3rd Order Research Articles

Analyzing work zone effects on vehicular flow on an annular freeway with a tunnel

This paper develops a three lane continuum model to analyze the effects of a work zone on vehicular flow on an annular freeway with a tunnel. The model expresses the mandatory lane changing rate just upstream of the work zone in an explicit algebraic form with the relevant random parameter generated from golden section analysis, and describes the discretionary lane changing rate between adjacent lanes with a lane changing time depending on local traffic flow density and relaxation time. It is assumed that the annular freeway has three lanes, a work zone with a length of 0.2 km and lane II completely blocked, an upstream tunnel of 1.5km long, and an initial jam between the tunnel and work zone. The three lane continuum model is applied in vehicular flow simulation with a 3rd order accuracy numerical scheme. Numerical results also indicate that golden section application in the analysis of work zone effects is helpful in obtaining density thresholds of traffic jam formation, the time averaged traffic speed through the tunnel, dependencies of mean travel time, and vehicle fuel consumption on the initial density normalized by jam density. Numerical results reveal that there are two density thresholds of traffic jam formation, if both density thresholds are normalized by traffic jam density, the first threshold relating to the work zone is 0.14, while the second depending on the tunnel is 0.21. In the absence of a work zone, the mean travel time through lane I is slightly longer than that estimated for cases with a work zone. As soon as initial density is above the second threshold, the time averaged speed through the tunnel is 31.91 km/h, which agrees well with published data.

Flow alterations in rivers due to unconventional oil and gas development in the Ohio River basin

Unconventional oil and gas (UOG) exploration and development in the Ohio River basin has been a controversial issue for the past decade. The process of extracting gas and oil from shale formations utilizes significant amounts of water with little to no recycling in the region. The environmental risks to date have largely focused on air and water quality, with some attention paid to noise pollution. This study examines the risk for excessive water withdrawals and potential for negative impacts of low streamflow, which have largely not been addressed, as basin-wide studies have indicated that UOG will not significantly alter flow at large scales. The smallest watersheds, however, are often not monitored and therefore no historical record of flow is present. Using modelled estimates of historic flow, the impacts of UOG-related water withdrawals in HUC12 watersheds (approximately 1st to 3rd order streams) across the eastern Ohio River basin were estimated. Modelling of the effect of well operations showed that >10 % and >20 % reductions in streamflow occurred at least episodically in 53 % and 42 % of the HUC12 watersheds analyzed, respectively, amounting to 8.8 % and 2.4 % of active days. Although such severe reductions were usually infrequent in a particular stream, they could have lasting negative impacts on the stream biota. These flow reductions have the potential to affect downstream users, including regionally-endangered species. The legal framework surrounding water withdrawal permitting should have a substantial impact on flow reduction, but a lack of sufficient monitoring and clear reporting of water withdrawal sources hinders effective monitoring and protection of stream and riparian habitats.

Efektivitas Penggunaan Fly Ash Batubara sebagai Koagulan dan Adsorben dalam Menurunkan Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan Total Suspendedd Solid (TSS) Limbah Cair Industri Pulp and Paper

The content of Al and Fe in coal fly ash has underpinned several studies on the use of coal fly ash as a coagulant and adsorbent. Coal fly ash coagulant was activated with H2SO4. While coal fly ash adsorbent is activated with HCl. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the coagulant or as adsorbent, to determine the optimum concentration of coagulant/ adsorbent addition, and to determine the effectiveness of fly ash as a coagulant/ adsorbent in reducing COD and TSS in Pulp and Paper wastewater. This research used 2 treatments, activating coal fly ash with 2M H2SO4 and 4M HCl, and then comparing the effect of fly ash coagulants and adsorbents in reducing COD and TSS wastewater. The results showed that coagulant reduced COD by 53.23% and TSS by 60.1%, more effective than adsorbent which only reduced COD by 6.38%, and increased TSS value by 7.2%. However, it has not yet below the quality standards. Numerical analysis using 3rd order polynomials shows that doses of 41,000-42,000 ppm of coagulant can reduce COD below the quality standard. This concludes is coal fly ash coagulant is effective in reducing COD and TSS of pulp and paper wastewater, with the optimal dose to reduce COD below the quality standard, is 41,000 - 42,000 ppm.

