Nonylphenol In Water Research Articles

Seasonal flux of nonylphenol in Han River, Korea

In order to understand the behavior of nonylphenol (NP) in Han River, water, suspended particle and sediment samples were analyzed during summer, autumn and winter. Concentrations of nonylphenol in water ranged from 23.2 to 187.6 ng/l, in suspended particle from 6.8 to 190.8 ng/l and in sediment from 25.4 to 932.0 ng/g dry wt. An increasing trend in the concentration is noticed in all matrices along down the river. In case of water and suspended particle, concentrations were higher in warmer season than in colder season. Percentage of nonylphenol in the suspended particle phase decreased from 67% to 28% with decreasing temperature in water. A reasonable correlation ( R 2=0.63) was obtained for water and suspended particle. The partition coefficient Log K p is 4.8. No seasonal variation of the concentration in sediment is noticed in this study.

Estimation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of nonylphenol in water using solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction procedures

We describe an estimation of measurement uncertainty calculated by the “bottom-up” approach for the determination of the oestrogenic compound nonylphenol in treated water samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedures and GC/MS detection. The results were compared and the different contributions to the uncertainty were evaluated. A study of the linear range was established and validation was performed for both methods using statistical analysis of several indicative parameters. In terms of validation data, precision (R.S.D. values <20%) and trueness (relative error <11%) were obtained for both methods under day-to-day conditions. The results of the estimation of measurement uncertainty obtained for both methods for concentrations higher than 1 μg/l have demonstrated that the time-consuming SPE method has a lower relative uncertainty (32%) than the SPME method (42.8%). The chromatographic uncertainty value was the main factor in the SPME method whereas the recovery factor (used to calculate the concentration) was the main contribution to uncertainty in the SPE method.

Determination of 4-n-nonylphenol in water by enzyme immunoassay.

A range of monoclonal antibody-based competitive immunoassays in the format of microtitre plate ELISA and dipstick tests for quantitative and semi-quantitative detection of 4- n -nonylphenol in water was developed. A simple visual dipstick test was based on changing of spot colour from green to brown in the presence of 4- n -nonylphenol at concentrations within the range 10-100 ng mL(-1). Two different detection systems were used for quantitative immunoassay. Application of enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) resulted in an increase of the sensitivity of ELISA when compared to conventional colorimetric detection. Thus a detection limit of 0.06 ng mL(-1 )of 4- n -nonylphenol was achieved with IC(50) 2.0 ng mL(-1). The tests developed were applied to natural and spiked water samples.

Acoustic Cavitation-assisted Decomposition of 4-Nonylphenol in Water

Abstract Acoustic cavitation-assisted decomposition of 4-nonylphenol in water takes place through OH radical-attack and pyrolysis at the cavitation bubble interface and in the bulk solution. The cavitation-induced physical and chemical effects by addition of Fe2+ and Fe3+ play an important role in the enhancement of 4-nonylphenol decomposition.

Estrogenicity Determination in Sewage Treatment Plants and Surface Waters from the Catalonian Area (NE Spain)

Polyethoxylated nonylphenol (NPEOx) surfactants and nonylphenol (NP) as their major degradation product as well as some synthetic and natural estrogens and progestogens have been reported to be present in freshwater systems, mainly at the vicinity of urban discharges and sewage treatment plants (STPs), at levels high enough to exhort estrogenicity to wildlife. To determine both presence and effects of such compounds in two tributaries of the Llobregat river (NE Spain), water samples and carp, Cyprinus carpio, were collected from selected sites along a transect, for chemical and biological determinations, respectively. Also influent and effluent water from several STPs, discharging into these rivers, was collected for its chemical characterization. NP and NPEO were determined by solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Representative estrogens, both natural (estradiol, estriol, estrone) and synthetic (ethynyl estradiol, mestranol, diethylstilbestrol), progestogens (norethindrone, levonorgestrel), and the natural hormone progesterone were determined by offline SPE followed by LC-diode array detection (DAD)-MS. High levels of NP were encountered in all water samples (up to 600 μg/L), whereas only a few samples gave quantifiable levels of estrogens and progestogens (ng/L range). Western blot analysis of male carp plasma vitellogenin (VTG), using a polyclonal antibody raised in the cyprinid Koi carp, detected this protein in all samples, the VTG increase being more evident at the vicinity of the treatment plants. A certain correlation was also found between NP in water and VTG induction in fish (r = 0.75).

Determination of 4-nonylphenol—part 2: Orthogonal array design as a chemometric method for the solid-phase microextraction of 4-nonylphenol in water

Orthogonal array design (OAD) using two-level OA8(27) matrix was employed for the optimization of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) conditions for the determination of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in water. The parameters under consideration for the optimization of SPME conditions include: injector port temperature, initial oven temperature, desorption time, and pH. The effect of dissolved humic substances on the extraction efficiency of SPME for the determination of 4-NP was also investigated. The method is capable of parts per billion detection limit with a %RSD of 6.5%. Thus, the SPME approach is suitable for analytical determination of 4-NP in environmental water samples compared to conventional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) technique. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Optimization of Sample Preparation Techniques for the Determination of 4-Nonylphenol in Water and Sediment

Abstract Sample preparation techniques for the determination of 4-nonylphenol in water and sediments were optimized using two-level orthogonal array design (OAD). Comparison between the use of cartridge-based solid-phase extraction and membranous disk-based extraction was made for water samples. For sediment samples, microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) was employed. A comparison between MASE and classical soxhlet extraction of spiked samples was also carried out. 4-Nonylphenol was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to both ultraviolet and fluorescence detection

The dissipation of nonylphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions.

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16 degree C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half-life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks. Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.