4th AD Research Articles

Evidences on Meroitic Court


 
 
 
 Although the documentation about the Meroitic court is limited the most recent archaeological discoveries and the improvement in the translation of the Meroitic language can help to define a general view of the court. The court of the kingdom of Meroe, in Nubia between the 3rd BC and 5th AD, was likely organised around the royal family. The cemeteries, especially in the south of the kingdom, suggest that there was not a clear difference between royal family members and other court members. Most probably, the others were simply lesser members of royalty. Many Meroitic funerary inscriptions presenting the biography of the deceased in the form of cursus honorum include a final formula that might define a direct relationship between the king and the deceased.
 The archaeological evidence highlights numerous centres of power in the country. A large number of palaces were discovered in urban sites and religious centres, most of them dated to the same period. The Napatan royal inscriptions (8th BC to 3rd BC) of the kings who governed Nubia before the Meroitic dynasty, describe multiple enthronements of the king characterised by coronation journeys in all the kingdom’s main religious centres. The repetition of the royal investiture may be explained as a formulation of originally independent polities. This practice may have continued in the Meroitic period, suggesting the existence of more than one local elite family. A reference to different clans has been found in the most ancient Meroitic royal text (REM 1044).
 
 
 

The Past, Present and Future of Biomaterials

Biomaterials are substances that can be introduced into the body or tissue for a wide array of therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Biomaterials can be of both natural or synthetic origin. The first examples describing the use of biomaterials includes the Neanderthals use of wood as dental implanting materials, and from 7th BC to the 4th AD, the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome used various other naturally occurring substances and metals for treatment of wounds and other medical complications. In 16th century in Europe, silver and gold materials were used for dental repair and iron threads were used for bone repairs and various immobilization procedures.1 Significant advancement has been made in the field of biomaterials in the recent decades, and both natural and synthetic biomaterials have been effectively used to replace various human tissues such as teeth, ligaments, tendons, bones, and load-bearing implants. The biocompatibility, bioactivity, and mechanical properties of biomaterials plays a pivotal role in meeting the need for long-term implants and bone replacement. Biomaterials in use include but are not limited to metal-based biomaterials (titanium alloys, alumina, stainless steel, zirconia, cobalt-chromium alloys) and polymer-based biomaterials (polymethyl methacrylate and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene). These are usually selected because they meet the required criteria of mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and desired physical and chemical properties. Considerable progress has been made in improving the effectiveness of artificial joints, reducing wear, and extending the life of implants or prostheses inserted into the human body.2,3 Until recently, the focus had been on biomaterials as replacement materials. However, the main issue is immune rejection of the introduced material. Therefore, the focus has changed to using biomaterials for tissue regeneration. A viable cellular construct in a controlled laboratory environment for the purpose of transplantation can be achieved by using bioactive scaffolds that provide a structured environment to support cell growth and their function. Another strategy has been to trigger tissue regeneration within the body itself by using porous meshes or degradable bioactive materials which can facilitate the process.2 These techniques pose a risk of infection. Extensive research is currently underway to address these problems. In a recent study, scientists have successfully fabricated a composite scaffold of cellulose and silver nanoparticles.4 This innovative scaffold showed promising properties in preventing microbial infections and has the potential to prevent infections at wound sites.However, while it is important to acknowledge the above-mentioned beneficial properties of biomaterials; there is still a long way to go to achieve the desired goals. Immunomodulating biomaterials have been developed with the potential to effectively overcome common chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Supramolecular biomaterials, formed by non-covalent interactions between molecular components are being fabricated which can be activated or deactivated in response to physiological signals or which can mimic the signaling mechanisms seen in real biological systems. In addition, injectable biomaterials for delivering therapeutic drugs, proteins and genetic material are being developed, for treating a wide range of diseases via targeted delivery by bypassing immune system recognition. The use of synthetic and naturally produced injectable biomaterials in ongoing research has the potential for future applications in the treatment of bone deformities, detection and treatment of cancer, and heart related diseases.
 In Pakistan, researchers have diverted their attention towards biomaterials sciences and its potential role in biomedical devices since last two decade, evident from the increasing number of publications and patents. However, there is still a scarcity of good quality applied research in the field. In addition, the lack of capacity for conducting clinical trials of biomedical devices developed in Pakistan is also a hindrance to the commercialization of these products. For these products to reach the market, high quality clinical trials according to international best practices have to be conducted. It is imperative for Pakistan to develop centers where phase I and II clinical trials can be conducted that comply with the required international methodological, ethical and regulatory guidelines. This will only be possible where the triple helix model of Government-Academia-Industry collaboration is implemented in its true spirit.
 Editor-in-ChiefHow to cite this: Alamgir W, Haider A. The Past, Present and Future of Biomaterials. Life and Science. 2023; 4(4): 363-364 . doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.500
 
