90-kDa Protein Research Articles

Major and minor allergen Ige reactivity of purple mud crab (Scylla tranquebarica) against a cross-reactive allergen in crustacean and molluscs in patients with a seafood allergy

Background: Crabs have been reported as a high exporter of protein and contains great nutritional value. Objective: It is necessary to identify the allergens and the cross-reactivity concerning the mud crab Scylla tranquebarica, shellfish, and mollusks for control of food safety and to facilitate in the identification and treatment of symptoms related to allergy. Methods: IgE extracted of serum from five patients who suffered from anaphylaxis due to crab and five healthy patients. It was taken for analysis via immunoblotting against 11 different crustaceans and molluscs. Results: Based on the analysis, the sera from the patients had responded specifically to a 38-kDa protein in all the crustaceans and molluscs, and it is known as tropomyosin. In certain absorption studies, the 38-kDa protein had exhibited to be the immunodominant epitopes among all crustaceans and molluscs. Sera from all five subjects with Scylla tranquebarica allergy showed IgE reactivates against crabs, prawns, and molluscs, but not to the chicken or murine muscle. Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that the allergic epitopes on tropomyosin are preserved not only in shellfish but also in insects. Thus, a further examination should be done onto the patient with shrimp allergy to determine the potential cross-reactivity inhalant or sensitivity to ingested insects.

Lipid binding by the N-terminal motif mediates plasma membrane localization of Bordetella effector protein BteA

The respiratory pathogens Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica employ a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject a 69-kDa BteA effector protein into host cells. This effector is known to contain two functional domains, including an N-terminal lipid raft targeting (LRT) domain and a cytotoxic C-terminal domain that induces nonapoptotic and caspase-1–independent host cell death. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of BteA with plasma membrane (PM) as well as its cytotoxic activity in the course of Bordetella infections remain poorly understood. Using a protein–lipid overlay assay and surface plasmon resonance, we show here that the recombinant LRT domain binds negatively charged membrane phospholipids. Specifically, we determined that the dissociation constants of the LRT domain–binding liposomes containing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylserine were ∼450 nM, ∼490 nM, and ∼1.2 μM, respectively. Both phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate were required to target the LRT domain and/or full-length BteA to the PM of yeast cells. The membrane association further involved electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of LRT and depended on a leucine residue in the L1 loop between the first two helices of the four-helix bundle. Importantly, charge-reversal substitutions within the L1 region disrupted PM localization of the BteA effector without hampering its cytotoxic activity during B. bronchiseptica infection of HeLa cells. The LRT-mediated targeting of BteA to the cytosolic leaflet of the PM of host cells is, therefore, dispensable for effector cytotoxicity.

TDP-43-specific Autoantibody Decline in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

ObjectiveWe hypothesize alterations in the quality and quantity of anti–43-kDa TAR DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); therefore, we assessed relative binding properties of anti–TDP-43 NAbs composite in plasma from patients with ALS in comparison with healthy individuals.MethodsELISA competition assay was used to explore the apparent avidity/affinity of anti–TDP-43 NAbs in plasma from 51 normal controls and 30 patients with ALS. Furthermore, the relative levels of anti–TDP-43 NAbs within the immunoglobulin (Ig) classes of IgG (isotype IgG1-4) and IgMs were measured using classical indirect ELISA. The occurring results were hereafter correlated with the measures of disease duration and disease progression.ResultsHigh-avidity/affinity anti–TDP-43 NAbs levels were significantly reduced in plasma samples from patients with ALS. In addition, a significant decrease in relative levels of anti–TDP-43 IgG3 and IgM NAbs and a significant increase in anti–TDP-43 IgG4 NAbs were observed in ALS plasma vs controls. Furthermore, a decrease in global IgM and an increase in IgG4 levels were observed in ALS. These aberrations of humoral immunity correlated with disease duration, but did not correlate with ALS Functional Rating Scale–Revised scores.ConclusionsOur results may suggest TDP-43–specific immune aberrations in patients with ALS. The skewed immune profiles observed in patients with ALS could indicate a deficiency in the clearance capacity and/or blocking of TDP-43 transmission and propagation. The decrease in levels of high affinity/avidity anti-TDP-43 NAbs and IgMs correlates with disease progression and may be disease predictors.

