4th Century AD Research Articles

Kontribusi Timbal Balik Kerinci dan Indrapura dalam Dunia Perdagangan Abad 18-20 M (Studi Kasus: Komoditi Kerinci dan Indrapura)

In writing history, especially the history of trade, historical reviewers are often only stuck on the events of the deck of VOC ships on the coast. Sometimes the role of local traders and rulers often escapes the attention of the reviewers, moreover, the role of the interior to trade in the coastal area is very rarely touched. As if the interior does not play a role or be taken into account in the world of trade on the coast, but in fact the interior plays a role as a driving force for the economy/trade on the coast. One example is between Kerinci and Indrapura, the hinterland and coastal areas or trading ports that need each other. Therefore, this study will look at how the mutual contribution of Kerinci and Indrapura from the 18th to the 20th century AD in trading commodities. This study uses historical research methods starting from source collection, source criticism, interpretation to historiography using a multi-dimensional and multi-causal approach, presenting research results in the form of descriptive analysis. The AlamKerinci area as the hinterland and Jambi and Indrapura position as coastal areas and port cities, making the concept used is hinterland-port cities (inland with port cities) as the object of this research. The sources used are written sources in the form of books, archives and ancient manuscripts and other important documents.

The Rhythmic Paradigm of Classical Chinese Poetry

There are several differences between modern and classical Chinese poetry, and one of the most obvious is related to the strict rules imposed on the rhythm of the poem. By the Tang period (from the 7th century AD), much attention was paid to rhythm, especially to the harmony of the first tone. Rhythmic poetry based on melodies was fully formed by the Tang period and a number of strict rules were developed. These rules were in force until the beginning of the 20th century. Below we will take a closer look at the characteristic features of the rhythmic paradigm of ancient poetry. These features will help us understand the essence of the revolutionary poetry reforms that began to flourish in China at the end of the 19th century.

Poëzie en politiek in de 4e eeuw n.Chr.

In this article, I analyse two specimina of imperial panegyrical poetry, addressed at persons who hold lower ranks in the imperial hierarchy than the emperor: Constantine’s son Crispus in the first quarter of the 4th century AD in Optatianus Porfyrius’ hexametric poetry, and Honorius’ cousin (and sister by adoption, as well as mother-in-law) Serena in the last quarter of the same century, praised by Claudius Claudianus in his Laus Serenae. The analysis fits into scholarship of recent decades focusing on imperial representation, also of secondary figures in politics. It will be concluded that in each instance, even if a person in the shadow of supreme power is praised, the highest reigning emperor is still the (indirect) object of imperial praise, be it in prose or verse panegyric.

Transformation in the Islamic Identity of Middle East: Motives, Drivers and Impacts

Ever since the advent of Islam in 7th Century AD, the Middle East maintained its Islamic identity. There have been numerous attempts to alter the Islamic identity of the region in the past. Nevertheless, people resisted the change and their belief system somehow remained unmoved. Owing to its geographical proximity, geopolitical and geo-economic interests, West is considered to be the key driver of making this change in the Islamic identity of the region. Nevertheless, there exists ambiguity and confusion about the transformation, its objectives, patterns and methodology in an environment of international power play in the Middle East. This research aims to investigate the transformation in the identity of the Middle East from three perspectives; a) whether there is an on-going transformation in the Islamic identity of the Middle East, b) what is the philosophy behind this transformation of regional identity, c) and how the transformation will impact the region at: short-term, medium-term and long-term basis.

Problems of Islamic Education in The Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0

The existence of Islamic education in Indonesia has been around for a long time since the 13th century AD, but various problems have always accompanied Islamic education from the colonial colonial era, the Old Order, the New Order, Reformation, to the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0. especially in the midst of this era of industrialization, forcing all elements within the State and society based on digitalization and manufacturing. This is very much different from the paradigm of Islamic education which focuses on guiding humans so that they become Islamic-spiritual human beings who must be oriented towards technology and manufacturing. There are a number of problems that are still the "blockstone" of Islamic education in the midst of this rapid flow of industrialization, namely: First, there is still a dichotomy of science (between general science and religious knowledge); Second, the research culture in Islamic educational institutions is still weak (both scholars, practitioners, policy makers, and the openness of educational institutions such as Islamic boarding schools and madrasas, each of which considers research to be a Western product); Third, curriculum problems that often change along with changes in the minister of education; Fourth, limited human resources in terms of quantity and quality (both teachers, lecturers, tutors, ustadz, and others); Fifth, the Islamic education management system is still not well organized; mastery of science and ICT in the administration of education, and; Sixth, the education evaluation system which so far still relies on national exam scores. The research conducted by the author is a field research with a qualitative description.