 

Diagnostic Manifestations (Istedlal wa Alamat) of Anaemia (Faqr al-Dam) in Ancient Unani Literature - A Review

Anaemia has a long history, as evidenced by 4,000-year-old bone samples from Thailand that showed advanced signs of the disease. Man has known the importance of iron in health and sickness since the dawn of humanity. Egyptians, Indians, Greeks, and Romans were among the first to use iron as a medicine. In the 17th century, iron was used to cure chlorosis (green disease), which was commonly caused by an iron deficiency. The molecule of haemoglobin requires iron to function properly. It is the most effective therapy for treating anaemia caused by a haemoglobin deficiency for over 2000 years. The aetiological factors (Asbāb), types (Aqsaam), pathophysiology, and clinical manifestation (Istedlal wa Alȧmȧt) of anaemia have been described in the Unani ancient literature which may be very useful for early diagnosis of anaemia. Data for this review article were collected from ancient Unani books and other manuscripts. It was found that there are several clinical manifestations (Istedlal wa Alȧmȧt) of Faqr al-Damin ancient Unani literature that aid in the diagnosis and treatment of anaemia. This article may be quite helpful for the early diagnosis and treatment of anaemia through the Unani system of medicine.Keywords:Anaemia (Faqr al-Dam), Aetiological factors (Asbāb), Clinical manifestation (Istedlal wa Alȧmȧt), Types (Aqsaam), Pathophysiology of anaemia, PreventionIntroductionAncient Unani physicians believed that derangement of the liver, sūmizāj and Ḍu‘f al-kabid (weakness of hepatic faculties) or sometimes associated diseases results in impaired and improper production of blood causing anaemia.1-3The word Sū’al-Qinya was coined by Ismail Jurjani (12th AD). Sū means defect and Qinya means treasure, therefore anaemia might be considered a treasury defect.4 Other vernaculars of anaemia stated by contemporary physicians are Faqr al-Dam,Sū’al-Qinya, Qillat-i-dam, khoon-ki-kami, khoon ki mohtaji (ghareebi, nadari) and Fas̄ad al-Dam.5

(Prison in the Hasnawi and Annazi Empires) (4th and 5th centuries AH/10th and 11th AD)

Abstract The prisons in the Hasnawi and Annazi Emirates (In the forth and fifth A. H- The tenth and eleventh A. D) The internal conditions of the Abbasid state were unstable, and every day the central authority was less powerful over its regions, and this led to the emergence of internal forces, each of whom established a power in the region under their control, including the emirate (Hasnawi and Annazi) In order to reform society from those who violate the law, they punished them, and one of these punishments was imprisonment, and also when there were battles between them and the neighboring forces, there were prisoners whose fate was not determined, so they put them in prisons to determine their fate. Here it becomes clear to us that all forces and authorities need prisons And the information about an integrated civilization will not be if we do not touch on this institution. Many of the previous researches were interested in the political aspect and neglected this aspect. That is why I chose this topic for my research. The research consists of four chapters Abstract, the first chapter is the political history of the Hasnawi emirate, the second chapter is the prisons in the al-Hasnawi emirate, the third chapter is the political history of the al-Anaziah emirate, the fourth chapter is the prisons in the al-Anaziah emirate. Conclusion We found that there were several types of prisons in these two emirates, and the reasons were different, and the treatment of them was different according to the circumstances. Key words: Prince, Emirate, Hasnawi, Annazi, Prison, City.

