5G New Radio Research Articles

Remote Monitoring L.V. Switchboard Power Status with 5G New Radio Network Application

In a power distribution system of most of the buildings, A Low Voltage (L.V.) switchboard was applied to protect the system. There are different components in the switchboard (e.g. circuit breakers, over current protection relay, earth fault protection relay etc.). There are also some components for measure the power quality which is the power analyser. A power analyser (including Voltmeter, Ammeter, Multi-meter) is using to measure the power quality in the electrical power distribution system. Most of the electrical power distributions systems have been connected the power analysers to a building management system. The power analysers connected to a computer in a fixed position that means if someone wants to check the power distribution status, the person needs to go to the computer to check. In this project, a system would be made to monitoring the power status by 5G New Radio (NR) Network application with android smartphone. Since 5G NR Network can provide a theoretical peak download capacity of 20 Gigabits per second. It would be more convenient to monitoring the power status in different place by checking though in the Internet of Things (IoT)

A Comparative Study on 3D Data Performance in Mobile Web Browsers in 4G and 5G Environments

Since their emergence in 2007, smart phones have advanced up to the point that 5G mobile communication in 2019 started to be commercialized. Accordingly, now it is possible to share 3D modeling files and collaborate by means of a mobile web. As the recently commercialized 5G mobile communication network is so useful in sharing 3D modeling files and collaborating that even large-size geometry files can be transmitted at ultra high speed with ultra low transfer delay. We examines characteristics of major 3D file formats such as STL, OBJ, FBX, and glTF and compares the existing 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) network with the 5G NR (New Radio) mobile communication network. The loading time and packets of each format were measured depending on the mobile web browser environments. We shows that in comparison with 4G LTE, the loading time of STL and OBJ file formats were reduced as much as 6.55 sec and 9.41 sec, respectively in the 5G NR and Chrome browsers. The glTF file format showed the most efficient performance in all of the 4G/5G mobile communication networks, Chrome, and Edge browsers. In the case of STL and OBJ, the traffic was relatively excessive in 5G NR and Edge browsers. The findings of this study are expected to be utilized to develop a 3D file format that reduces the loading time in a mobile web environment.

Beamforming for Rotated 3D Multipanel Array Structures for 5G NR MIMO Transmission

5G new radio (NR) provides enhanced transmission capabilities to transceivers by utilizing the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology with a significantly increased number of antenna elements. Such transmission requires massive arrays to perform accurate high-gain beamforming over the millimeter-wave frequency band. There is no fixed form of array structures for 5G NR base stations, but they are likely to include multiple subarrays or panels for practicality of implementation and are expected to cover the user equipment (UE) in various locations. In this paper, we propose an array structure to transmit signals over the three-dimensional (3D) space in an isotropic fashion for all types of UEs in ground, aerial, and high-rise building locations, by employing panels on surfaces of a polyhedron. We further derive exact beamforming equations for the proposed array and show the resulting beams provide improved receiver performance over the exiting conventional beamforming. The presented beamforming expressions can be applied to an arbitrary multipanel array with massive antenna elements.

Efficient QC-LDPC Encoder for 5G New Radio

This paper presents a novel efficient encoding method and a high-throughput low-complexity encoder architecture for quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes for the 5th-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) standard. By storing the quantized value of the permutation information for each submatrix instead of the whole parity check matrix, the required memory storage size is considerably reduced. In addition, sharing techniques are employed to reduce the hardware complexity. The encoding complexity of the proposed method was analyzed, and indicated a substantial reduction in the required area as well as memory storage when compared with existing state-of-the-art encoding approaches. The proposed method requires only 61% gate area, and 11% ROM storage when compared with a similar LDPC encoder using the Richardson–Urbanke method. Synthesis results on TSMC 65-nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology with different submatrix sizes were carried out, which confirmed that the design methodology is flexible and can be adapted for multiple submatrix sizes. For all the considered submatrix sizes, the throughput ranged from 22.1–202.4 Gbps, which sufficiently meets the throughput requirement for the 5G NR standard.

