5G Mobile Communication Research Articles

Measuring consumer preferences for Japanese 5G mobile communication market

Measuring consumer preferences for Japanese 5G mobile communication market

GNSS-5G Hybrid Positioning Based on Joint Estimation of Multiple Signals in a Highly Dependable Spatio-Temporal Network

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been widely used in every area of our daily life to provide accurate Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services. However, due to the multipatch effect and an obstructed view of the satellite, GNSS receivers are susceptible to large-ranging errors, which are particularly prevalent in urban areas where precise positioning is indispensable. The deployment of the high-spatial-density Fifth-Generation (5G) network makes it possible to provide a broad area with high-precision positioning service. Obviously, it promoting the deep integration of the GNSS system and the 5G mobile communication network and establishing a Highly Dependable Spatio-temporal Network (HDSN) have become an inevitable trend. The existing algorithm for the fusion of multiple signals has difficulty settling problems such as the fast fluctuation of available signal sources and the poor stability of multi-scale multi-type signal estimation in GNSS-5G hybrid networks. Here, we propose a Square Root Unscented Stable Filter (SRUSF) for GNSS and 5G joint positioning with a compact coupled filter group architecture in a highly dependable spatio-temporal network. A stabilized coefficient is added to guarantee positive covariance of the estimation error. The possibility of divergence of filtering results due to the variation in signal sources and the incomplete agreement between the system model and the actual situation are reduced. The simulation results show that the proposed SRUSF method substantially enhances the positioning accuracy and reliability compared with the other five joint estimation methods for multiple signals. This work will enable the terminal of mass users to provide timing and positioning services with unprecedented accuracy and dependability under the GNSS and 5 G-based spatio-temporal network’s architecture.

An Exposimetric Electromagnetic Comparison of Mobile Phone Emissions: 5G versus 4G Signals Analyses by Means of Statistics and Convolutional Neural Networks Classification

To gain a deeper understanding of the hotly contested topic of the non-thermal biological effects of microwaves, new metrics and methodologies need to be adopted. The direction proposed in the current work, which includes peak exposure analysis and not just time-averaged analysis, aligns well with this objective. The proposed methodology is not intended to facilitate a comparison of the general characteristics between 4G and 5G mobile communication signals. Instead, its purpose is to provide a means for analyzing specific real-life exposure conditions that may vary based on multiple parameters. A differentiation based on amplitude-time features of the 4G versus 5G signals is followed, with the aim of describing the peculiarities of a user’s exposure when he runs four types of mobile applications on his mobile phone on either of the two mobile networks. To achieve the goals, we used signal and spectrum analyzers with adequate real-time analysis bandwidths and statistical descriptions provided by the amplitude probability density (APD) function, the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), channel power measurements, and recorded spectrogram databases. We compared the exposimetric descriptors of emissions specific to file download, file upload, Internet video streaming, and video call usage in both 4G and 5G networks based on the specific modulation and coding schemes. The highest and lowest electric field strengths measured in the air at a 10 cm distance from the phone during emissions are indicated. The power distribution functions with the highest prevalence are highlighted and commented on. Afterwards, the capability of a convolutional neural network that belongs to the family of single-shot detectors is proven to recognize and classify the emissions with a very high degree of accuracy, enabling traceability of the dynamics of human exposure.

Dual-Band MIMO Antenna with Four CPW Elements using Polarization Diversity for 5G Mobile Communication Networks and Satellite

In this paper, a novel design of compact quad-element MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna for 5G communication networks and satellites is proposed. The four similar elements of this antenna are placed perpendicularly to each other on a 40x40 mm2 FR4 substrate. Each element is fed by a CPW (coplanar waveguide) line. Two slits and an I-shaped slot are etched into the patch, and by varying their parameters; a good matching is achieved in the lower (4.9 GHz) and upper (17 GHz) frequency bands. However, 25 and 30 dB isolations are attained in the lower and upper bands, using the polarization diversity technique and adding stubs on the ground plane. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. Moreover, the performance of the MIMO antenna is studied in terms of ECC (envelope correlation coefficient), DG (diversity gain), TARC (total active reflection coefficient), realized gain, efficiency, and radiation pattern, validated with the measured results, and showed a good agreement.