Longevity-Extending MetAP2 Inhibitors Induce Caloric Restriction Through P53-Dependent Induction of GDF-15

MetAP2 is a 67kDa protein which sits at the translation initiation complex and cleaves N-terminal methionine off of nascent peptides. Inhibitors of MetAP2 cause profound weight loss secondary to decreased food intake. These inhibitors also significantly extend longevity in mice in late-life intervention. However, the exact mechanism of action causing decreased food intake is not known. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism and target tissue of a MetAP2 inhibitor’s (Zgn1062) anorectic effects. First we identified the target tissue by testing targeted Zgn1062 delivery to specific brain regions. Delivery to the medio-basal hypothalamus did not have a significant effect but delivery to the lateral ventricle resulted in significantly decrease food intake and body weight after 2 and 14 hours. When we delivered a neuron-targeted AAV encoding MetAP2 shRNA we saw decreased efficacy of MetAP2 confirming the required for neuronal MetAP2 for anorectic effects. To determine the molecular mechanisms we performed RNAseq of wildtype and MetAP2 KO HT1080 cells across a timecourse of Zgn1062 treatment. The main pathway activated across timepoints in MetAP2-dependent manner was P53 signaling. A main P53 target that was upregulated was the known anorectic peptide GDF15. We confirmed GDF15 increases in vivo at both mRNA (liver and intestines) and protein level (serum) in response to Zgn1062. We also found that Zgn1062 treatment reduces senescent cell burden in visceral adipose tissue in vivo and reduces SASP gene expression in fat explants ex vivo. We hypothesize that Zgn1062’s potent P53 activation may play a role in clearance of senescent cells.

Targeted biological effect of an affitoxin composed of an HPV16E7 affibody fused with granzyme B (ZHPV16E7-GrB) against cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo.

High risk type 16 of human papillomavirus (HPV16) is associated with 50% of cervical cancer, for which reliable targeted therapies are lacking. HPV early protein 7 (E7) is an oncoprotein responsible for cell malignant transformation. In our previous work, a highly specific affibody targeting HPV16E7 (ZHPV16E7) was developed. In order to improve the targeted therapeutic effect, the present study prepared an affitoxin consisting of ZHPV16E7 fused with granzyme B (GrB), namely, ZHPV16E7-GrB, and evaluated its targeting action in vitro and in vivo. The ZHPV16E7-GrB fusion protein was produced in a prokaryotic expression system. The targeted binding properties of the ZHPV16E7-GrB to the HPV16E7 were confirmed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in cervical cancer cell lines, by immunohistochemical assay (IHA) in cervical cancer tissue from clinical specimens and by near-infrared imaging in tumour-bearing mice. The anti-tumour effect on both cervical cancer cells in vitro and tumour-bearing mice in vivo were further evaluated. A 34-kDa ZHPV16E7-GrB fusion protein was produced in E. coli and displayed corresponding immunoreactivity. IFA revealed that ZHPV16E7-GrB bound specifically to HPV16-positive TC-1 and SiHa cells. IHA showed that ZHPV16E7-GrB also bound specifically to HPV16-positive clinical tissue specimens. In addition, the near-infrared imaging results showed that ZHPV16E7-GrB was enriched in tumour tissues. Moreover, both the ZHPV16E7-GrB affitoxin and ZHPV16E7 affibody (without GrB) significantly reduced the proliferation of cervical cancer cells in vitro and tumour-bearing mice in vivo, and the antiproliferative effect of ZHPV16E7-GrB was higher than that of the ZHPV16E7 affibody. The affitoxin by coupling the affibody with GrB is a promising targeted therapeutic agent with the dual advantages of the targeted affibody and the GrB cytotoxin.

Centrosomal Localization of RXRα Promotes PLK1 Activation and Mitotic Progression and Constitutes a Tumor Vulnerability.

Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα), a nuclear receptor of transcription factor, controls various physiological and pathological pathways including cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Here, we report that RXRα is phosphorylated at its N-terminal A/B domain by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) at the onset of mitosis, triggering its translocation to the centrosome, where phosphorylated-RXRα (p-RXRα) interacts with polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) through its N-terminal A/B domain by a unique mechanism. The interaction promotes PLK1 activation, centrosome maturation, and mitotic progression. Levels of p-RXRα are abnormally elevated in cancer cell lines, during carcinogenesis in animals, and in clinical tumor tissues. An RXRα ligand XS060, which specifically inhibits p-RXRα/PLK1 interaction but not RXRα heterodimerization, promotes mitotic arrest and catastrophe in a tumor-specific manner. These findings unravel a transcription-independent action of RXRα at the centrosome during mitosis and identify p-RXRα as a tumor-specific vulnerability for developing mitotic drugs with improved therapeutic index.

Crystal structure of the large subunit of cobaltochelatase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Cobaltochelatase in aerobic cobalamin biosynthesis is a complex composed of three subunits. The large subunit CobN is a 140-kDa protein and is homologous to the ChlH subunit of magnesium chelatase. Previously we have reported the 2.5-Å structure of a cyanobacterial ChlH. Here we present the 1.8-Å structure of CobN from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The overall structure of CobN and ChlH is similar, but significant difference occurs in the head domain. Structural comparison of domains between the two proteins unravels candidate regions for substrate binding and helps to locate a triad of residues that may be essential for metal ion binding.

The enhanced intestinal permeability of infant mice enables oral protein and macromolecular absorption without delivery technology.

Oral delivery of macromolecular drugs is the most patient-preferred route of administration because it is painless and convenient. Over the past 30years, significant attention has been paid to oral protein delivery in adults. Unfortunately, there is an outstanding need for similar efforts in infants, a patient population with distinct intestinal physiology and treatment needs. Here, we assess the intestinal permeability of neonatal and infant mice to determine the feasibility of orally delivering peptide and protein drugs without permeation enhancers or other assistance. Using the non-everted gut sac model, we found that macromolecular permeability depended on molecular size, mouse age, and intestinal tissue type using model dextrans. For example, the apparent permeability of 70kDa FITC-Dextran (FD70) in infant small intestinal tissue was 2-5-fold higher than in adult tissue. As mice aged, the expression of barrier-forming and pore-forming tight junction proteins increased and decreased, respectively. The in vivo oral absorption of 4kDa FITC-Dextran (FD4) and FD70 was significantly higher in younger mice, and there was a fourfold increase in oral absorption of the 80kDa protein lactoferrin compared to adults. Oral gavage of insulin (5IU/kg) reduced blood glucose levels in infants by >20% at 2 and 3h but had no effect in adults. Oral insulin had 35% and <1% of the pharmacodynamic effect of a 1IU/kg subcutaneous dose in infants and adults, as measured by area above the curve. These data indicate that the uniquely leaky nature of the infantile intestine may support the oral delivery of biologics without the need for traditional oral delivery technology.

Reactive astrocytes express Aggregatin (FAM222A) in the brains of Alzheimer's disease and Nasu-Hakola disease.

By combining genomic data and brain imaging data, a recent study has identified a novel gene named FAM222A that participates in the formation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). FAM222A encodes a 47-kDa protein designated Aggregatin that accumulates in the center of amyloid plaques and physically interacts with Aβ to facilitate Aβ aggregation. Aggregatin is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system (CNS) and its levels are increased in brains of the patients with AD and in mouse models of AD. However, at present, the precise cell types that express Aggregatin in the human CNS remain unknown. By immunohistochemistry, we studied Aggregatin expression in the frontal lobe of the patients with AD, Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), and the subjects who died of non-neurological causes (NNC). We identified the clusters of Aggregatin-positive reactive astrocytes distributed widely in the cerebral cortex of most cases examined. In contrast, small numbers of cortical neurons showed variable immunoreactivities for Aggregatin, whereas microglia and oligodendrocytes did not express Aggregatin. Importantly, amyloid plaques were not clearly labelled with anti-Aggregatin antibody. These results suggest that Aggregatin plays a primarily role in generation of reactive astrocytes in the human CNS.

