3rd Generation Dual-source CT Research Articles

Pulmonary emphysema: the assessment of lung perfusion with Dual-Energy CT and pulmonary scintigraphy.

To assess the correlation of quantitative data of pulmonary Perfused Blood Volume (PBV) on Dual-Energy CT (DECT) datasets in patients with moderate - severe Pulmonary Emphysema (PE) with Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy (LPS) as the reference standard. The secondary endpoints are the correlation between the CT densitometric analysis and the visual assessment of parenchymal destruction with PBV. Patients with moderate - severe PE candidate to Lung Volumetric Reduction (LVR), with available a pre-procedural LS and a contrast-enhanced DECT were retrospectively included. DECT studies were performed with a 3rd generation Dual-Source CT and the PBV was obtained with a 3-material decomposition algorithm. The CT densitometric analysis was performed with a dedicated commercial software (Pulmo3D). The Goddard Score was used for visual assessment. The perfusion LS were performed after the administration of albumin macroaggregates labeled with 99mTechnetium. The image revision was performed by two radiologists or nuclear medicine physicians blinded, respectively, to LS and DECT data. The statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric tests. Thirty-one patients (18 males, median age 69 y.o., interquartile range 62-71 y.o.) with moderate - severe PE (Median Goddard Score 14/20 and 31% of emphysematous parenchyma at quantitative CT) candidate to LVR were retrospectively included. The median enhancement on PBV was 17 HU. Significant correlation coefficients were demonstrated between lung PBV and LS, poor in apical regions (Rho = 0.1-0.2) and fair (Rho = 0.3-0.5) in middle and lower regions. No significant correlations were recorded between the CT densitometric analysis, the visual score, and the PBV. Lung perfusion with PBV on DECT is feasible in patients with moderate - severe PE candidate to LVR, and has a poor to fair agreement with LPS.

Comparison of automated kidney stone size measurement and volumetry in photon counting CT compared to 3rd generation dual energy CT and physically measurements - an ex vivo study.

This ex vivo study aimed to compare a newly developed dual-source photon-counting CT (PCCT) with a 3rd generation dual-source dual-energy CT (DECT) for the detection and measurement (stone lengths and volumetrics) of urinary stones. 143 urinary stones with a known geometry were physically measured and defined as reference values. Next, urinary stones were placed in an anthropomorphic abdomen-model and were scanned with DECT and PCCT. Images were read by two experienced examiners and automatically evaluated using a specific software. DECT and PCCT showed a high sensitivity for manual stone detection of 97.9% and 94.4%, and for automatic detection of 93.0% and 87.4%, respectively. Compared to that uric acid and xanthine stones were recognized slightly worse by DECT and PCCT with manual stone detection (93.3% and 82.2%), and with automatic detection (77.8% and 60.0%). All other stone entities were completely recognized. By comparing the maximum diameter of the reference value and DECT, Pearson-correlation was 0.96 (p < 0.001) for manual and 0.97 (p < 0.001) for automatic measurement, and for PCCT it was 0.94 (p < 0.001) for manual and 0.97 (p < 0.001) for automatic measurements. DECT and PCCT can also reliably determine volume manually and automatically with a Pearson-correlation of 0.99 (p < 0.001), respectively. Both CTs showed comparable results in stone detection, length measurement and volumetry compared to the reference values. Automatic measurement tends to underestimate the maximum diameter. DECT proved to be slightly superior in the recognition of xanthine and uric acid stones.

Diagnostic Performance of a Contrast-Enhanced Ultra-Low-Dose High-Pitch CT Protocol with Reduced Scan Range for Detection of Pulmonary Embolisms