Bandwidth enhancement of millimeter-wave microstrip patch antenna array for 5G mobile communication networks

This paper proposed enhancing the bandwidth of a millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna (MPA) and its array for a 5G mobile communication network. The proposed antenna is designed and fabricated on a Rogers RT Duroid 5,880 substrate with a standard thickness of 0.5 mm, a relative dielectric constant of 2.2, and a tangent loss of 0.0009. With a center frequency of 28 GHz, a measured return loss of -21.37 dB, a bandwidth of 1.14 GHz, and a gain of 6.27 dBi, the proposed single element operates in the local multipoint distribution service band. The proposed antenna is designed and manufactured as an array of 1×2 and 1×4 elements. The 2-element MPA array has a measured bandwidth of 1.207 GHz and a gain of 7.76 dBi, higher than that of a single element. The 4-element MPA array achieved a measured bandwidth of 2.685 GHz and a gain of 9.87 dBi, which is higher than the 2-element and single-element arrays at 28 GHz. This demonstrates that the array of antennas improves gain and bandwidth significantly. Hence, the proposed antenna and array are suitable for 5G mobile communication networks due to their small size.

Bandwidth enhancement of millimeter-wave microstrip patch antenna array for 5G mobile communication networks

This paper proposed enhancing the bandwidth of a millimeter wave microstrip patch antenna (MPA) and its array for a 5G mobile communication network. The proposed antenna is designed and fabricated on a Rogers RT Duroid 5,880 substrate with a standard thickness of 0.5 mm, a relative dielectric constant of 2.2, and a tangent loss of 0.0009. With a center frequency of 28 GHz, a measured return loss of -21.37 dB, a bandwidth of 1.14 GHz, and a gain of 6.27 dBi, the proposed single element operates in the local multipoint distribution service band. The proposed antenna is designed and manufactured as an array of 1×2 and 1×4 elements. The 2-element MPA array has a measured bandwidth of 1.207 GHz and a gain of 7.76 dBi, higher than that of a single element. The 4-element MPA array achieved a measured bandwidth of 2.685 GHz and a gain of 9.87 dBi, which is higher than the 2-element and single-element arrays at 28 GHz. This demonstrates that the array of antennas improves gain and bandwidth significantly. Hence, the proposed antenna and array are suitable for 5G mobile communication networks due to their small size.

Focal Region Ray Tracing of Conventional and Shaped Lens Antenna

Multibeam lens antennas are useful for 5G mobile communication systems. For multibeam design, feed position determination of specified lens becomes an important subject. The feed position data can be obtained from focal region ray tracing. In this paper, asimple and convenient ray tracing method by using the MATLAB function of “polyxpoly” is proposed. To evaluate the program, focal region ray tracing on conventional hyperbolic planar, spherical convex, and Abbe’s sine conditionlens arepresented in this paper. For focal region ray tracing, parallel incident ray is considered. The incident ray’s angle is changed from 0 degree to 30 degrees with an interval of 10 degrees. On hyperbolic planar and spherical convex lenses, ray concentration at the focal regionis distorted at incident angle of 10 degrees and above. On Abbe’s sine condition lens, good concentration is maintained until 20 degrees. Concentration points agree well with the theoretical value. Therefore, the correctness of the program is ensured.

