.30 to 76.35 % and 0.483 to 0.610 (OD), respectively, during storage with highest mean available carbohydrate of 76.25 % in treatment containing 100 % jamun. Interpretation: Jamun and bael fruits can be blended to formulate fruit cheese with improved nutritional quality viz., crude protein, ash and minerals. The microbiological characteristics of prepared fruit cheese were within safe limits. The blended fruit cheese can be stored at room temperature for more than 90 days without much loss in nutritional and eating quality.

Storage Stability of Nutritional Qualities, Enzyme Activities, and Volatile Compounds of "Hangjiao No. 2" Chili Pepper Treated With Different Concentrations of 1-Methyl Cyclopropene.

This study aimed to determine the effects of different concentrations of 1-methyl cyclopropene (1-MCP) on the nutritional quality, antioxidant enzyme activities, and volatile compounds of “Hangjiao No.2” chili pepper during 12 days of storage at ambient temperature. The chili fruit were randomly selected and divided into four groups corresponding to the four treatments, thus, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μl L–1 1-MCP and a control. The analysis of the nutritional value, enzyme activities, and volatile compounds were determined at 3 days interval. The results showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower in the fruit treated with 1-MCP compared to the control. The treatment with 1.5 μl L–1 and the control showed the lowest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity compared to the other treatments. Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT) were highest in the fruit treated with 0.5 μl L–1 compared to the control and treatment with 1.0 μl L–1. The 1.5 μl L–1 treatment delayed the decline in vitamin C and protein content compared to the control. Nitrate levels increased 1.34-fold at 0.5 μl L–1 and 2.01-fold in the control. Chlorophyll content degradation was delayed at 1.0 μl L–1 compared to the control. A total of 88 volatile compounds, including terpenes, aldehydes, alkanes, esters, alcohols, acids, phenolic derivatives, ketones, and other aromatic compounds, were detected in “Hangjiao No.2” pepper during the 12-day storage period and treatment concentrations. The production of volatile terpenes was higher in the control than in the 1-MCP treatments, while the 0.5 μl L–1 1-MCP treatment generally suppressed the production of volatile compounds during storage. Overall, the production of volatile compounds after treatment was higher in the “Hangjiao No.2” chili fruit treated with 1.0 μl L–1 1-MCP than in the other treatments throughout the storage period. The results indicate that 1-MCP treatment was more effective in maintaining fruit quality, enhancing the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, retarding the accumulation of MDA and restoring volatile aromas, with 1.0 μl L–1 having the best preservative effect on “Hangjiao No.2” chili fruit during storage, which could be useful for future marketing and processing.

Effect of storage of botanical extracts and modified Panchagavya against radial growth of Fusarium oxysporum

Storage of botanical extracts reduced the effectiveness on the radial growth of Fusarium oxysporum but enhances in the case of Modified Panchagavya (MPG). The mean radial growth of F. oxysporum at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of storage were 38.83, 42.68, 46.61, 51.07, 56.04 and 60.73 per cent respectively. Garlic extract showed no growth at 0 day of storage but 10.00 mm was observed at two days of storage period which increased with an increase in storage time and the highest growth of 52.50 mm with 69.84 per cent radial growth inhibition at 10 days of storage period. In case of MPG maximum radial growth of fungal mycelium (57.33 mm) was observed at 0 day storage time and it gradually decreased with increase in storage time where highest growth inhibition was observed at 10 days of storage (42.50 mm) with 52.77 per cent radial growth inhibition of F. oxysporum over the untreated control.

Influence of oxygen concentration on the fresh and internal cooked color of modified atmosphere packaged dark-cutting beef stored under chilled and superchilled conditions

The current research evaluated the combined effect of oxygen concentration (20%, 50% and 80% O2) and storage temperature (4°C or −1.5°C) on the fresh and internal cooked color of dark-cutting (DC) beef. Steaks were packaged in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) over a 12-day storage period. Although the metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA) of DC steaks decreased with increasing O2 levels, lower oxygen consumption (OC) and deeper oxygen penetration depth (OPD) improved the surface color of 50%O2-MAP and 80%O2-MAP DC steaks. 80%O2-MAP resulted in the highest (P < 0.05) percentage myoglobin denaturation and alleviated the phenomenon of persistent pink (PP) observed in DC beef. Compared with normal chilling, superchilling significantly increased the redness values of DC steaks through inhibition of lipid oxidation and enhancement of MRA, while it had no effects on PP due to the limited OPD. The results suggest that 80%O2-MAP combined with superchilling can be used to improve fresh color and minimize PP of DC beef.

Hemostatic Activity of Canine Never-Frozen Liquid Plasma Collected for Transfusion.