(1) Background: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a simulated ultra-low-dose (ULD), high-pitch computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) protocol with low tube current (mAs) and reduced scan range for detection of pulmonary embolisms (PE). (2) Methods: We retrospectively included 130 consecutive patients (64 ± 16 years, 69 female) who underwent clinically indicated high-pitch CTPA examination for suspected acute PE on a 3rd generation dual-source CT scanner (SOMATOM FORCE, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany). ULD datasets with a realistic simulation of 25% mAs, reduced scan range (aortic arch—basal pericardium), and Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE®, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) strength 5 were created. The effective radiation dose (ED) of both datasets (standard and ULD) was estimated using a dedicated dosimetry software solution. Subjective image quality and diagnostic confidence were evaluated independently by three reviewers using a 5-point Likert scale. Objective image quality was compared using noise measurements. For assessment of diagnostic accuracy, patients and pulmonary vessels were reviewed binarily for affection by PE, using standard CTPA protocol datasets as the reference standard. Percentual affection of pulmonary vessels by PE was computed for disease severity (modified Qanadli score). (3) Results: Mean ED in ULD protocol was 0.7 ± 0.3 mSv (16% of standard protocol: 4.3 ± 1.7 mSv, p < 0.001, r > 0.5). Comparing ULD to standard protocol, subjective image quality and diagnostic confidence were comparably good (p = 0.486, r > 0.5) and image noise was significantly lower in ULD (p < 0.001, r > 0.5). A total of 42 patients (32.2%) were affected by PE. ULD protocol had a segment-based false-negative rate of only 0.1%. Sensitivity for detection of any PE was 98.9% (95% CI, 97.2–99.7%), specificity was 100% (95% CI, 99.8–100%), and overall accuracy was 99.9% (95% CI, 98.6–100%). Diagnoses correlated strongly between ULD and standard protocol (Chi-square (1) = 42, p < 0.001) with a decrease in disease severity of only 0.48% (T = 1.667, p = 0.103). (4) Conclusions: Compared to a standard CTPA protocol, the proposed ULD protocol proved reliable in detecting and ruling out acute PE with good levels of image quality and diagnostic confidence, as well as significantly lower image noise, at 0.7 ± 0.3 mSv (84% dose reduction).

Head and neck single- and dual-energy CT: differences in radiation dose and image quality of 2nd and 3rd generation dual-source CT.

Objectives:To compare radiation dose and image quality of single-energy (SECT) and dual-energy (DECT) head and neck CT examinations performed with second- and third-generation dual-source CT (DSCT) in matched patient cohorts.Methods:200 patients (mean age 55.1 ± 16.9 years) who underwent venous phase head and neck CT with a vendor-preset protocol were retrospectively divided into four equal groups (n = 50) matched by gender and BMI: second (Group A, SECT, 100-kV; Group B, DECT, 80/Sn140-kV), and third-generation DSCT (Group C, SECT, 100-kV; Group D, DECT, 90/Sn150-kV). Assessment of radiation dose was performed for an average scan length of 27 cm. Contrast-to-noise ratio measurements and dose-independent figure-of-merit calculations of the submandibular gland, thyroid, internal jugular vein, and common carotid artery were analyzed quantitatively. Qualitative image parameters were evaluated regarding overall image quality, artifacts and reader confidence using 5-point Likert scales.Results:Effective radiation dose (ED) was not significantly different between SECT and DECT acquisition for each scanner generation (p = 0.10). Significantly lower effective radiation dose (p < 0.01) values were observed for third-generation DSCT groups C (1.1 ± 0.2 mSv) and D (1.0 ± 0.3 mSv) compared to second-generation DSCT groups A (1.8 ± 0.1 mSv) and B (1.6 ± 0.2 mSv). Figure-of-merit/contrast-to-noise ratio analysis revealed superior results for third-generation DECT Group D compared to all other groups. Qualitative image parameters showed non-significant differences between all groups (p > 0.06).Conclusion:Contrast-enhanced head and neck DECT can be performed with second- and third-generation DSCT systems without radiation penalty or impaired image quality compared with SECT, while third-generation DSCT is the most dose efficient acquisition method.Advances in knowledge:Differences in radiation dose between SECT and DECT of the dose-vulnerable head and neck region using DSCT systems have not been evaluated so far. Therefore, this study directly compares radiation dose and image quality of standard SECT and DECT protocols of second- and third-generation DSCT platforms.

High Resolution, Full Field-of-View, Whole Body Photon-Counting Detector CT: System Assessment and Initial Experience.