Kurgan-Cemeteries of Central and Eastern Regions of North Caucasus 3rd Century BC – Early 2nd Century AD (Monuments Chegem-Manaskent Type)

The article is devoted to analysis of materials from kurgan-cemeteries of the foothill zone of Central and Eastern North Caucasus regions (from Kabardino-Balkaria to Caspian Dagestan) dating back to the 3rd century BC – early (first half) 2nd century AD. These sites were earlier referred to as the Chegem-Manaskent type. Main diagnostic features of these sites are similar traditions of the funeral rite and the ceramic complex. The formation of the Chegem-Manaskent cultural monuments includes the material culture, determined by traditions of the North Caucasian sedentary population, and the funeral rite based on customs of the nomadic population of the North Caucasian steppes of the early Sarmatian period. The original territory of Chegem-Manaskent culture of monuments formation was the area from the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic to the western part of the Chechen Republic. The kurgan cemeteries of the Caspian Dagestan were the result of the migration of Chegem-Manaskent culture carriers in this direction. The cultural traditions of the population formed a specific basis of the early Alanian culture of the North Caucasus (2nd–4th AD); their genetic connection is witnessed by similar funeral rite (burial in type I catacombs) and in the ceramic complex. So, the monuments of the Chegem-Manasket type underlie the formation of the monuments of the Podkumok-Khumara type, with which they are connected by the use of a catacomb burial rite with the repeated use of chamber for new graves and a ceramic complex. In addition, the ceramic complex of monuments of the circle of the Andreiauli settlement largely goes back to the ceramic tradition of antiquities Chegem-Manasket circle, complicated by the morphological influences of the tradition of Caucasian Albania including the use of the transformed catacomb burial rite with multiple use of chamber graves and the ceramic complex.

Considering the Ottoman Prayer Rugs in Light of New Collections

The Ottoman Turkish rugs preoccupy a prominent position among the Islamic rugs styles, which surpassed other prestigious styles not only in the Islamic world, but also throughout Europe. The art of manufacturing Turkish rugs has kept pace with the Islamic history of Turkey, since the advent of Seljuks to Asia Minor in the 5th century AH / 11th AD( ). This art has reached its zenith position among the international art of rugs, and the Ottoman Turkey has shown the precedence in this field, which made it about to join Iran with its splendid fame in carpets. This position stemmed from the fact that the art of carpet-making in general originated in the places where the Turks settled in the Central Asian region

Semantics in the Rabbinic Literature of the Talmudic Period (1st–4th AD)

Semantics in the Rabbinic Literature of the Talmudic Period (1st–4th AD)

Hellenist views on the North Pont [Ruchynska, O. A. 2017. Culture and Society of Greek Cities of the Northern Black Sea Coast (6th BC - 4th AD). Kharkov: Maidan. 286 p.

Hellenist views on the North Pont [Ruchynska, O. A. 2017. Culture and Society of Greek Cities of the Northern Black Sea Coast (6th BC - 4th AD). Kharkov: Maidan. 286 p.

The wheel of time: How abstract concepts emerge

The aim of the paper is to show how conceptual metonymy, metaphor and blending, as discussed in cognitive linguistics, can be used in the investigation on the beginning of abstraction in philosophical thinking. The analysis is based on selected stanzas from the Ṛgveda (ca. 13th BC), the Atharvaveda (ca. 10-9th BC) and the Mahābhārata (ca. 4th BC - 4th AD) composed in Sanskrit. I discuss how the notion of riding in a chariot, used in the earliest texts for expressing ontological, epistemological and ritual issues, is transformed into an abstract concept of the wheel to express the concept of time. The use of cognitive models allows showing the conscious and rational nature of this transformation performed by the early Indian thinkers, and thus qualifies as a form of philosophy.