A 516 μW, 121.2 dB-SNDR, and 125.1 dB-DR Discrete-Time Sigma-Delta Modulator with a 20 kHz BW

This article proposed a discrete-time single-loop 3rd order 5-bit Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ) modulator for the audio applications. In this modulator, a feed forward path is used to relax the design requirement of amplifier, which can reduce integrator’s output swing. And a 5-bit asynchronous SAR ADC combined with analog summing is adopted to quantify the summation of feedforward signal and loop filter output, which can significantly reduce power consumption. In addition, chopper stabilization technique is used to alleviate the flicker noise introduced by the first integrator. To eliminate the nonlinearity introduced by multibit quantizer, an improved data weighted average algorithm calibration circuit is proposed. The proposed modulator is implemented in 130 nm technology with a 1.12 mm2 core area. Operating at a 2.56MS/s sampling rate, post layout simulation results show that the modulator realizes 121.2-dB SNDR and 125.1-dB DR in a 20 kHz signal bandwidth, it dissipating 516 μW from 1.5 V supply. It also achieves the energy efficiency, as demonstrated by a Schreier figure of merit (FoMS) of 197 dB.

Accuracy Enhancing Interface Treatment Algorithm: The Back and Forth Error Compensation and Correction Method

The accuracy of information transmission while solving domain decomposed problems is crucial to the smooth transition of a solution around the interface/overlapping region. This paper describes a systematical study on an accuracy-enhancing interface treatment algorithm based on the back and forth error compensation and correction method (BFECC). By repetitively employing a low order interpolation technique (usually local 2nd order) 3 times, this algorithm achieves local 3rd order accuracy. Analytical derivation for any dimensions is made, and the “superconvergence” phenomenon (4th order accuracy) is found for specific positioning of the source and target grids. Its limitation has also been studied. With rotated grids or grids of different sizes, this method can still reduce the error but fails to improve the order of the underlying interpolation technique. A series of numerical experiments on meshes with various translations, rotations, spacing ratios, and perturbations have been tested. Different interface treatments applied to cavity flow are compared. The 3D flow example shows that the BFECC method positively impacts the convergence of the domain decomposed problem.

Design and Optimization of Butterworth and Elliptic Band Pass Filters in 5G Application

Filters are two-port networks that may pass or attenuate frequencies within defined ranges and can alter the frequency response of any system. In the present research study, the goals and optimization controller embedded with (ADS2019) are used to design Butterworth and Elliptic bandpass filters with frequency ranges of (18GHz – 38GHz), a bandwidth of (7GHz), stopband attenuation of (S21=-60dB), and passband attenuation of (S21=-1dB). Three types of each filter (Hp-Lp 6th order – 3rd order – 6th order) are simulated and optimized to choose the best (C, L) values. The selected filters are redesigned using the Design Filter Guide, and the simulation during this phase yields different values for (C, L). The designed circuit is then transformed into a microstrip model using transmission lines for open and short circuits. The study investigates the differences between each filter in BW-f center- attenuation at the stopband.In the last phase of the study, the circuit of each filter is transformed using a microstrip transmission line to obtain the (W, L) for each component of each filter. Finally, the study compares past studies and research projects in this field.

Dynamics and controls of inland water CH4 emissions across the Conterminous United States: 1860-2019

Inland waters (rivers, lakes, and reservoirs) have been recognized as hotspots of methane (CH4) emissions. However, the magnitude and spatiotemporal pattern of CH4 emissions and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown due to a lack of process-based quantification of CH4 production, consumption, and evasion within the aquatic ecosystem. Here we developed a process-based aquatic CH4 module within the framework of the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) to explicitly simulate inland water carbon fluxes and the associated CH4 processes. We further applied this model to assess the inland-water CH4 emissions across the conterminous United States (CONUS) as affected by the climate variability, land use, fertilizer nitrogen (N) application, atmospheric N deposition, and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration during 1860-2019. The inland water CH4 emissions across the CONUS had doubled from the 1860s (1.65±0.18 Tg CH4-C∙yr−1) to the 2010s (3.73±0.36 Tg CH4-C∙yr−1). In the 2000s, inland water accounts for 8% of the regional CH4 budget that offsets 11∼14% of the terrestrial C uptake across the CONUS. Our study showed that the small headwater streams (1st –3rd order) account for 49% of the diffusive CH4, and reservoirs constitute 50% of the ebullitive CH4 emissions during the 2010s. Climate change and variability played a dominant role in the increased CH4 emissions from rivers and lakes. This study implies that effective mitigation strategies to reduce CH4 emissions should pay much attention to global climate change and headwater stream management.

Sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, palynology and diagenetic evaluation of the Triassic Jilh Formation. New insights from Saudi Arabia

The Jilh Formation (late Anisian to Carnian) was deposited on the southwestern margin of the Neotethys Ocean recording the flooding of a broad shallow marine platform, and is characterized by restricted clastic-prone mudrocks and sabkha anhydrite with interbedded shallow marine dolomitized carbonates. Within the Lower Jilh Formation, deposits encompass tidal flat to low-energy inner ramp thrombolytic microbial deposits with local anhydrite nodules and fenestrae structures interbedded with ft-scale intraclast-rich floatstones with desiccation surfaces. Within the interbedded mudrocks, land-derived miospores (including common Lunatisporites spp. and other taeniate bisaccate pollen) and clastic material are common. During the Carnian, the higher sea level resulted in a change to tidal flat bioturbated and microbially induced mudstones, along with inner ramp subtidal peloidal sand banks and skeletal wackestones with benthic foraminifera within the Upper Jilh Formation. Terrestrially derived miospores are still common (assemblage including common Camerosporites secatus, Conipollenites arabicus, Duplicisporites spp., Samaropollenites speciosus), but an increasing marine influence is also noted during the Carnian from the presence of marine palynomorphs such as acritarchs and prasinophytes (including acanthomorphic acritarchs, Veryhachium spp. and Dictyotidium spp.). The backstepping of the platform is marked by the progressive flooding of the tidal flats and the deposition of open marine facies culminating in a regional 2nd order maximum flooding surface. Petrographic and geochemical analyses show the development of fabric-replacive planar-s to planar-e dolomite fabrics associated with negative δ18O values and positive δ13C values, suggesting precipitation of the dolomite on top of 3rd and 2nd order sequences from possible transgressive reflux syn or post deposition of the Jilh Formation. Zoned dolomite rhombs lining macropores might be related to burial diagenesis and pore-filling anhydrite and calcite are locally common. The local presence of native sulfur replacing primary anhydrite nodules, along with the minor calcitization of the anhydrite also suggest the onset of thermochemical sulfate reduction during the burial history at possibly high temperature.

Enhancement of nonlinear optical parameters upon phase transition in new quaternary Ge20Ag10Te10Se60 films by annealing at various temperatures for optoelectronic applications

The current work investigates the influence of annealing at different temperatures on new quaternary Ge20Ag10Te10Se60 films. The phase transition from amorphous to crystalline with annealing is being studied from XRD and supported by TEM analysis. The Raman study shows the change in microstructural changes in terms of vibrational modes. The particle size increased with annealing along with the growth of Ag2Te, AgTe3, GeSe2, Ag2Se phases. The compositional and morphological study is carried out by EDX analysis and FESEM study. The linear optical properties of the material have been calculated from the UV-Visible spectra. The decrease in the optical bandgap of the films upon annealing is due to phase transition and increase in the surface dangling bonds. The static refractive index and the nonlinear refractive index are found to be increased with annealing. The significant increase in 3rd order nonlinear susceptibility with annealing is useful for nonlinear optical applications. The high-frequency dielectric constant increased upon annealing. The structural and optical changes are explained on the basis of amorphous to crystalline transformation and density of defect states. Increased value of nonlinear refractive index with decreased optical electronegativity with annealing is useful for nonlinear and optoelectronic applications.

PEMODELAN KURS DOLLAR AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP RUPIAH MENGGUNAKAN REGRESI PENALIZED SPLINE DILENGKAPI GUI R

United States Dollar (USD) exchange rate movement against Rupiah is the main guideline for economic actors in making decisions. Exchange rate movement of USD against Rupiah is a time series data. One of the statistical methods that can be used for modelling time series data is ARIMA. ARIMA method data must be stationery and residuals must be normally distributed, independent, and constant variance, which means an alternative model is needed so that it is not bound by any assumptions, namely a nonparametric penalized spline regression model. Selling rate data of USD against Rupiah is modeled using nonparametric penalized spline regression because the assumptions in the ARIMA model are not fulfilled. Penalized spline regression modeling is using full search algorithm in determining knot points. Lambda values are tested from 0 to 100000 on order 2, 3, and 4. Optimal penalized spline model is a model with minimum GCV value. R GUI facilitate the process of selecting the best model. Data is divided into 2 parts, namely in sample data for model formation and out sample data for evaluating the best model performance based on MAPE value. Penalized spline regression modeling produces the best model, namely optimal penalized spline model with minimum GCV value achieved on 3rd order with 35 knot points and lambda value = 2007. 96,20% value of R Squared model indicates the model is a strong model. In the evaluation of the best model, the MAPE data out sample value is 0.65%. MAPE value indicates the model has very good forecasting ability.