An elite burial of the Early Turkic period from the Upper Irtysh Region

In the second half of the 1st millennium AD, Early Turkic tribes started penetrating the territory of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and Siberia. Under their influence on the territory of the Upper Irtysh, the process of develop-ment of a Kimek-Kipchak state formation began. The initial stage of this process, reflected in the funeral rite and characteristic elements of the material culture, is barely known. In this paper, materials of the kurgan 1 of the bar-row cemetery of Menovnoye XII, located in the territory of the Upper Irtysh 2.1 km to the southeast of the village of Menovnoye, Tavrichesky district, East Kazakhstan Region, are analysed. Under the mound of the kurgan was a fence with an annex containing a burial of a person, a dog, and two pairs of horses. The central male burial has been robbed. In the sacrificial pit, located south of the grave, there were remains of two horses: one had been laid on the stomach with its legs bent under the body and head to the east; the other, overlaying the first one, had been placed on a banket, laid on the right side with its legs bent under and head to the east. The man was ac-companied by a child lying on the back with the head to the north, placed in a stone box attached to the eastern wall of the fence. The burial of the dog was in a pit placed in the aisle of the western wall of the fence. In the pit of the annex, there were remains of two horses: the complete carcass and the hinder part of the carcass. The grave goods were represented by a leather rendering and parts of a horse harness (iron stirrups and a bone belly buckle). The belts of the horse ammunition were adorned with silver and bronze decorations: badge-triplets, onlays, and buckle tips. To adjust the strain of the check-straps, a bronze buckle with an iron prong was used. Two horses showed traces of saddle bags containing iron adzes. The features of the funeral rituals and analysis of the material remains allow attributing the burials of the kurgan 1 of the Menovnoye XII burial ground to the Early Kimek period of the Turkic epoch within the 7th–8th centuries AD.

Textile industry in the Islamic Kingdom of Granada in the 9th century AH / 15th century AD

This research study deals with a topic on the industrial side entitled ((the textile industry in the Islamic Kingdom of Granada in the 9th century AH / 15th century)) through what the Arab Islamic sources and the books of the journey and the contemporary geography of the period from the history of Andalusia as source material and what was written, and The Arab references and the foreign language of the orientalists from the interpretations of the most important manifestations of cultural superiority and the growth of the creative movement in the field of industries and crafts associated with the collective creativity of the people and the amount of economic capacity experienced by the Granatist in this period through two main ages: Primary for the textile industry. In this era, the basic materials of the textile industry were dealt with as raw materials and their places of availability throughout Andalusia: raw silk, wool and linen. The second era dealt with all types of textiles made of silk textiles, linen textiles and woolen textiles. The people of the Kingdom of Granada are insisted on retaining these industries and craftsmanship in showing their artistic skills in the industries in addition to maintaining their superiority in order to survive despite the political circumstances of the crisis at that time.

Khirbat Faris: Rural Settlement, Continuity and Change in Southern Jordan: The Nabataean to Modern Periods (1st century BC–20th century AD), by Alison McQuitty, Holly Parton and Andrew Petersen. and Ancient Landscapes of Zoara I: Surveys and Excavations at the Ghor as-Safi in Jordan, 1997–2018, by Konstantinos D. Politis.

Khirbat Faris: Rural Settlement, Continuity and Change in Southern Jordan: The Nabataean to Modern Periods (1st century BC–20th century AD), by Alison McQuitty, Holly Parton and Andrew Petersen. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2020. 428pp., with 60 tables and 271 figures. Pb. £50.00, ISBN-13: 9781789693898; ePDF £16.00. ISBN-13: 9781789693904. Ancient Landscapes of Zoara I: Surveys and Excavations at the Ghor as-Safi in Jordan, 1997–2018, by Konstantinos D. Politis. Routledge, 2021. 304 pp., with 399 B/W figures. Hb. $160.00, ISBN-13: 9780367622800; ePDF $48.95, ISBN-13: 9781003108696.

Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Segmenting Text in Epigraphical Images

Indian history is derived from ancient writings on the inscriptions, palm leaves, copper plates, coins, and many more mediums. Epigraphers read these inscriptions and produce meaningful interpretations. Automating the process of reading is the interest of our study, and in this paper, segmentation to detect text on digitized inscriptional images is dealt in detail. Character segmentation from epigraphical images helps in optical character recognizer in training and recognition of old regional scripts. Epigraphical images are drawn from estampages containing scripts from various periods starting from Brahmi in the 3rd century BC to the medieval period of the 15th century AD. The scripts or characters present in digitized epigraphical images are illegible and have complex noisy background textures. To achieve script/text segmentation, region-based convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed to detect characters in the images. Proposed method uses selective search to identify text regions and forwards them to trained CNN models for drawing feature vectors. These feature vectors are fed to support vector machine classifiers for classification and recognize text by drawing a bounding box based on confidence score. Alexnet, VGG16, Resnet50, and InceptionV3 are used as CNN models for experimentation, and InceptionV3 performed well with good results. A total of 197 images are used for experimentation, out of which 70 samples are of printed denoised epigraphical images, 40 denoised estampage images, and 87 noisy estampage images. The segmentation result of 74.79% for printed denoised epigraphical images, 71.53 % for denoised estampage epigraphical images, and 18.11% for noisy estampage images are recorded by InceptionV3. The segmented characters are used for epigraphical applications like period/era prediction and recognition of characters. FAST and FASTER region-based design approach was also tested and illustrated in this paper.

Предварительные итоги исследования памятников сяньбийского времени в Казахском Алтае

This article is devoted to the preliminary results of the study of the materials obtained during the excavations on the territory of the Kazakh Altai archaeological complex of the Xianbei period at the Berel burial ground. Aft er the fall of the Hunnic Empire, the nomadic association of Xianbei, known from Chinese written sources, had a huge infl uence on the appearance of the archaeological cultures of Altai. For the fi rst time in Altai, archaeological material concerning this polyethnic community was obtained in the last quarter of the last century. However, for a long time, archaeologists could not identify the Xianbei site from other numerous excavated archaeological sites. For the purpose of detailed cultural and chronological identifi cation, Chinese materials were used, which made it possible to bring the problem of identifying Xianbei sites to a qualitatively new level. On the territory of the Kazakh Altai, the period of intensive study of the Xianbei circle of sites began in 2015, when a series of new funeral and memorial structures was opened. These studies allowed not only expanding the boundaries of this community and, but also putting forward the thesis about the large-scale penetration of the Xianbei in the 3rd–4th centuries AD into the territory under consideration.

Телесное зрение и созерцание в гносеологическом контексте: сравнение «Бесед на псалмы» Оригена и свт. Василия Великого

The article considers on the material of the “Homilies on the Psalms” of Origen and saint Basil of Caesarea the use of vocabulary of visual sense in an epistemological context, including the concept of “contemplation”, which goes back to the ancient philosophical tradition. Thus, the aim of the paper is to explain the philosophical meaning of this concept as the highest stage on the path of knowledge as well as its place in the epistemological systems of both authors. On the basis of the description of cognitive processes by early Christian writers we discovered a number of patterns in the composition of the semantic field of vision as the sense that participates in the act of knowledge. At the same time, our study demonstrates that the use of both the concept of “contemplation” and the vocabulary of visual sense partially fits into the philosophical division of the neoplatonic curriculum: while the study by bodily vision of the sensuous world created by God is associated with physics, the contemplation as a study of the supersensuous world by supersensory vision is associated with epoptics. However, in the explanations we have examined, these three steps are never mentioned in a row, in contrast to other texts where Origen and saint Basil follow the scheme of ethics-physics-epoptics. As texts that serves as the basis for comparing the Christian reception of the vocabulary of visual sense in patristic literature of the 3rd and 4th centuries AD we choosed not only the exegetic sermons of individual psalms by Origen and saint Basil of Caesarea, but also a selection of other texts of the same authors representing relevant parallels in their use of vocabulary of visual sense. From the point of view of its scientific relevance, this study is also important because it shows the dependence of the “Homilies on the Psalms” by saint Basil of Caesarea upon the “Homilies on the Psalms” by Origen discovered in 2012 in the Codex Monacensis Graecus 314.