6G 이동통신 연구개발 동향분석 및 발전방안 연구 -미래 국방사업 적용방안-

6G 이동통신 연구개발 동향분석 및 발전방안 연구 -미래 국방사업 적용방안-

Architecture for Self-Evolution of 6G Core Network Based on Intelligent Decision Making

The rapid progress of 6G mobile communication technologies has sparked a great deal research interests. The 6G core network architecture faces formidable challenges due to the escalating complexity of network service demands and diverse application scenarios. In response, our research endeavors to tackle these challenges by proposing a self-evolving architecture based on intelligent decision making. Inspired by the principles of biological morphological evolution, our architecture empowers the core network to dynamically adapt and reshape itself in order to effectively address the evolving communication environments. To facilitate this self-evolutionary process, we introduce a comprehensive framework encompassing mechanisms, architecture, agents, and algorithms that enable the network to autonomously generate and optimize its own structure, thereby ensuring adaptability to a wide range of application scenarios. By conducting concept proof simulation experiments, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of our self-evolution algorithm, which enables the 6G core network to make rational evolving decisions and exhibit remarkable adaptability to various application scenarios.

High-Conductivity MXene Film-Based Millimeter Wave Antenna for 5G Applications

Millimeter wave antennas have the advantage of high directivity, miniaturization, high resolution and data transfer speed, wide bandwidth, and lower latency. In this work, a millimeter wave planar array antenna (PAA) with the characteristics of wideband and low sidelobes, which consists of eight identical linear array antenna (LAA) based on Ti3C2 MXene, is designed and fabricated. It is the first time that MXene antennas are proposed for a 5G millimeter wave antenna application. MXene PAA has a high realized gain of 22.22 dBi and a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of measurement covering the range from 24 GHz to 28 GHz, including the 5G FR2—n258 frequency band. With Chebyshev current distribution, the MXene PAA has a half-power beam width of 10.2° and 10.8° in the xoz-plane and yoz-plane radiation patterns with the sidelobes levels below −20 dB, respectively. Therefore, MXene PAA is suitable for 5G mobile communication applications.

10.51-Tbit/s multi-channel IF-over-fiber transmission with SDM/WDM/SCM for beyond-5G mobile fronthaul accommodating ultra-high-density antennas

In beyond-5G and 6G mobile communication systems, it is expected that massive numbers of antennas are densely deployed to provide a stable and high-speed communication environment. To efficiently accommodate high-density antennas, high-capacity mobile fronthaul (MFH) is also required. Intermediate-frequency-over-fiber (IFoF) is considered as one of the attractive solutions for realizing high-capacity MFH due to its high spectral efficiency and multi-channel transmission capability. In this paper, we demonstrate the highest-capacity IFoF transmission with combinations of space division multiplexing, wavelength division multiplexing, and subcarrier multiplexing; 4608 channels of 64-quadrature amplitude modulation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals with a total net bit rate of 10.51 Tbit/s (4608×380.16MHz/ch×6bit/s/Hz) are successfully transmitted over a 10.1-km uncoupled 12-core multi-core fiber.

Advances in MIMO Antenna Design for 5G: A Comprehensive Review.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has emerged as a highly promising solution for wireless communication, offering an opportunity to overcome the limitations of traffic capacity in high-speed broadband wireless network access. By utilizing multiple antennas at both the transmitting and receiving ends, the MIMO system enhances the efficiency and performance of wireless communication systems. This manuscript specifies a comprehensive review of MIMO antenna design approaches for fifth generation (5G) and beyond. With an introductory glimpse of cellular generation and the frequency spectrum for 5G, profound key enabling technologies for 5G mobile communication are presented. A detailed analysis of MIMO performance parameters in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), mean effective gain (MEG), and isolation is presented along with the advantages of MIMO technology over conventional SISO systems. MIMO is characterized and the performance is compared based on wideband/ultra-wideband, multiband/reconfigurable, circular polarized wideband/circular polarized ultra-wideband/circular polarized multiband, and reconfigurable categories. The design approaches of MIMO antennas for various 5G bands are discussed. It is subsequently enriched with the detailed studies of wideband (WB)/ultra-wideband (UWB), multiband, and circular polarized MIMO antennas with different design techniques. A good MIMO antenna system should be well decoupled among different ports to enhance its performance, and hence isolation among different ports is a crucial factor in designing high-performance MIMO antennas. A summary of design approaches with improved isolation is presented. The manuscript summarizes the various MIMO antenna design aspects for NR FR-1 (new radio frequency range) and NR FR-2, which will benefit researchers in the field of 5G and forthcoming cellular generations.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF BAND-PASS FILTERS FOR THE 5TH GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEM

This paper proposes a band-pass filter with a center frequency of 4.2 GHz, which can be applied in fifth - generation (5G) mobile communication. Currently, 5G networks are experiencing rapid development and are highly regarded as the primary network technology. Currently, 5G technology can be divided into two major frequency ranges. The first range is defined by 3GPP and operates below 6 GHz, known as the sub-6 GHz frequency range. The second range falls approximately between 30 GHz and 100 GHz. This paper aims to design a microstrip band-pass filter with a center frequency of 4.2 GHz. By modifying the line width, shape, and the number of couplings in the filter, we can achieve the desired frequency range and increase the bandwidth. A 4.2 GHz bandpass filter was fabricated on an FR4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 4.4, and the overall dimensions is 17×5×1.55 mm3.and measured. T Through simulation analysis, it can be understood that adding the inner ring with a gap can improve the overall performance of the filter.

A 28/38 GHz tuned reconfigurable antenna for 5G mobile communications

In this paper, a compact tuned reconfigurable microstrip antenna for fifth generation (5G) mobile communications is designed to operate at 28 GHz or 38 GHz or both frequencies. The proposed antenna can be reconfigured by using a group of PIN diodes switches across a slit in the upper traditional patch antenna or through the ground plane side. The tuning between the 28 GHz and 38GHz frequency bands can be achieved through ON/OFF states of the PIN diodes switches. The tuned reconfigurable antenna is simulated using CST software package and then fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results show good agreement with a little deviation. The proposed tuned antenna is small in size with 18×11.25 mm2 overall area.

Integrated Sensing and Communication Signals Toward 5G-A and 6G: A Survey

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has the advantages of efficient spectrum utilization and low hardware cost. It is promising to be implemented in the fifth-generation-advanced (5G-A) and sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication systems, having the potential to be applied in intelligent applications requiring both communication and high-accurate sensing capabilities. As the fundamental technology of ISAC, ISAC signal directly impacts the performance of sensing and communication. This article systematically reviews the literature on ISAC signals from the perspective of mobile communication systems, including ISAC signal design, ISAC signal processing algorithms and ISAC signal optimization. We first review the ISAC signal design based on 5G, 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems. Then, radar signal processing methods are reviewed for ISAC signals, mainly including the channel information matrix method, spectrum lines estimator method and super resolution method. In terms of signal optimization, we summarize peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) optimization, interference management, and adaptive signal optimization for ISAC signals. This article may provide the guidelines for the research of ISAC signals in 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems.

Lightweight Machine Learning for Digital Cross-Link Interference Cancellation With RF Chain Characteristics in Flexible Duplex MIMO Systems

The flexible duplex (FD) technique, including dynamic time-division duplex (D-TDD) and dynamic frequency-division duplex (D-FDD), is regarded as a promising solution to achieving a more flexible uplink/downlink transmission in 5G-Advanced or 6G mobile communication systems. However, it may introduce serious cross-link interference (CLI). For better mitigating the impact of CLI, we first present a more realistic base station (BS)-to-BS channel model incorporating the radio frequency (RF) chain characteristics, which exhibit a hardware-dependent nonlinear property, and hence the accuracy of conventional channel modelling is inadequate for CLI cancellation. Then, we propose a channel parameter estimation based polynomial CLI canceller and two machine learning (ML) based CLI cancellers that use the lightweight feedforward neural network (FNN). Our simulation results and analysis show that the ML based CLI cancellers achieve notable performance improvement and dramatic reduction of computational complexity, in comparison with the polynomial CLI canceller.