Controlled generation of mode-switchable nanosecond pulsed vector vortex beams from a Q-switched fiber laser.

We reported and demonstrated a ring Q-switched Ytterbium-doped fiber laser that can generate mode-switchable nanosecond pulsed vector vortex beams between two different orders. In the spatial optical path of the fiber laser, several cascaded Q-plates, divided into two Q-plate groups, are applied for intracavity mode conversion between LP01 mode and vector vortex beams. In one Q-plate group, two quarter-wave plates are inserted to achieve the addition and subtraction of the order of Q-plates. By tuning the polarization state in the cavity, mode-switchable vector vortex beams (VVBs), including cylindrical vector beams (CVBs), elliptically polarized cylindrical vector beams (EPCVBs), and vortex beams, of two different orders can be generated on demand. The experimental results show that by using the group of 1st and 3rd orders Q-plates, the 2nd and 4th orders mode-switchable VVBs (vortex beams with topological charges of ±2, ±4, CVBs and EPCVBs of 2nd- and 4th-order) can be obtained from the fiber laser. The slope efficiency, pulse width, and repetition rate are 33.4%, 360 ns, and 241kHz respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to realize the direct generation of mode-switchable VVBs on the arbitrary position of the higher-order Poincaré sphere between two different orders from a fiber laser. This work lays the foundation for the flexible generation of arbitrary modes of VVBs with multiple different orders in the laser cavity.

A Simulation Study to Assess the Factors of Influence on Mean and Median Frequency of sEMG Signals during Muscle Fatigue.

Mean and Median frequency are typically used for detecting and monitoring muscle fatigue. These parameters are extracted from power spectral density whose estimate can be obtained by several techniques, each one characterized by advantages and disadvantages. Previous works studied how the implementation settings can influence the performance of these techniques; nevertheless, the estimation results have never been fully evaluated when the power density spectrum is in a low-frequency zone, as happens to the surface electromyography (sEMG) spectrum during muscle fatigue. The latter is therefore the objective of this study that has compared the Welch and the autoregressive parametric approaches on synthetic sEMG signals simulating severe muscle fatigue. Moreover, the sensitivity of both the approaches to the observation duration and to the level of noise has been analyzed. Results showed that the mean frequency greatly depends on the noise level, and that for Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) less than 10dB the errors make the estimate unacceptable. On the other hand, the error in calculating the median frequency is always in the range 2–10 Hz, so this parameter should be preferred in the tracking of muscle fatigue. Results show that the autoregressive model always outperforms the Welch technique, and that the 3rd order continuously produced accurate and precise estimates; consequently, the latter should be used when analyzing severe fatiguing contraction.

Synthesis, characterization, and DFT study of linear and non-linear optical properties of some novel thieno[2,3-b]thiophene azo dye derivatives

Some novel thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives namely; 3,4-bis(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile, 3,4-bis(4-aminonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile and 3,4-bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl) diazenyl)thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies.Thin films of the synthesized thieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarbonitrile derivatives have been deposited by the thermal evaporation method and characterized by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. Their spectral dependences of absorption, dielectric, dispersion and allied parameters have been investigated, discussed, and compared with published results. The high absorption coefficient (∼105cm−1) at a solar maximum wavelength (λ≅500nm) and the band and optical gap energies of 2.95 and 2.15 eV, respectively manifested by the present samples make them suitable to be applied in optoelectronic devices, especially as solar absorber material. The revealed high values of non-linear refractive index n2 and 3rd order non-linear susceptibility revealed by these organic compound films, which are significantly higher than those of chalcogenide and oxide materials recommend them as promising NLO-elements. These results have been insured by geometry optimization and NLO calculations using Density Functional Theory with B3LYP method in the level of 6–311 G (d,p).