Погребальный и социальный аспекты керамики в Когурё

Purpose. Previous studies on Koguryo ceramics covered some general information on the archaeological objects found or specific related issues. Our research focuses on the ceramics found only in burials as we aimed at describing typological and technological features of the burial ceramics. The territorial and chronological comparative analysis of the vessels which has been conducted shows the features of each period and region in Koguryo and reveals the development of social background in this state. Results. The burial ceramics analyzed consists of 183 vessels which are divided into 22 types. According to the concentration of burials with ceramics, we identified 4 big areas along major river basins, which are administratively related to modern Liaoning and Jilin provinces of China, North and South Korea. Analysis of the spatial factor of burial ceramics shows that the largest variety of types was found in the Yalu River region, with the next Pyongyang area. This was due to the central location of these territories in Koguryo, which used to be the capital of the state for several centuries. By contrast, there are only few types and samples of funerary ceramics found in the Hun River and Imjin River basin. Most likely, it is due to the fact that they were provinces or suburbs with a political and economic system that was not considered safe yet. Our research shows territorial preferences in using certain types of burial pottery, which was classified according to its characteristics and features. Conclusion. Koguryo’s burial ceramics is divided into storage vessels and cooking vessels, and together they symbolically generalize the concept of “food.” We concluded that the concept of food in the Otherworld was important for the ancient Korean population. We also confirmed that after the 4th AD ceramic replicas of household items and glazed ceramics began to be buried in Koguryo tombs. It was closely related to the introduction of a new burial type in Koguryo.

A Review on Guggulu Kalpana (Commiphora Wightii) in Ayurveda

Bhaishajya Kalpana deals with the Basic Ayurvedic pharmaceutics like Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana and other secondary formulations like Churna, Vati, Guggulu, Sneha and Sandhana Kalpana, among all these Kalpanas now a days Guggulu Kalpana is widely used. It is used not only as medicine but also in religious rituals. The earliest reference of Guggulu is found in Atharvaveda. Guggulu is exudate (Niryasa) of Commiphora wightii (Arn. Bhandari). It is translucent, solid, sticky adhesive, oilo-gum-resine. Guggulu is used as a binding agent and also as a main ingredient in various formulations. When Vati is prepared with Guggulu; known as Guggulu Vati Kalpana. In classical text, there is no separate chapter for Guggulu Kalpana. In Sharangadhara Samhita, Guggulu Kalpana is described under Vati Kalpana. A screening through Brihattrayee revealed that, Guggulu was preferred to be dispensed internally in the form of liquid or semi-liquid or semi-solids. Guggulu in Vati form entered in the field of therapeutics after 11th AD (Chakradutta), because of certain added advantages of solid dosage forms. Later on, Guggulu was widely used in Vati form other than remaining internal forms. Generally, two methods of preparation are found for Guggulu Kalpana. They are Sagni (Paka method) and Niragni (Kuttana method) method. In addition, Adityapaka method and Bhavana was found for preparation. Ayurveda advocates that Guggulu must be administered only after purification i.e. Shodhana. The current trend of Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals mainly shows the use of Guggulu in the form of Gutika or Vati.

Alevism-Bektashism From Seljuks to Ottomans and Safavids; A Historical Study

Alevi-Bektashi is one of the significant orders which was formed in Anatolia in 13th AD. Haj Bektash Veli, as the founder of the order, migrated to Anatolia from the focal point of Sufism, Khorasan. Probably Haj Bektash Veli was the caliph of Baba Elyas Khorasani, who was the leader of the Baba’i uprising that shook the foundations of the Seljuks in Anatolia in the first half of the 13th century. Eventually, the Seljuks could defeat them by the Frankish forces aid. Loss of his brother in the battle was enough for Haj Bektash to avoid a new military confrontation with the Seljuks, however, followed the intellectual path of the Baba’is in the rest of his life. Many factors such as the religious beliefs of Turks in the pre-Islamic era, the prevailing Sufi thoughts in Anatolia and Christianity affected the Bektashis during their long history. The backbone of the order was the cultural and religious tolerance that found several adherents in Anatolia. In Ottoman era Bektashiya became the official order that spiritually led the Jannissaries. Alevi-Bektashi also was influenced by other streams of thoughts such as Hurufis and the shi’i propaganda of the Safavid sheikhs. This article by historical approach examine the formation of Alevi-Bektashi order and clarifies how they were influenced and then had their impact on the history of Iran and Turkey.