Computed tomography (CT) using photon-counting detectors (PCD) offers dose-efficient ultra-high-resolution imaging, high iodine contrast-to-noise ratio, multi-energy and material decomposition capabilities. We have previously demonstrated the potential benefits of PCD-CT using phantoms, cadavers, and human studies on a prototype PCD-CT system. This system, however, had several limitations in terms of scan field-of-view (FOV) and longitudinal coverage. Recently, a full FOV (50 cm) PCD-CT system with wider longitudinal coverage and higher spatial resolution (0.15 mm detector pixels) has been installed in our lab capable of human scanning at clinical dose and dose rate. In this work, we share our initial experience of the new PCD-CT system and compare its performance with a state-of-the-art 3rd generation dual-source CT scanner. Basic image quality was assessed using an ACR CT accreditation phantom, high-resolution performance using an anthropomorphic head phantom, and multi-energy and material decomposition performance using a multi-energy CT phantom containing various concentrations of iodine and hydroxyapatite. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of high-resolution, full FOV PCD-CT imaging for improved delineation of anatomical and pathological features in a patient with pulmonary nodules.

Simulated Radiation Dose Reduction in Whole-Body CT on a 3rd Generation Dual-Source Scanner: An Intraindividual Comparison.

To evaluate the effect of radiation dose reduction on image quality and diagnostic confidence in contrast-enhanced whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) staging. We randomly selected March 2016 for retrospective inclusion of 18 consecutive patients (14 female, 60 ± 15 years) with clinically indicated WBCT staging on the same 3rd generation dual-source CT. Using low-dose simulations, we created data sets with 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of the original radiation dose. Each set was reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP) and Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE®, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) strength 1–5, resulting in 540 datasets total. ADMIRE 2 was the reference standard for intraindividual comparison. The effective radiation dose was calculated using commercially available software. For comparison of objective image quality, noise assessments of subcutaneous adipose tissue regions were performed automatically using the software. Three radiologists blinded to the study evaluated image quality and diagnostic confidence independently on an equidistant 5-point Likert scale (1 = poor to 5 = excellent). At 100%, the effective radiation dose in our population was 13.3 ± 9.1 mSv. At 20% radiation dose, it was possible to obtain comparably low noise levels when using ADMIRE 5 (p = 1.000, r = 0.29). We identified ADMIRE 3 at 40% radiation dose (5.3 ± 3.6 mSv) as the lowest achievable radiation dose with image quality and diagnostic confidence equal to our reference standard (p = 1.000, r > 0.4). The inter-rater agreement for this result was almost perfect (ICC ≥ 0.958, 95% CI 0.909–0.983). On a 3rd generation scanner, it is feasible to maintain good subjective image quality, diagnostic confidence, and image noise in single-energy WBCT staging at dose levels as low as 40% of the original dose (5.3 ± 3.6 mSv), when using ADMIRE 3.

Single-phase Pulmonary Arteriovenous Separation CT Protocol with Estimated Time of Arrival Method Using 3rd Generation Dual Source CT: Its Success Rate of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Separation in Our Experience of 223 Cases

We retrospectively investigated the success rate of pulmonary arteriovenous separation in a single-phase computed tomography (CT) protocol using the estimated time of arrival (ETA) method. A total of 223 patients who underwent a single-phase CT protocol using the ETA method for pulmonary arteriovenous separation were included in the analysis. Dual source CT (SOMATOM Force, SIEMENS) was used for imaging. The tube voltage was 80 kVp, and the scan mode was turbo flash spiral mode. CT values of main pulmonary artery (MPA), peripheral pulmonary artery (pPA), peripheral pulmonary vein (pPV), left atrium (LA), ascending aorta (AAo) and descending aorta (DAo) were measured. When the difference in CT values on the central side was 100 Hounsfield unit (HU) or more, it was judged that the separation was successful. The mean CT values were 671.9±154 HU for MPA, 424.4±81.2 HU for LA, 551.1±142.6 HU for pPA, 351.6±94.0 HU for pPV, 362.2±75.8 HU for AAo, and 282.7±83.7 HU for DAo. The mean difference in CT values of the pulmonary artery and vein was 247.5±138.9 HU on the central side and 199.5±133.0 HU on the peripheral side. There were 90.1% of cases where the difference in CT values on the central side was 100 HU or more. In addition, a strong positive correlation (r=0.849, p<0.001) was found between the CT value of MPA and the CT value difference on the central side. The success rate of pulmonary arteriovenous separation by the ETA method, which is a method that enables stable pulmonary arteriovenous separation, was 90.1%.

COPD Imaging on a 3rd Generation Dual-Source CT: Acquisition of Paired Inspiratory-Expiratory Chest Scans at an Overall Reduced Radiation Risk.