A comparative analysis of four dental pathologies of the historical population of Cortijo Coracho, Roman southern Spain (4th-8th centuries AD).

Here we present the dental pathologies found in the population of Cortijo Coracho, which dates from Late Antiquity (4th-8th centuries AD) and is located in the region of Lucena (Córdoba). Using a sample of 160 individuals over the age of twenty years at death, with a total of 1681 dental crowns, the frequency of various oral diseases (dental calculus, alveolar reabsorptions, periodontal diseases, and dental abscesses) were analysed. The frequency of oral disease was compared between the mandible and the maxilla, the anterior and posterior teeth as well as the right and left sides. Consideration was given to ante-mortem tooth loss, which may be caused by dental disease. Statistical analysis showed a significantly greater frequency of oral disease in the posterior teeth of the mandible.

KONSEP KHILAFAH MENURUT AR-RANIRY DAN SYIAH KUALA

Islamization Aceh is done directly by the preacher (missionaries) of Islam of the Arab. Pengislaman Aceh by the Arab nations did not have implications on the cultural Arabization Aceh. Acehnese culture develops based on the jurisprudence of Aceh (local wisdom), especially in the 17th century AD It is identified based on the legal principle established by ar-Raniry and Syiah Kuala basic thinking about the legal permissibility of Acehnese women's role in public life. The legal principle is built on the concept of "caliphate". The principle of the law is not nurtured in Arabia at that time, even until now. Male superiority was evident in Arabic. Khazanah thought jurisprudence in Aceh in the 17th century AD should be reflected in the next century. But the jurisprudence of thought disappear with the death of Syiah Kuala. Ages 18 M. The superiority of men as well as in the Arab raised.

Austria’s Conversion to Christianity

Abstract It is not until the 11th century AD that we can speak of Austria being a thoroughly Christian country (Romanowski 1994: 57). This is all the more astonishing when one considers that even before the turn of the first century most of what is today Austria was part of the Roman Empire and how quickly Christianity spread to other parts of the Roman Empire. But how did the Christianization of Austria come about in the first place? Who were the bearers of mission? What strategies were used? Is the term ‘missionary work’ appropriate at all or was it not rather a superficial, politically motivated Christianization? These questions are to be investigated and answered in the following article.

Early Iron Age cavalry? Evidence of oral and thoracolumbar pathologies on possible warhorses from Iron Age, Denmark

AbstractThis article presents paleopathological analyses of six adult male Iron Age horses (4th century BC to 5th century AD) found in association with large amounts of ritually deposited warrior paraphernalia including horse tack. Pathological lesions have been observed on all six horses. The observed pathologies can be divided into three major categories: oral pathologies including abnormal dental wear, spinal pathologies and trauma, and pathologies of the limb bones. Some of the observed pathologies (e.g., cranial asymmetry) are most likely developmental, and some (e.g., arthritic thoracolumbar lesions and bone spavin) are possibly age related. Other observed lesions, such as mandibular periostitis (bony spurs) at the dorsal interalveolar margin and abnormal dental wear, seem to be more directly associated with horseback riding or the use of bits. The close match between a reconstructed ported bit from one of the sites included in the study and dental lesions and wear in two of the horses suggests that the horses were ridden with equipment strongly connected to warfare. The presence of vertebral endplate fractures in the thoracolumbar region in three of the horses may further relate to the use of horses for riding. The analyses thus support previous studies in suggesting that pathologies located in the lower thoracic/lumbar region and various types of bit wear are indicative of horseback riding.