Source material valuation of charge plasma based DG-TFET for RFIC applications

This paper seeks to present a comprehensive analysis to check the viability of four different source materials in a charge plasma-based double gate tunnel field effect transistor (CP-DGTFET) as RF/microwave systems components. This work aims to provide a comparative study of the electrical and analog parameters of three devices (labeled as D-II, D-III, D-IV) with Si0.5Ge0.5, Ge, Mg2Si as the source material with a conventional Si source homojunction CP-DGTFET (referred as D-I). In addition, linearity and distortion are investigated. The selection of the source material illustrates the effect on the band structure at heterojunctions, as a combined effect of low bandgap and electron affinities of the material used. Results obtained through numerical simulations show that the device D-IV with Mg2Si source shows excellent performance parameters with maximum I ON (4.6 × 10−3 A µm−1) and minimum V th (0.26 V). Also, the switching ratio (1013) and SS (10.89 mV/decade) offered by D-IV is the best among all four devices investigated. Various linearity FOM’s viz. transconductance and its higher order derivatives (g m , g m2 , g m3), higher order voltage intercept points (V IP2 , V IP3), third-order intercept input power, third-order intermodulation distortion, 1 dB compression point, 2nd and 3rd order harmonic distortion, and total harmonic distortions (THD) have also been examined. All of this research was carried out using the Atlas Silvaco simulation tool. This study reveals that the Mg2Si source CP-DGTFET is best suited for high-frequency, low-power and high linearity applications in modern communication systems.

A NEW CONCEPT OF ZONAL AND SEGMENTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN KIDNEY

To date, there is no single point of view on the lobar, zonal and segmental structure of the arterial tree of the kidney. There is no generally accepted approach in determining the signs by which the kidney is divided into lobes and/or segments. There is still a discussion regarding the division of the renal artery to daughter branches. The aim of the study was to establish variants of individual anatomical variability of the intra-organ arterial bed of the kidney, taking into account zonal and segmental topography. 116 corrosive preparations of the arterial system of the human kidney were studied. In 3D projections, the number of arterial vessels in the hilum of the kidney, topographic and anatomical features of the trunks of the renal arteries in the hilum of the kidney, variants of division of the renal arteries, zones of local blood supply to areas of the substance of the kidney, depending on the variants of division of the renal artery into branches of the 2nd and 3rd orders. The study was carried out using digital visualization methods, digital image processing and appropriate software. As a result, it was found that the renal artery can be divided into two (two-zonal system of blood supply to the kidney) and three (three-zone system of blood supply to the kidney) zonal arteries. In the case of a bizonal system, the renal artery divides into ventral and dorsal branches (54,2% of cases), as well as superior polar and inferior polar zonal branches (15,5% of cases). In the case of a three-zone system, the following options for the division of the renal artery have been established. The first option - on the upper polar, ventral and dorsal zonal branches (in 13,3% of cases); 2nd option - on the ventral, dorsal and lower polar zonal branches (in 9,4% of cases); 3rd variant - on two ventral and one dorsal zonal branches (in 5,1% of cases) and 4th variant on the superior pole, central and inferior pole zonal arteries (in 2,5% of cases). The results of the study convincingly indicate the need to revise the widespread idea of ​​the five-segment structure of the human kidney.

On a Class of Integrable Evolution Vector Equations of 3rd Order

On a Class of Integrable Evolution Vector Equations of 3rd Order

Shim coils tailored for correcting B0 inhomogeneity in the human brain (SCOTCH): Design methodology and 48-channel prototype assessment in 7-Tesla MRI

Increased static field inhomogeneities are a burden for human brain MRI at Ultra-High-Field. In particular they cause enhanced Echo-Planar image distortions and signal losses due to magnetic susceptibility gradients at air-tissue interfaces in the subject’s head. In the past decade, Multi-Coil Arrays (MCA) have been proposed to shim the field in the brain better than the 2nd or 3rd order Spherical Harmonic (SH) coils usually offered by MRI manufacturers. Here we present a novel MCA, named SCOTCH, optimized for whole brain shimming. Based on a cylindrical structure, it features several layers of small coils whose shape, size and location are found from a principal component analysis of ideal stream functions computed from an internal 100-brain fieldmap database. From an Open-Access external database of 126 brains, our SCOTCH implementation is shown to be equivalent to a partial 7th-order SH system with unlimited power, outperforming all known existing MCA prototypes. This result is further confirmed by a low-cost 30-cm diameter SCOTCH prototype built with 48 coils on 3 layers, and tested on 7 volunteers at 7T with a parallel-transmit RF coil made to be inserted in SCOTCH. Echo-Planar images of the subject brains before and after SCOTCH shimming show large signal recoveries, especially in the prefrontal cortex.