Toward an Intelligent, Multipurpose 5G Network: Enhancing Mobile Wireless Networks

Fifth-generation (5G) networks are evolving from special purpose-built networks to software-defined, intelligent, multipurpose networks, enabling service innovation and autonomous network operation. In this article, we present an intelligent mobile edge network based on standardized 5G network function entities and New Radio (NR) radio access networks (RANs). We propose a multitier, self-organizing network (SON) with a middle-tier SON (mSON), centralized SON (cSON), and distributed SON (dSON) to support increasing network dynamicity for different verticals and to take advantage of the latest high-layer F1 interface. This is essential to support low-latency applications and ultrahigh-reliability services. It also enables more dynamically tight interworking of 5G NR and LTE with dual connectivity, expanding initial 5G NR coverage. We analyze a lower-layer RAN split to optimize fronthaul and so further improve radio efficiency by utilizing the multitier SON among various radio nodes as well as distributed units (DUs) and centralized units (CUs). This will facilitate massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems and accelerate centralized and virtualized RAN deployments.

Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Linear Transmitters for 5G NR Wireless Waveforms

With the anticipated industry-wide adoption of 5G, it is a matter of urgency to quantify and optimize the energy efficiency of 5G communication devices, and particularly their wireless transmitters. This paper contributes two major results to address these requirements. First, the energy efficiency of linear transmitters is quantitatively evaluated as a primary performance metric when using any communication signal waveform, particularly those transmitters used in 5G NR (New Radio), with long-term evolution as the baseline. A generic upper-bound methodology called modulation-available energy efficiency is applied. Second, the impact of multiple device technologies is examined against this calculated upper bound and it is shown that implementing technology choice has a significant influence on actual transmitter efficiency results.

Toward Ultrareliable Low-Latency Communications: Typical Scenarios, Possible Solutions, and Open Issues

Ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLLC) is one of three emerging application scenarios in 5G new radio (NR) for which physical layer design aspects have been specified. With 5G NR, we can guarantee reliability and latency in radio access networks. However, for communication scenarios where the transmission involves both radio access and wide-area core networks, the delay in radio access networks contributes to only a portion of the end-toend (E2E) delay. In this article, we outline the delay components and packet loss probabilities in typical URLLC scenarios and formulate the constraints on E2E delay and overall packet loss probability. Then, we summarize possible solutions in the physical, link, and network layers as well as the cross-layer design. Finally, we discuss open issues in prediction and communication codesign for URLLC in wide-area, largescale networks.

Opportunities and Challenges of mmWave NR

The realization of a seamless, fully connected world requires enhancements to our current communications technology, from both a network infrastructure perspective and a user equipment (UE) perspective. These demands are directly driven by the consumer’s expectations, application requirements, and saturation of frequency bands used in current spectrum. The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication networks, and specifically millimeter-wave (mmWave) New Radio (NR), aims to enable this future with ultra-low-latency, ultra-wideband services, opening up a whole new era of applications and services, much like 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) did a decade ago. To enable 5G, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is focusing on defining the technical specifications for NR technology, as well as enhancements to the current LTE. However, enabling and launching 5G NR presents both technological opportunities and challenges. In this column, we explore how 5G mmWave challenges are being approached in 3GPP standardization and how solutions can enable the technology to help achieve broader bandwidths and harness some of the inherent benefits of higher-frequency communications.

Transparent Tx and Rx Waveform Processing for 5G New Radio Mobile Communications

Several different waveform processing techniques have been studied and proposed for the 5G new radio (NR) physical layer, to support new mixed numerology and asynchronous services. The evaluation and comparison of these different techniques is commonly based on matched waveform processing in the transmitter and receiver units. In this article, it is shown that different techniques can be flexibly mixed, making it possible to separately optimize complexity-performance trade-offs for transmitter and receiver implementations. Mixing different waveform processing techniques is possible by setting adequate requirements for transmitter and receiver baseband processing allowing transparent design. We provide the basic framework of how transmitter and receiver units can be independently applied and evaluated in the context of transparent design and an extensive set of examples of the achievable radio link performance with unmatched transmitter and receiver waveform processing. The discussed approach and solutions simplify standardization, improve transparent transmitter and receiver coexistence, and enable a futureproof evolution path for performance improvements in 5G NR physical layer hardware and algorithm design.