ILKHANID COINS FOUND IN PISIDIA ANTIOKHEIA

Göller yöresinde yer alan Pisidia Antiokheia antik kenti, Akdeniz’i İç Anadolu’ya bağlayan yolların kavşak noktasında yer almasından dolayı, Erken Demir Çağı’ndan Anadolu Beylikler Dönemi’nin sonuna kadar askeri ve stratejik açıdan önemini yitirmemiştir. Ayrıca erken dönemlerden itibaren Phrygia’nın, Pisidia’nın ve komşu bölgelerin haç merkezi görevini üstlenen kentin Bizans sonrası ile ilgili arkeolojik ve epigrafik veriler henüz oldukça yetersizdir. Bu çalışmada, 2021 yılında Pisidia Antiokheia Men Tapınağı ve Kutsal Alanı’nda yapılan kazılarda, açığa çıkarılan sikkeler ve bu sikkelerin bulundukları alan ile Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda kesin bilgiler sunması açısından buluntu alanı ile bölgenin tarihi ve coğrafyasına da kısaca değinilmiştir. Sikkelerin açığa çıkarıldığı Tapınak ve Kutsal Alan, Hellenistik ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde en görkemli çağlarını yaşamıştır. Hıristiyanlığın, Bizans Devleti’nin resmi dini olduğu MS 4. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar da bu önemini devam ettirmiştir. Bu tarihten sonra tapınağın yanı başına yapılan kilise ile yeni din, alana tamamen egemen olmuş ve burası, Hıristiyanlık kutsal alanına dönüştürülmüştür. Tapınağın inşa edildiği alanda tapınaktan önce yapılmış gözetleme kuleleri de bulunmaktadır. Bu kuleler İç Anadolu’dan gelen, Ege ve Akdeniz’e geçen yolun en iyi kontrol edildiği noktada 1600 m yüksekliğinde olan bir dağın üzerinde Yalvaç ve Şarkikaraağaç Ovalarına hâkim bir konumdadır. Her ne kadar sikkelerin ele geçmiş olduğu alanda Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi’ne ait anıtsal yapılar görülmese de bölgedeki diğer kalelerde bu uygarlıkların izlerine rastlanmaktadır. Men Kutsal Alanında in situ bulunan sikkeler, alanın İlhanlılar (Anadolu Beylikler) Dönemi’nde aktif bir biçimde kullanıldığını belgelerken, İlhanlılar öncesi de kullanılma ihtimalini akla getirmektedir.

Daily Life in the Limesgebiet: Archaeozoological Evidence on Animal Resource Exploitation in Lower Danubian Sites of 2nd–6th Centuries AD

Roman Limesgebiet was both a border between the Greco–Roman world and barbaricum, but also the contact area between these two parts of the ancient oicumene. In Moesia Inferior, this area was established after the Roman conquest in the 1st century AD, in order to defend the Danube border. This article analyses segments of the cultural landscape development in the Roman Danube limes: e.g., the animal resources of subsistence as a paleoeconomy component and reconstruction of the environmental context in the area. The settlements under archaeozoological study are: Sacidava, Capidava, Dinogetia, Noviodunum, Aegyssus, and Halmyris. The settlements have exploited a relatively large faunal spectrum, with taxa of 19 mammals being identified. Animal husbandry had a major importance in paleoeconomy and was focused on cattle, sheep/goat, and pig; other domestic species are horse, donkey, dog, and cat. The hunting is of small importance, according to the frequency of animal remains, and the forest species are dominant. Red deer and wild boar are present in all assemblages, and they are the dominant wild species in terms of frequency; roe deer, hare, wolf, aurochs, fox, beaver, badger, Eurasian otter, and pine marten have been also identified. Aquatic resources are represented by molluscs and fish.