The Far Morocco Idrisid Arts and their role in enriching the plaster wall processing in the southwest Saudi Arabian kingdom in the century (14th AH/ 20th AD)

Studying the methods of plaster wall decorations is considered one of the complementary elements of the architectural vocabulary that reflects the cultural and ideological heritage identy of the time period. Wall decoration has broken the barrier of time and place, and the political and doctrinal differences, expressing in an abstract way the truth about the beilefs of both the Far Morocco Idrisid and Sebia Idrisid in kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where they did not use any symbol or sign that demonstrates their belonging to Shi'i Muslims, so-most probably- they belong to Sunni Muslims. This study aims to track the foundation phases of Idrisid state in Far Morocco during the century (2-4THA.H/8-10TH A.D) and its extension to the east in the Tihama Asir region during the century (14THAH/20THAD). The research problem lies in trying to detect the link and the nature of the relationship between the two states despite their differences in time and place through studying the natural strategic crossings, as well as the political circumstances that contributed in the transfer of the influences of Far Morocco Arts to Sebia region in the southwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which contributed in enriching the plaster decorative arts of the facades of the Idriss Ashraaf's palaces, and their merging with the local artistic nature of Najd, Yemen. This study has revealed- through following the analytical descriptive method- the emergence of some influnces coming from the countries of East Asia and India and the countries of the African continent due to Sebia's geographical location as a port on the Red Sea and its presence on both the coastal trade way and caravans.

Lantern in Houses and Religious Establishments through the Paintings of Orientalists in the 12th- 13th AH/ 18th- 19th AD

Drawings of Orientalists presented exact details of different peoples’ lives, as well as their lifestyle and their worship. These artistic paintings aimed to highlight the architecture art of Islamic civilization, as Orientalists witnessed during their visits; and here lies the importance of these paintings in history. Some of the Orientalists’ paintings, depicting religious establishments and homes from inside, were decorated with different lighting tools, the most important of them were the lanterns, or as it was called in Morocco chandelier. The paper is aiming to present the different types of lanterns in Islamic art, in addition to the most important Orientalists artists, who presented the Islamic enlightenment in their paintings. Research target: The main target of the research is to highlight the aesthetics of the Lantern by studying the plates of the Orientalists in (the 12th- 13th centuries AD/ 18th- 19th centuries) from the historical perspective, as well as to compare between the various plates to clarify the artistic and decorative values. Research methodology: To achieve the objectives of the research, both the descriptive and historical methods are used to study lanterns in the Orientalists’ paintings, and to compare them with those stored in the different museum.

The Discovery of Gharabaa Byzantine Caravanserai, Near Site of Jesus Baptism-Jordan River

Field archaeological survey in Jordan Valley on the eastern bank of Jordan River recovered architectural Byzantine remains of Gharabah caravansaries, close to site of Jesus Baptism along the historical pilgrim's route from Jerusalem to Mount Nebo. The main objective of this article is to shed light on the importance of the recovered architectural remains& to link the site with other newly discovered stations along the pilgrims route from Bethany Beyond the Jordan to major Byzantine sitessuch assite of Jesus baptism. By systematic excavations, data analysis and comparative studies the work concluded in revealing two large water pools connected to each other by a long canal, and a major structure consists of a number of rooms and otherassociated facilities The discovery of Gharabah caravansaries considered as a progress step toward identification of lost pilgrims stations during the Byzantine Period from 4th - 6th AD.