As stated by the Fleischner Society, an additional computed tomography (CT) scan in expiration is beneficial in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It was thus the aim of this study to evaluate the radiation risk of a state-of-the-art paired inspiratory-expiratory chest scan compared to inspiration-only examinations. Radiation doses to 28 organs were determined for 824 COPD patients undergoing routine chest examinations at three different CT systems–a conventional multi-slice CT (MSCT), a 2nd generation (2nd-DSCT), and 3rd generation dual-source CT (3rd-DSCT). Patients examined at the 3rd-DSCT received a paired inspiratory-expiratory scan. Organ doses, effective doses, and lifetime attributable cancer risks (LAR) were calculated. All organ and effective doses were significantly lower for the paired inspiratory-expiratory protocol (effective doses: 4.3 ± 1.5 mSv (MSCT), 3.0 ± 1.2 mSv (2nd-DSCT), and 2.0 ± 0.8 mSv (3rd-DSCT)). Accordingly, LAR was lowest for the paired protocol with an estimate of 0.025 % and 0.013% for female and male patients (50 years) respectively. Image quality was not compromised. Paired inspiratory-expiratory scans can be acquired on 3rd-DSCT systems at substantially lower dose and risk levels when compared to inspiration-only scans at conventional CT systems, offering promising prospects for improved COPD diagnosis.

Effects of radiation dose reduction on diagnostic performance of 3rd generation Dual Source CT pulmonary angiography

PurposeTo evaluate the effects of radiation dose reduction on diagnostic accuracy and image quality of pulmonary angiography CT (CTPA) in adults with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). Material & methods52 consecutive patients received CTPA for suspected PE. Realistic low-Dose CT simulations were generated using an offline software (ReconCT, Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany), as either filter back projections (FBP) or iterative reconstruction as ADMIRE (strength 3 or 5) with 25 %, 50 % and 75 % of the original dose. To assess image quality (overall image quality, noise, artifacts, and sharpness) and diagnostic confidence, a five-point scale was used. Patient-based and segment-based diagnostic accuracy was calculated for Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)-reconstruction with original dose CTPA as a standard of reference. Furthermore, effective radiation doses were calculated using a commercially available dose management platform (Radimetrics, Bayer HealthCare, Leverkusen, Germany). ResultsAmong 52 patients, a total of 15 patients (28.8 %) had acute pulmonary artery embolism. The median dose-length product and effective dose for all 52 scans were 291.1 ± 210.1 mGy⋅cm and 5.8 ± 3.4 mSv. Overall subjective image quality was highest for ADMIRE 5 with 75 % and lowest for FBP with 25 % of the original dose (median [interquartile range]:5 [5] vs. 3 [2–3], p < 0.001. Patient-based diagnostic accuracy was perfect for all iteratively reconstructed data sets (ADMIRE 3 and 5) (sensitivity: 100 %, negative predictive value [NPV]: 100 %). LDCT data sets with FBP had perfect diagnostic accuracy at 50 % and 75 % of the original dose, which however decreased at 25 % of the original dose (sensitivity: 93 %; [NPV]: 97 %). Segment-based diagnostic accuracy was high for ADMIRE 3 and 5 down to 25 % dose reduction (sensitivity: 90.4 % specificity: 99.5 %) and lowest for FBP with 25 % dose reduction (sensitivity: 84.6 %, specificity: 98.9 %). Inter-class correlation regarding the detection of PE was almost perfect at all doses and recons (ICC: 96.1−1.0). Thus, accurate diagnosis for PE was possible for ADMIRE 3 and 5 datasets with 25 % of the original dose (1.45 mSv) and for FBP with 50 % of the original dose (2.9 mSv). ConclusionOur findings indicate that radiation dose reduction down to 25 % (1.45 mSv) of the original data via iterative reconstruction algorithms on a 3rd generation Dual Source CT (DSCT) scanner maintained the diagnostic accuracy and image quality for the assessment of PE in CTPA.