The relationship between gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-related gene A genotypes

Gastric cancer has been known as the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. It is when cancer cells form on the lining of the stomach. Early symptoms include heartburn, upper abdominal pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. Helicobacter pylori is the most common microscopic creature that has infected humans worldwide. More than half of the world's population is infected with the bacterium. It is the main cause of diseases such as stomach ulcers and stomach and intestinal disorders. H. pylori infection is related to gastric adenocarcinoma and cagA genotype is believed to be related to cancer development. cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) is a 120–145kDa protein encoded on the 40kb cag pathogenicity island (PAI). This study investigates the association between cagA H. pylori genotypes and gastric cancer. For this purpose, 65 stomach biopsies of the gastric cancer patients and 100 saliva samples were collected from healthy and H. pylori-infected individuals. Then genomic DNA was purified and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed for the studied gene using specific primers. The presence of H. pylori was investigated by PCR and a pair of specific primers for a protected region in the bacterium glmM gene. Then cagA+ and cagA- genotypes frequencies were determined in H. pylori-infected cases. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between healthy and diseased ones for genotypes cagA+ and cagA-. Then the cagA+ can be a risk factor genotype for gastric cancer.

The Profile of BCR-ABL1 Fusion Gene in Childhood Leukemia at “Dharmais” Cancer Hospital

Background: BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, which originated from t (9;22), is an important biomarker for diagnosis, therapeutic approach, and prognosis in childhood leukemia. However, there are no data in Indonesia about the profile of BCR-ABL1 fusion gene for this disease. This study intends to demonstrate the profile of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene in childhood leukemia at “Dharmais” Cancer Hospital.Methods: This descriptive retrospective study included 79 patients with childhood leukemia who performed the BCR-ABL1 examination in “Dharmais” Cancer Hospital during 2008–2018. Demographic data, leukemia types, BCR-ABL1 examination results, and protein isoforms developed by BCR-ABL1 fusion were obtained from Cancer Registry Data.Results: Among 79 patients’ data recorded in this study, 65.8% (52/79) were male and 34.2% (27/79) were female. A total of 74.7% (59/79) patients were diagnosed with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML), 21.5% (17/79) with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), and 3.8% (3/79) with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML). The profile of positive BCR-ABL1 in CML patients was 72.8% (43/59). About 97.7% (42/43) of CML patients with positive BCR-ABL1 fusion gene expressed 210-kDa protein, while only 2.3% (1/43) expressed 190-kDa protein.Conclusions: This study found that, from a total of 79 respondents, 45 of them showed a positive BCR-ABL result, with details of 43 in CML and 2 in ALL. Among the total of 43 CML patients with positive BCR-ABL1, 42 (97.7%) of them expressed 210-kDa protein isoform. Further research to investigate the relationship between protein isoforms and their clinical effects may also be important to discuss. The valuable recommendation suggests that BCR-ABL1 examination should be performed for all childhood leukemia patients in Indonesia, especially for CML and ALL.

Multiple Ehrlichia chaffeensis Genes Critical for Its Persistent Infection in a Vertebrate Host Are Identified by Random Mutagenesis Coupled with In Vivo Infection Assessment.

Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a tick-transmitted obligate intracellular rickettsial agent, causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis. In recent reports, we described substantial advances in developing random and targeted gene disruption methods to investigate the functions of E. chaffeensis genes. We reported earlier that the Himar1 transposon-based random mutagenesis is a valuable tool in defining E. chaffeensis genes critical for its persistent growth in vivo in reservoir and incidental hosts. The method also aided in extending studies focused on vaccine development and immunity. Here, we describe the generation and mapping of 55 new mutations. To define the critical nature of the bacterial genes, infection experiments were carried out in the canine host with pools of mutant organisms. Infection evaluation in the physiologically relevant host by molecular assays and by xenodiagnoses allowed the identification of many proteins critical for the pathogen's persistent in vivo growth. Genes encoding proteins involved in biotin biosynthesis, protein synthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis, DNA repair, electron transfer, and a component of a multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pump were concluded to be essential for the pathogen's in vivo growth. Three known immunodominant membrane proteins, i.e., two 28-kDa outer membrane proteins (P28/OMP) and a 120-kDa surface protein, were also recognized as necessary for the pathogen's obligate intracellular life cycle. The discovery of many E. chaffeensis proteins crucial for its continuous in vivo growth will serve as a major resource for investigations aimed at defining pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutics for this and related pathogens of the rickettsial family Anaplasmataceae.