Synchronization Procedure in 5G NR Systems

Similar to all mobile communication networks, synchronization in the time-frequency domain is a fundamental step that allows a fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) user equipment (UE) to properly receive and transmit its data. Due to the wide range of frequencies that are defined for the 5G NR systems, the corresponding synchronization procedure becomes critical and presents many challenges, especially for the applications that would need accurate oscillators to reduce the large values of the frequency offset. In this paper, we present and detail the 5G NR physical layer. Then, we describe the required synchronization procedure for 5G NR. And finally, we present the main challenges and issues within the 5G NR synchronization.

A High Throughput Implementation of QC-LDPC Codes for 5G NR

Quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes are the choice for data channels in the fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR). At the transmitter side, code bits from the QC-LDPC encoder are delivered to the rate matcher. The task of the rate matcher is to select an appropriate number of code bits via puncturing and/or repetition. Code bits that are not selected do not need to be encoded. At the receiver side, the de-rate matcher combines code bits of different transmission attempts and sends them to the QC-LDPC decoder. The output of the QC-LDPC decoder only needs to include necessary systematic bits. Unnecessary systematic bits and parity bits can be completely removed from the decoding process. Taking these considerations into account, a smaller sub-base matrix instead of a full-base matrix can be used in the encoding and decoding process. In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of QC-LDPC codes for 5G NR. The full-base matrix is pruned before being used. Compared to the traditional schemes, the proposed scheme improves the throughput of QC-LDPC codes in 5G NR.

In-situ Measurement Methodology for the Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies

As the roll-out of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile telecommunications is well underway, standardized methods to assess the human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from 5G base station radios are needed in addition to existing numerical models and preliminary measurement studies. Challenges following the introduction of 5G New Radio (NR) include the utilization of new spectrum bands and the widespread use of technological advances such as Massive MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) and beamforming. We propose a comprehensive and ready-to-use exposure assessment methodology for use with common spectrum analyzer equipment to measure or calculate in-situ the time-averaged instantaneous exposure and the theoretical maximum exposure from 5G NR base stations. Besides providing the correct method and equipment settings to capture the instantaneous exposure, the procedure also comprises a number of steps that involve the identification of the Synchronization Signal Block, which is the only 5G NR component that is transmitted periodically and at constant power, the assessment of the power density carried by its resources, and the subsequent extrapolation to the theoretical maximum exposure level. The procedure was validated on site for a 5G NR base station operating at 3.5 GHz, but it should be generally applicable to any 5G NR signal, i.e., as is for any sub-6 GHz signal and after adjustment of the proposed measurement settings for signals in the millimeter-wave range.

Machine Learning Model for Adaptive Modulation of Multi-Stream in MIMO-OFDM System

In this paper, we propose the adaptive modulation (AM) model based on machine learning for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Since 5G new radio (NR) system can be used in a large variety of Internet of Things fields than the conventional systems, the AM scheme that adjusts data rate and reliability according to channel condition can be effectively utilized. The conventional AM schemes are implemented by defining modulation schemes to be used according to each channel condition as table in advance. However, since the rule-based AM cannot analyze the communication performance according to the correlation of channels between antennas and the number of transmission modes is exponentially increased according to the number of available modulation schemes and antennas, it is not suitable for 5G NR system. The learning of the proposed AM model is based on the generated training signal by the extracted features from the received signal and assigned label through the performance analysis for signal detection. We focus on the application of deep neural network for AM and cover the precedence method of principal component analysis to improve the performance of the model. The simulations on the classification of optimal transmission mode for the MIMO-OFDM signal demonstrate that the proposed model supports the adaptability according to the condition of complex MIMO channel.

MmWave CMOS Power Amplifiers for 5G Cellular Communication

This article covers the basics of millimeter-wave PA design in CMOS technology for integrated phased arrays, targeting the upcoming 5G new radio (NR) cellular communication standard. Key PA figures of merit, as well as application of beam-forming phased arrays to combine power over-the-air, are briefly reviewed. Then, starting from practical handset form factor constraints and system-level drivers, CMOS-specific technological and design-related challenges are conceptually illustrated using a simple single-transistor PA. A survey of the state-ofthe- art is presented to give examples of the challenges and illustrate the PA techniques used to tackle them in linear 28-GHz CMOS PAs for 5G NR.