Effect of low contrast medium-dose CTA on device sizing and access vessel assessment for TAVR

PurposeChronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) candidates, leading to concerns regarding contrast medium (CM) safety. We evaluated (a) the impact of low-CM imaging on pre-TAVR measurements and (b) postcontrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) prevalence after dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) in TAVR candidates. MethodsAll TAVR candidates with CKD (SCr≥1.5 mg/dL) who underwent weight-based low-CM, low-pitch helical 3rd-generation DSCT in a one-year period were included, and matched to standard-CM, non-CKD controls (N = 50). Image quality (IQ) and pre-TAVR measurement interobserver variability were evaluated. Renal function change and PC-AKI were studied in the entire TAVR cohort, irrespective of scan mode (N = 153). ResultsLow-CM in CKD (N = 25) was performed with median 68 mL CM [52–87], 90 kV [80–90] and SCr 1.6 mg/dL [1.5–1.9], and standard-CM without CKD with median 116 mL CM [96–134], 100 kV [90–110] and SCr 1.0 mg/dL [0.9–1.1](P < 0.00). Low-CM IQ was good, though lower compared with standard-CM (P < 0.02). Interobserver measurement reliability was excellent (ICCs>0.85). Interobserver-agreement was lower in low-CM, causing prosthesis size disagreement in 5/25 (kappa-0.73) versus 0/25 with standard-CM (kappa-1.00), and transfemoral eligibility disagreement in 4/25 (kappa-0.68) versus 2/25 (kappa-0.84), respectively. Mean 1-month SCr-change in the low-CM TAVR cohort (N = 35) was −1 % [−12 to +7 %] and in standard-CM (N = 118) 0 % [−8 to +10 %](P > 0.3). PC-AKI occurred in none. ConclusionLow-CM third-generation-DSCT achieves good IQ in TAVR candidates with CKD, and seems safe, with no apparent renal function deterioration or prevalence of PC-AKI. However, standard-CM protocols in non-CKD patients provide higher measurement reproducibility. Low-CM protocols should therefore be reserved for patients at high risk for PC-AKI.

Patient-specific 3D printed pulmonary artery model with simulation of peripheral pulmonary embolism for developing optimal computed tomography pulmonary angiography protocols.

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosis of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). Radiation dose associated with CTPA has been significantly reduced due to the use of dose-reduction strategies, however, investigation of low-dose CTPA with use of different kVp and pitch values has not been systematically studied. The aim of this study was to utilize a 3D printed pulmonary model with simulation of small thrombus in the pulmonary arteries for development of optimal CTPA protocols. Animal blood clots were inserted into the pulmonary arteries to simulate peripheral embolism based on a realistic 3D printed pulmonary artery model. The 3D printed model was scanned with 192-slice 3rd generation dual-source CT with 1 mm slice thickness and 0.5 mm reconstruction interval. All images were reconstructed with advanced modelled iterative reconstruction (IR) at a strength level of 3. CTPA scanning parameters were as follows: 70, 80, 100 and 120 kVp, 0.9, 2.2 and 3.2 pitch values. Quantitative assessment of image quality was determined by measuring signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in both main pulmonary arteries, while qualitative analysis of images was scored by two experienced radiologists (score of 1 indicates poor visualization of thrombus with no confidence, and score of 5 excellent visualization of thrombus with high confidence) to determine the image quality in relation to different scanning protocols for detection of thrombus in the pulmonary arteries. No significant differences were found in SNR measurements among all CTPA protocols (P>0.05), regardless of kVp or pitch values used, although SNR was higher with 120 kVp and 0.9 and 2.2 pitch protocols than that in other protocols. The thrombi were detected in all images, with 70 kVp and 3.2 pitch protocol scored the lowest with a score of 3 by two observers, and images with other protocols were scored 4 or 5. Lowering kVp from 120 to 70 with use of high-pitch 2.2 or 3.2 protocol resulted in up to 80% dose reduction without significantly affecting image quality. Low-dose CT pulmonary angiography protocols comprising 70 kVp and high pitch 2.2 or 3.2 allow for detection of peripheral PE with significant reduction in radiation dose while images are still considered diagnostic.