Serologic characterization of anti-p200 pemphigoid: Epitope spreading as a common phenomenon

To the Editor: Anti-p200 pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disease characterized by circulating autoantibodies binding to the dermal side of human salt-split skin (SSS) by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy and reactivity against a 200-kDa protein in the extract of human dermis by immunoblotting (IB).1 Laminin γ1 has been identified as a major target antigen and can be detected in about 90% of sera.2 This retrospective single-center study included all 245 anti-p200 pemphigoid sera analyzed between 2008 and 2017 in our routine autoimmune laboratory with a compatible clinical picture and reactivity with the p200 protein.

Identification of a 53 kDa protein, as a new high molecular weight allergen from Fraxinusexcelsior (Ash) pollen

Fraxinus excelsior (Ash) is a common tree and is important cause of winter–spring pollinosis in many temperate regions in the world. In this study, a high molecular weight allergen from ash pollen was identified. In all, 20 individuals allergic to ash participated in the study. Characterization and immunoreactivity of ash pollen proteins was performed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding proteins with apparent molecular mass ranging from 9 to 110 kDa were detected in ash pollen extract. Serum IgE of 7 (35%) patients reacted with a 53-kDa protein band. Analysis of 2D immunoblots showed several IgE-binding proteins. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the 53-kDa allergen was homologous to calreticulin. We defined a novel allergen from F. excelsior pollen with a molecular weight of about 53 kDa. This allergen could be considered as an important high molecular weight allergenic protein for further studies on cross-reactivity and development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Development of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: from up or down?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disease associated with neurodegeneration and intracellular pathological 43-kDa transactive response sequence DNA-binding protein (TDP-43) positive inclusions. The various clinical symptoms, such as motor disorders and cognitive impairment, reflect the degeneration of certain areas of the nervous system. Since the discovery of the significance of pathological TDP-43 for human disease including ALS, there has been an increasing number of studies reporting on the distribution and severity of neurodegeneration. These have rekindled the old debate about whether the first or second motor neuron is the primary site of degenerationin ALS. To shed light on this question, the following is a review of the relevant neuropathological studies.

Novel insecticidal chitinase from the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus nematophila

Xenorhabdus nematophila strain ATCC 19061 is an insect pathogen that produces various protein toxins which intoxicate and kill its larval host. In the present study, we have described the cloning, expression and characterization of a 76-kDa chitinase protein of X. nematophila. A 1.9 kb DNA sequence encoding the chitinase gene was PCR amplified and cloned. Further, the chitinase protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by using affinity chromatography. Two highly conserved domains were identified GH18 and ChiA. The purified chitinase protein showed chitobiosidase activity, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and endochitinase activity, when enzyme activity was measured using respective substrates. The purified chitinase protein was found to be orally toxic to the larvae of a major crop pest, Helicoverpa armigera when fed to the larvae mixed with artificial diet. It also had adverse effect on the growth and development of the surviving larvae. Surviving larvae showed 9-fold reduction in weight, as a result the transformation of larvae into pupae was adversely affected. Our results demonstrated that the chitinase protein of X. nematophila has insecticidal property and can prove to be a potent candidate for pest control in plants.

Histoplasma capsulatum 100-kilodalton antigen: recombinant production, characterization, and evaluation of its possible application in the diagnosis of histoplasmosis.

The goal of the present work was to develop a novel reagent with potential for histoplasmosis diagnosis. For this purpose, the genetic sequence of the 100kDa protein of Histoplasma capsulatum (Hcp100) was cloned and expressed as a secretory protein in Pichia pastoris. After optimizing the culture conditions and purifying by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, the highest yield of Hcp100 reached approximately 1.3mg/l with > 90% purity in shake flasks using basal salt medium supplemented with casamino acids after 72h of methanol induction. To investigate its potential for diagnosis, its detection in urine samples using specific polyclonal antibodies as reagent was evaluated by dot blot in 6 patients with progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH), of whom all had AIDS. Antigen was detected in urine from all 6 (100%) PDH patients. Urine samples from a pool of 20 healthy individuals did not react with the anti-Hcp100 antibodies. The dot blot assay performed in this study provides preliminary data of a simple technology that can be performed in medical institutions with limited resources to facilitate the rapid diagnosis of histoplasmosis, particularly the disseminated forms. Hence, use of these assays may provide a rapid diagnostic tool of PDH in endemic areas for histoplasmosis where PDH-related mortality is high, hastening treatment and improving patient survival. Finally, this novel antigen and its specific antibodies may provide an alternative diagnostic reagent to the largely unknown and poorly characterized polysaccharide antigens (HPA, galactomannan, histoplasmin) frequently used in the diagnostic tests. KEY POINTS: Few antigens are used as laboratory tools for the immunodiagnosis of histoplasmosis. P. pastoris was an excellent system for recombinant Hcp100 expression. Maximum expression levels of rHcp100 were achieved in BSM with 1% casamino acids. Dot blot assays with anti-rHcp100 antisera can be successfully used for diagnosing PHD.