Analysis of 5G New Radio Uplink Signals on an Analogue-RoF System Based on DSP-Assisted Channel Aggregation

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is in the process of developing 5th generation (5G) radio access technology, the so-called new radio (NR). The aim is to achieve the performance requirements forIMT-2020 radio interface technology. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of the transmission of 5G NR uplink physical channels, such as physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), dedicated for data and control channels, respectively, as specified in the 3GPP standard, using digital signal processing (DSP)-assisted frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) channel aggregation techniques on an analogue radio-over-fiber (A-RoF) architecture. We verified that there is ~34% spectral efficiency gain and lower error vector magnitude (EVM) achieved using the TDMA technique.

Channel Coding in 5G New Radio: A Tutorial Overview and Performance Comparison with 4G LTE

Fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) holds promise in fulfilling new communication requirements that enable ubiquitous, low-latency, high-speed, and high-reliability connections among mobile devices. Compared to fourth-generation (4G) long-term evolution (LTE), new error-correcting codes have been introduced in 5G NR for both data and control channels. In this article, the specific low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and polar codes adopted by the 5G NR standard are described. The purpose of each key component in these codes and the associated operations are explained. Performance and implementation advantages of these new codes are compared with those of 4G LTE.

The Primary Synchronization Signal of 5G NR

Initial access is the process that a user equipment (UE) establishes initial connection to the cellular network, and the first step is to detect the presence of primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS) to conduct cell-search and downlink synchronization. This paper focus on the PSS waveform of 5G New Radio (NR). We present two waveforms suitable for NR-PSS: m sequence and Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, then discuss their properties of autocorrelation and cross-correlation when adopted for NR-PSS. In addition, we discuss their feasibility since frequency allocation for 5G NR includes millimeterwave (mmWave) bands that may bring large frequency offset. On the basis of matched-filter detection with hypothesis, we further evaluate the frequency offset estimation performance of these two sequence.

Next Generation New Radio Small Cell Enhancement: Architectural Options, Functionality and Performance Aspects

The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) has been engaged in further advancing the evolved universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) and UTRAN based radio access network technologies. New radio (NR) is the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) endeavor for outlining and standardization of the 5th generation (5G) advanced radio access technology. 3GPP has released the first set of 5G NR standards, i.e., the non-standalone 5G radio specifications. As long-term evolution (LTE) technology is massively deployed and broadly accepted, the transition from LTE to 5G is very critical, and it is of maximal importance that the backward compatibility of 5G with LTE is considered. 3GPP has identified several architecture options for 5G. This article gives an overview of the NR architecture options, their deployment scenarios, and the key migration paths. The LTE-NR dual connectivity (DC) is presented. This DC scenario is unique in the sense that DC is being endowed for two different generations of 3GPP radio access technologies. We, further, present the integration of multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) with LTE-NR DC and DC-like aggregation, i.e., 3GPP-non-3GPP interworking to bring in the advantages of MPTCP in terms of link robustness, reliability and dynamic mapping between the traffic flows and the available paths. Finally, we discuss the future research and standardization directions of the next-generation networks.

Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications in 5G Downlink: Physical Layer Aspects

Ultra reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) is a new service category in 5G to accommodate emerging services and applications having stringent latency and reliability requirements. In order to support URLLC, there should be both evolutionary and revolutionary changes in the air interface named 5G new radio (NR). In this article, we provide an up-to-date overview of URLLC with an emphasis on the physical layer challenges and solutions in 5G NR downlink. We highlight key requirements of URLLC and then elaborate the physical layer issues and enabling technologies including packet and frame structure, scheduling schemes, and reliability improvement techniques, which have been discussed in the 3GPP Release 15 standardization.

Random Linear Network Coding for 5G Mobile Video Delivery

An exponential increase in mobile video delivery will continue with the demand for higher resolution, multi-view and large-scale multicast video services. Novel fifth generation (5G) 3GPP New Radio (NR) standard will bring a number of new opportunities for optimizing video delivery across both 5G core and radio access networks. One of the promising approaches for video quality adaptation, throughput enhancement and erasure protection is the use of packet-level random linear network coding (RLNC). In this review paper, we discuss the integration of RLNC into the 5G NR standard, building upon the ideas and opportunities identified in 4G LTE. We explicitly identify and discuss in detail novel 5G NR features that provide support for RLNC-based video delivery in 5G, thus pointing out to the promising avenues for future research.