Paleoenvironmental and Bio-Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis of the Cretaceous Pelagic Carbonates of Eastern Tethys, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan

The Cretaceous pelagic carbonate succession, i.e., Goru Formation was studied in the Chutair Section, Sulaiman Range, representing part of the eastern Tethys for the paleoenvironment and bio-sequence stratigraphy. Eight planktonic foraminiferal biozones are identified which include: 1. Muricohedbergella planispira Interval Zone; 2. Ticinella primula Interval Zone; 3. Biticinella breggiensis Interval Zone; 4. Rotalipora appenninica Interval Zone; 5. Rotalipora cushmani Total Range Zone; 6. Whiteinella archeocretacea Partial Range Zone; 7. Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Total Range Zone; and 8. Marginotruncana sigali Partial Range Zone representing Albian-Turonian age. The petrographic studies revealed five microfacies: 1. Radiolarians-rich wacke-packestone microfacies; 2. Radiolarians-rich wackestone microfacies; 3. Planktonic foraminiferal wacke-packestone microfacies; 4. Planktonic foraminiferal wackestone microfacies; and 5. Planktonic foraminiferal packestone microfacies; indicating deposition of the Goru Formation in outer-ramp to deep basinal settings. Based on the facies variations and planktonic foraminiferal biozones, the 2nd and 3rd order cycles are identified, which further include six transgressive and five regressive system tracts. The sea level curve of the Goru Formation showed fluctuation between outer-ramp and deep-basin, showing the overall transgression in the 2nd order cycle in the study area, which coincides with Global Sea Level Curve; however, the 3rd order cycle represents the local tectonic control during deposition of the strata.

Root-order-associated variations in fine-root decomposition and their effects on soil in a subtropical evergreen forest

BackgroundDespite the importance of root decomposition in predicting ecosystem responses to future climate change, the effects of branch order on root decomposition and the feedback to soil still remains poorly understood. Here we separated root samples taken from two tree species (Castanopsis fargesii and Schima superba in subtropical forests along the coastal area in eastern China) into four-order classes (1st–2nd order, 3rd order, 4th order, and 5th order) and conducted a 540-day litterbag incubation experiment in laboratory to examine root mass loss, nutrient release, and the influence on soil during decomposition.ResultsC. fargesii roots of 1st–2nd and 3rd order decayed more slowly than those of 4th and 5th order, but this pattern was not significant for S. superba. Of all the measured root traits, the decomposition rates correlated best with root C/N ratio, diameter and specific root length (SRL) based on the structural equation modeling. Both tree species and root order exhibited significantly effects on root initial traits. Overall, C. fargesii roots decay faster than S. superba, and this appears to be associated with root initial C quality and N concentration. In addition, root order positively affected root decomposition rates mainly through root diameter and SRL. However, no significant difference was found in C and N content between soils below the litterbag with different-order roots.ConclusionsOur findings suggest the effects of branch order on root decomposition are dependent on tree species. Moreover, root morphological properties might also be the controlling factor in root decay besides root chemistry fractions. Overall, the integrative effects should be considered to improve our understanding of the fate of fine-root litter and their contribution to soil C and N pool.

Space-mode compressor by using nano-pixel

Spatial-division-multiplexing, as a promising way to enhance the fiber transmission capacity of optical networks, has been widely researched, and still suffers from the problem of device size increasing along with the space-mode order increasing. In order to solve this problem, an optical mode field compression method is needed, however, it is difficult to realize for traditional optical waveguide. To achieve a highly dense photonic integrated circuit for the transmission of higher order space-mode, a space-mode compressor using nano-pixel structure was proposed and investigated in this work. A supervised machine learning model using a deep neural network was used to design and optimize the space-mode compressor based on nano-pixel structure. As a simulated result, we achieved possible nano-pixel configurations for the purpose of mode-compression and there is a more than 50% size compression for the 0th and 1st order modes, as well as a 39.3% size compression for the 2nd and 35% for 3rd order modes.