Characterization of an immunogenic cellulase secreted by Cryptococcus pathogens.

Members of the C. neoformans/C. gattiii species complex are an important cause of serious humans infections, including meningoencephalitis. We describe here a 45kDa extracellular cellulase purified from culture supernatants of C. neoformans var. neoformans. The N-terminal sequence obtained from the purified protein was used to isolate a clone containing the full-length coding sequence from a C. neoformans var. neoformans (strain B-3501A) cDNA library. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that this gene is present, with variable homology, in all sequenced genomes of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex. The cDNA clone was used to produce a recombinant 45kDa protein in E. coli that displayed the ability to convert carboxymethyl cellulose and was therefore designated as NG-Case (standing for Neoformans Gattii Cellulase). To explore its potential use as a vaccine candidate, the recombinant protein was used to immunize mice and was found capable of inducing T helper type 1 responses and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, but not immune protection against a highly virulent C. neoformans var grubii strain. These data may be useful to better understand the mechanisms underlying the ability C. neoformans/C. gattii to colonize plant habitats and to interact with the human host during infection.

Potency of Mangosteen Pericarp Extract to Inhibit 38-kDa and Ag85 Protein Secretion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The α-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp extract can inhibit M. tuberculosis growth. This study examined the potency of α-mangostin in mangosteen pericarp extract to inhibit 38-kDa and Ag85 protein secretion from M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The samples used in this study were divided into three independent variable groups (3.125 µg/ml; 6.25 µg/ml; and 12.5 µg/ml α-mangostin in the mangosteen pericarp extract), a positive control group (rifampin), a negative control group (M. tuberculosis H37Rv), and the Garcia® group (trademark of the mangosteen peel extract capsule). HPLC-MS/MS detected that the mangosteen pericarp extract contained 5,984.55 µg/g α-mangostin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and dot blot analysis were conducted to analyze the profile and specificity of both proteins. This study revealed that 6.25 µg/ml of mangosteen pericarp extract had the greatest potency for inhibiting 38-kDa protein secretion from M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and 12.5 µg/ml mangosteen pericarp extract had greater potency for inhibiting Ag85 protein secretion than did the other doses. Thus, α-mangosteen from mangosteen pericarp extract can inhibit Ag38 and Ag85 secretion.

Activity of Vip3Aa1 against Periplaneta Americana.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a well-known entomopathogen. In this study, we cloned the vip3Aa1 gene from Bt strain GIM1.147 and investigated the insecticidal activity of Bt Vip3Aa1 protein produced by Escherichia coli against Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica. The results showed that purified Vip3Aa1 exhibited an LC50 at 24 h against P. americana and B. germanica of 0.182 mg·ml-1 and 0.276 mg·ml-1, respectively. Investigations of its mode of action showed that Vip3Aa1 could be proteolyzed into a 62-kDa toxic protein by P. americana gut-soluble proteases. In addition, Vip3Aa1 caused severe damage to the columnar colon and the midgut, as observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy. The 62-kDa activated Vip3Aa1 protein could form ion channels in the colon and the midgut in vitro. Based on protease activity analysis, Vip3Aa1 at concentrations of 0.125 mg·ml-1 and 0.031 mg·ml-1 could downregulate the activities of glutathione S-transferase, α-NA esterase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. This report provides the first description of the activity of Vip3Aa1 toxins toward P. americana and B. germanica and demonstrates that the mechanism through which Vip3Aa1 kills P. americana and B. germanica differs from that involved in the killing of lepidopteran insects.