This study measured the changes of hemostatic activity in liquid plasma (LP) over 7 days of storage. Five canine plasma units, divided into two aliquots were evaluated: one stored refrigerated at 2–6°C as never-frozen LP and one frozen at −18°C as fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Clotting times, coagulation activities of factor (F) V, VIII, X, XI, antithrombin (AT), and von Willebrand (vWF), fibrinogen and D-dimers (DD) content were assessed before storage (baseline value), and after 12, 24, 48 h and 7 days (D7) in LP stored refrigerated, and on day 7 in FFP. At baseline median values of all factor activity were greater than 80%, and for clotting times, AT, fibrinogen and DD content, were within the canine reference range. Some hemostatic parameters changed significantly over 7 days and at the end of storage in LP. However, median activities of FV, FVIII, FX and FXI, coagulation time, AT, fibrinogen and DD content remained within reference ranges at all time points. The only exception was for vWF which median activity was lower than reference range for all storage time points. Activity of FVIII was significant lower in LP at D7 when compared to activity in FFP, with values of 62 vs. 118%, respectively. DD content showed a median value higher than reference range in FFP at D7. Despite some statistically significant changes at the end of 7-day storage period, never-frozen LP maintained median factor activities >80% for most factors. The clinical impact of the drop over time of vWF activity is unknown.

Prevalence of Clostridium spp., in Kashar cheese and efficiency of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis mix as a biocontrol agents for Clostridium spp.

Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium tepidium strains were detected in traditional Kashar cheese samples with late blowing characteristics. To control Clostridium spp., in Kashar cheese, dairy originated Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains were tested under in vitro conditions and during Kashar production. Two strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis demonstrated anticlostridial activity in vitro and the co-inoculum of these two strains (107 cfu g−1) were tested during the challenge test on Kashar cheese production in which a contamination ratio of 104 cfu g−1 with spores of Cl. sporogenes were applied. Kashar samples were stored at 4 °C and 25 °C during 40 days of storage period and microbiological and physicochemical properties of Kashar samples were determined during this period. A decrement of nearly 1 log cfu g−1 in Cl. sporogenes numbers was observed in Kashar samples produced with co-inoculum of Lb. plantarum and L. lactis subsp. lactis stored at 4 °C but this was not the case for the Kashar samples stored at 25 °C. This study revealed the potential of distinct LAB strains to control Cl. sporogenes spores in semi-hard cheese samples as biocontrol agents at 4 °C storage.

Pathogenic potential of the surviving Salmonella Enteritidis on strawberries after disinfection treatments based on ultraviolet-C light and peracetic acid

Fresh fruits, especially strawberries, are usually consumed raw without any step to ensure their food safety. Salmonella enterica is one of the most important etiologic agents for foodborne diseases throughout the world and its ability to respond to some stress responses makes it even more dangerous. In the present investigation, we study the survival of S. Enteritidis (CECT-4300) on strawberries after 2-min of various disinfection steps (NaClO (200 ppm), peracetic acid (PAA; 40 ppm), water-assisted UV-C (WUV-C), and the combination WUV-C and 40 ppm of PAA (WUV-C + PAA)) and after 5 days of cold storage (4 °C). Moreover, the pathogenic potential of the surviving bacteria, such as the ability to survive throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and subsequently the capability to adhere to and invade Caco-2 cells, was tested at each sampling point. After 2-min of washing procedures, reductions of S. Enteritidis on strawberries were ≥1.2 log, with no significant differences among treatments. However, the use of WUV-C + PAA treatment achieved the highest reductions in washing water, in which S. Enteritidis was not detected (<DL). At the end of 5-day storage period, reductions of the WUV-C + PAA treated-samples were lower in comparison with PAA-treated samples (P < 0.05). The effect of the treatments used did not interfere with the survival of S. Enteritidis along the GI tract. After disinfection and subsequent GI simulation, all remaining populations demonstrated an elevated ability to adhere in Caco-2 cells (67.5–81.1%) compared with those obtained on untreated strawberries (61.4%). Concerning the ability of invasion, no significant differences could be observed. Remarkably, after 5 days at 4 °C, the adherence of S. Entertidis significantly decreased in the samples with the combined treatment meanwhile the invasion ability was not detected for any treatment. The results of the present study are essential for the quantitative microbial risk estimations.

A cationic cyclodextrin derivative-lipid hybrid nanoparticles for gene delivery effectively promotes stability and transfection efficiency

Genetic medicines hold great promise for treatment of a number of diseases, however, the development of effective gene delivery carrier is still a challenge. The commonly used gene carrier liposomes and cationic polymers have limited their clinical application due to their respective disadvantages. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LHNPs) are novel drug delivery system which exhibit complementary characteristics of both polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. In this account, we developed the α-cyclodextrin conjugated generation-2 polyamidoamine dendrimers-lipids hybrid nanoparticles (CDG2-LHNPs) for gene delivery. The pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs was stable during 15 days storage period both at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C, whereas the particle size of pDNA/CDG2 and pDNA/liposomes dramatically increased after storage at 4 °C for 8 h. CDG2-LHNPs showed significantly superior transfection efficiencies compared to either CDG2 or liposomes. The mechanism of high transfection efficiency of pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs was further explored using pharmacological inhibitors chlorpromazine, filipin and cytochalasion D. The result demonstrated that cell uptake of pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs was mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME) and macropinocytosis together. pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs were more likely be taken up by cells through CVME, which avoided lysosomal degradation to a large extent. Moreover, the liposome component of pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs increased its cell uptake efficiency, and the CDG2 polymer component increased its proton buffer capacity, so the hybrid nanoparticles taken up by CME could also successfully escape from the lysosome. This CDG2-LHNPs with stability and high transfection efficiency overcome the shortcomings of liposomes and polymers applied separately, and has great potential for gene drug delivery.