CONTRIBUTION OF O. V. SUHOBOKOV TO THE RESEARCH OF THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE NORTH EAST OF THE LEFT BANK UKRAINE

This article is dedicated to O. V. Sukhobokov, Ukrainian archaeologist, researcher of Slavic and Rus’ history, Doctor of Historical Sciences. His scientific interests were focused on the Early Slavic and Old Rus’ archaeology of the left bank of the Dnipro forest-steppe area, and the history of the Eastern Slavic tribe of Siverians.
 The research conducted by O. V. Sukhobokov at the head of the Left Bank Slavic-Rus’ Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine became an important stage in the historical and archaeological study of the northeastern region of the Dnipro area, in particular the territory of the modern Sumy oblast. The expedition explored such significant sites as Kurgan-Azak, Bytytsia, Volyntseve, Monastyryshche, Kamiane, Nytsakha, Lukhtivka, Igorivka, and Zelenyi Gai. As a result, scientists confirmed the founding date of the cities from the Kievan Rus’ Chronicles such as Lubny, Putyvl, and Romny.
 After multiple years of research on the Left Bank the original concept of the historical process in the Dnipro—Don interfluve was developed by O. V. Sukhobokov. Scientists have brought together an immense amount of materials from field research and reconstructed the ethnic processes and development of the Slavic population of the left bank Dnipro at the second half of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD.
 The achievements of the Left Bank Slavic-Rus’ expedition became the basis for further research, scientific debates, and were discussed at conferences and seminars. They are presented in numerous articles, and five monographs. Three monographs are dedicated to the sites of the Sumy region: «Putyvl and its region in the Kievan Rus’ time (on the archeological materials)» (1990), «“Unknown Land”: the population of the Middle Psel basin in the 10th—13th centuries AD (on the materials of the Romny-Kievan Rus’ sites in the Kamennoe settlement)» (2012), «Ancient Putyvl» (2019) in co-authorship with S. P. Yurenko. V. Sukhobokov made a lot of efforts to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine, popularize archaeological sites, and arrange archaeological sections of the Collection of Historical and Cultural Sites of Ukraine in the Sumy and Poltava oblast (as a scientific consultant).
 While working on the territory of Sumy oblast, the scientist established close cooperation with the Sumy Museum of Local Lore, as well as regional museums. The fund collections of the Putyvl, Romny, and Sumy museums have significantly grown and are represented in their exhibitions. For many years, O. V. Sukhobokov was a member of the editorial board of the journal Sumska Starovyna.
 The scientific and creative heritage of O. V. Sukhobokov is currently used by historians, archaeologists, as well as museologists, university professors, and school teachers in their professional studies.

Developing A Method of Understanding Tafsir Nur Al-Ihsan Using Intertextual Reading: A Study Using The Expansion Method

Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan is the second interpretation after Tarjuman al-Mustafid written in the Malay language in the 19th century AD by Sheikh Muhammad Sa’id ibn Umar. The main objective of this study is to identify the influence of the external source in the text of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan. This study is important because it can unravel the reference works used by Sheikh Muhammad Said ibn Umar when producing Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan. This disclosure can also strengthen the work and continue to be a guide and reference for the community in understanding the contents of the Qur'an. When conducting research, the researchers applied the method of library research by using the intertextual reading methodology. This research focuses on the application of the Expansion method which is one of the approaches in intertextual reading when analyzing the text of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan. The research design used is documentation and fieldwork using the subjective approach that employs descriptive and qualitative data. The study reveals that there are nine (9) works which have influenced the essence of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan which are Tafsir al-Jalalyn, Tafsir al-Jamal, Tafsir al-Baydawi, Tafsir al-Khazin, Tafsir al-Baghawi, Tafsir al-Tabari, Tafsir al-Qurtubi, Tafsir al-Razi, and Tafsir al-Nasafi. The finding analysis also reveals that Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan is mostly influenced by Tafsir al-Jalalyn. Referring to the further study of this work, researchers are recommended to examine the text of the verses of the Qur'an, the use of punctuation, and the author's thoughts found in this Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan.

Святилище римского времени Бия-Сала в Юго-Западном Крыму

The authors publish the materials of research in Biya-Sala sanctuary, located on the top of the hill in the upper reaches of Kacha valley. The finds are mainly represented by the fragments of hand-made and red glazed pottery, amphorae, glass vessels, as well as animal bones and teeth. The fragments of terracottas, mirror-pendant, jewelry, a bronze fibula and an arrowhead are attributed to votive offerings. The analysis of the objects showed that the sanctuary functioned in the early 2nd — 4th century AD. Most of these objects are similar to those from the barbarian sites of the South-Western and Central Crimea. At the same time, some finds are unique to the south-western part of the peninsula and were previously known only in the Central and Mountain Crimea.