Automatic Pipeline Parallelism: A Parallel Inference Framework for Deep Learning Applications in 6G Mobile Communication Systems

With the rapid development of wireless communication, achieving the neXt generation Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (xURLLC) in 6G mobile communication systems has become a critical problem. Among many applications in xURLLC, deep learning model inference requires improvement over its efficiency. Due to the heterogeneous hardware environment in 6G, parallel schedules from distributed machine learning and edge computing has been borrowed to tackle the efficiency problem. However, traditional parallel schedules suffer from high latency, low throughput, and low device utility. In this paper, we propose Automatic Pipeline Parallelism ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), a parallel inference framework for deep learning applications in 6G mobile communication systems, to improve the model inference efficiency while maintaining reliability. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> contains three sub-modules. A task-device affinity predictor predicts a task’s expected execution time on a given device. The parallel inference arrangement optimizer finds the most suitable device for each task. The parallel inference scheduler converts the arrangement to a schedule that can be directly executed in the system. The experimental results show that <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AP</i> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> can achieve better latency, throughput, reliability, and device utility than other parallel schedules. Also, the priority of the sub-module designs has been approved through the experiments.

Transmission system model in the track-vehicle relationship based on Long Term Evolution technology

Because of degradations of the wired infrastructure connecting the element of railroad control systems, and related primarily to their destruction, the use of the radio transmission medium for independent management of rail-road traffic control devices is increasingly being considered. An undoubted problem in implying such solutions is the security of transmission in such systems. It should be noted that security at a certain level of transmission is currently already offered by the radio transmission systems themselves, which has also been used in the GSM-R standard. The creation of a separate dedicated system for railroads involves huge expenditures for the design, testing, certification and, finally, construction and implementation of such technology. Therefore, in the opinion of the author of this dissertation, it is possible to use public open radio networks for the needs of railroads, which significantly reduces costs, since such a system is based on existing infrastructure. It is necessary to develop a way of transmitting information that meets the requirements of secure transmission in the sense of railroad traffic control systems. The task is to develop a general model for open radio transmission in traffic control systems based on the latest public radio standard, which is LTE, 5G or Future Railway Mobile Communications System (FRMCS). The article will present the concept of data transmission in the track vehicle relationship with the use of LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology. It will show the concept of transmission based on the PN-EN50159:2011 standard and the results of the tests conducted during control trips on the railway route. The main element that will be subject to the research will include the transmission safety and its delay. The impact of a type of transmission encryption on its delay will be estimated with the assumed blocks of data sent during the transmission. A probability distribution and density functions of the transmission delay probability distribution with the message sizes in the range from 16B to 10 kB with four ways of the signal encoding according to the PN-EN50159:2011 standard will be also analysed.

Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Communications

Abstract: This project aims to design and implement a low-profile patch antenna for 5G communication application. The resonating frequency has been chosen as 3.5 GHz for 5G application. Rogers RT5880 (lossy) epoxy material with permittivity of 2.2 has been chosen for the substrate material which has fire redundant property. The size of the substrate is 60×60 mm. The proposed antenna is compact Star-Shape radiating patch with defected ground structure, and the feeding technique is used as strip line feed. This proposed Star-Shaped antenna has been designed, analyzed and simulated by CST microwave studio, an electromagnetic simulation software. Antenna parameters like S-Parameter, Antenna Gain, Directivity, Efficiency has been observed and tabulated the results. This proposed Star-Shape antenna is widely used for 5G mobile communication applications.

Research on 5G Network Slicing Strategy for Urban Complex Environment

Focusing on the layout of the 5G mobile communication base station in the city center, we design a 5G city network slicing strategy for the three typical application scenarios with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultrareliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine type communications (mMTC). The strategy considers multiple important network performance indicators, including user guaranteed bandwidth, maximum bandwidth limit, QoS (quality of service), link delay tolerance, and slicing throughput. The slicing strategy can greatly increase the connections of base station clients and the utilization of network resources, and effectively reduce block radio and handover radio. The simulation experiments adopt the 5G base station dataset of a coastal city layout in Zhejiang province. Our tests show that the 5G network slicing strategy has certain advantages in network transmission performance in urban complex environment. The research can provide an effective reference for 5G infrastructure construction in other cities.