Compositional Analysis Of Sungai Mas, Kuala Selinsing And Santubong Glass Beads

Sungai Mas, Kuala Selinsing or Pulau Kalumpang and Santubong are the name of the ports that existed since the early of the AD centuries where they played part as the port of accumulator and supplier and afterward, flourished to be a renowned entrepot port in the 5th or 6th A.D., especially Sungai Mas and Santubong. Sungai Mas and Santubong, for instance are not only the entrepot but also places where the socio-culture along with the science and technology evolved, shaped by the combination of the locals and foreign expertise. Amongst the expertise of the locals’ Malay on the area is the skill to produce products such as earthenware in a massive quantity since the early of the century. Abundance of raw material around Bujang Valley and Santubong allows local communities to master in smelting activities and producing products from iron ore. The skill that initially belongs to the foreigners but later mastered by the locals in these three locations is the technology to produced and manufactured Indo-Pacific glass bead. Abundance of Indo-Pacific glass beads and its raw materials are discovered in Sungai Mas, Kuala Selinsing and Santubong. Based on the absolute dating conducted for these sites show that Kuala Selinsing has been manufacturing their Indo-Pacific glass beads since 2nd A.D. meanwhile Selinsing and Santubong started in 6th AD. This is justified by the discovery of the archeological finding in raw form which is glass lump used in producing the glass bead and the composition study which shows a different composition material with glass bead from India. The raw materials of glass suggested by Alastair Lamb in 1966 came from the Middle Eastern of Mediterranean in form of glass fragments. It can be concluded that the basic in the science and technology enable the locals’ communities to master the foreign technology for their advantage on that time when the Indo-Pacific glass beads became an important commodity from 2nd A.D. to 11th A.D.

Investigation of Trace Cobalt in Glass Beads From an Archaeological Tomb

To investigate ancient glass fragments, voltammetric analysis of trace cobalt (Co) was conducted using modified carbon nanotube sensors in cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave (SW) stripping voltammetry, and chronoamperometry modes. Optimum SW conditions were obtained at working ranges of 40-460 ug/l Co (8 points), and a standard deviation of 0.2881% ( n=15) was observed at 20.0 ug/l Co ion at 100 s accumulation time. An analytical detection limit of 12.0 ug/l was likewise obtained. The results were applied to an ancient tomb glass dated 17th AD (ca. Joseon period; recently found in Sachang Dong, Cheongju City, South Korea). It was found that the sensor can be used in trace analysis of archeological materials.

気道・食道異物 医外史

Broncho-esophageal foreign bodies have been seen throughout human history. This paper presents foreign body cases from Japanese ancient writings particularly after 10th AD. and the correct location of trachea and esophagus, and future problems for foreign body treatments.1) There were several interesting removal methods. For example, a laryngeal rice-cake foreign body was removed by drinking vinegar, and an esophageal fish bone was removed with a hemp stick, and a pin using an array of beads with a string in the esophagus.2) T. Yamawaki pointed out the correct position of the trachea and esophagus in his book titled“Zohshi” (1759). Before this book, people had thought that the position of the esophagus was in front of the trachea.3) Two hundred modern Japanese people were asked where the location of trachea and esophagus were. Thirty-two percent of them believed that the esophagus was in front of the trachea. The author reported 7 reasons why they misunderstood the relative locations of the trachea and esophagus.4) Future problems regarding the broncho-esophageal foreign bodies and their diagnosis, anesthesiology and removal were discussed. Improvement in the flexible broncho-fiber scope, X-ray diagnosis and methods of anesthesia, and new removal methods for the bronchoesophageal foreign bodies are required.

Hippocampal CA1 evoked response and radial 8-arm maze performance after hippocampal kindling

Rats with chromically implanted electrodes in the hippocampal CA1 region were trained in the open radial 8-arm maze and then subjected to kindling (afterdischarges, ADs) or 0.17 Hz low-frequency stimulations (LFSs) as controls. Partial kindling (21 ADs) induced a general increase of AD threshold but no motor convulsions. The commissurally evoked average evoked potentials (AEPs) in CA1 were enhanced above the pre-AD baseline or the AEPs in LFS control rats at 1 day after the 1st, 6th, 11th and 16th AD and for at least 25 days after 21 ADs. Similarly, maze performance was significantly worse in kindled than LFS rats for about 4 weeks after 21 ADs/LFSs. The study confirms the long-lasting behavioral effect of partial kindling and suggests that synaptic enhancent may underlie the behavioral disruption.