Intermodel disagreement of myocardial blood flow estimation from dynamic CT perfusion imaging

PurposeTo assess the intermodel agreement of different tracer kinetic models to determine myocardial blood flow (MBF) and their diagnostic accuracy in coronary artery disease (CAD) at dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging (CTMPI). MethodsThree porcine hearts perfused in Langendorff mode and 15 patients with suspected CAD and perfusion single photon emission CT (SPECT) were included. Dynamic CTMPI was performed in shuttle-mode (70 kVp, 350mAs/rot) on 3rd generation dual-source CT. In porcine hearts and patients, myocardial segments (AHA-16-segment model) were drawn. Tissue attenuation curves were constructed per segment and arterial input functions were derived from the aorta. True MBF was calculated with input flow and weight of the porcine hearts. In patients, ischemic segments were based on SPECT results. MBF quantification was performed using the VPCT-software, Upslope, Extended Toft (ET), Two-compartment (TC) and Fermi models. ResultsIn porcine hearts, true MBF was 1.88 (interquartile range [IQR]:1.80-2.80)mL/g/min. Diagnostic accuracy was similar for all models: 0.96, 0.99, 0.92, 0.93 and 0.96 for VPCT software, Upslope method, Fermi, ET and TC model. The VPCT software and Upslope method resulted in lower MBF (median 1.44 [1.29–1.58] and 1.39 [1.25–1.59]mL/g/min) compared to the Fermi, ET, and TC model (median values of 1.76 mL/g/min [1.36–2.44], 2.55 mL/g/min [2.20–2.92], and 1.98 mL/g/min [1.60–2.60], respectively [p < 0.001]). In patients, all models showed a significant difference in MBF between the 34 ischemic and 206 non-ischemic segments (p-value<0.001). ConclusionAbsolute MBF values are significantly different between the models and a uniform threshold could not be determined; however, diagnostic accuracy for detecting ischemia is similar.

Quarter-millimeter spectral coronary stent imaging with photon-counting CT: Initial experience

PurposeTo evaluate the performance and clinical feasibility of 0.25 mm resolution mode of a dual-energy photon-counting detector (PCD) computed tomography (CT) system for coronary stent imaging and to compare the results to state-of-the-art dual-energy energy-integrating detector (EID) CT. Materials and methodsCoronary stents with different diameters (2.0–4.0 mm) were examined inside a coronary artery phantom consisting of plastic tubes filled with iodine-based and gadolinium-based contrast material diluted to approximate clinical concentrations (n = 18). EID images were acquired using 2nd and 3rd generation dual-source CT systems (SOMATOM Flash and SOMATOM Force, Siemens Healthcare) at 0.60 mm (defined as standard-resolution (SR)) isotropic voxel size. Radiation-dose matched PCD images were acquired using a human prototype PCD system (Siemens Healthcare) at 0.50 mm (SR) and 0.25 mm (HR) imaging modes. Images were reconstructed using optimized convolution kernels. ResultsDual-energy HR PCD images significantly better stent lumen visualization (median: 69.5%, IQR: 61.2–78.9%) over dual-energy EID, and standard-resolution PCD images (median: 53.2–57.4%, all P < 0.01). HR PCD acquisitions reconstructed at SR image voxel size showed 25.3% lower image noise compared to SR PCD acquisitions (P < 0.001). High-resolution iodine and gadolinium maps, as well as virtual monoenergetic images, were calculated from the PCD data and enabled estimation of contrast agent concentration in the lumen without interference from the coronary stent. ConclusionHR spectral PCD imaging significantly improves coronary stent lumen visibility over dual-energy EID. When the PCD-HR data was reconstructed into standard voxel sizes (0.5 mm isotropic) the image noise decreased by 25% compared to SR acquisition of PCD. Both dual-energy systems were consistent in estimating contrast agent concentrations.

Personalization of injection protocols to the individual patient's blood volume and automated tube voltage selection (ATVS) in coronary CTA.

PurposeThe aim was to assess personalised contrast media (CM) protocols—based on patient’s blood volume (BV) and automated tube voltage selection (ATVS)—in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).MethodsA total of 114 consecutive patients received an ECG-triggered or ECG-gated helical scan on a 3rd-generation dual-source CT with 70-120kV (ATVS) and 330mAsqual.ref. CM was adapted to BV, scan time (s) and kV. Image quality (IQ) was assessed in a 17-segment coronary model using attenuation values (HU), contrast-to-noise (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (objective IQ) and a Likert scale (subjective IQ: 1 = poor/2 = sufficient/3 = good/4 = excellent). igResultsPatient distribution was: n = 60 for 70kV, n = 37 80kV and n = 17 90kV. Mean BV was 5.4±0.6L for men and 4.1±0.6L for women. Mean CM volume (300 mg I/mL) and flow rate were: 30.9±6.4mL and 3.3±0.5mL/s (70kV); 40.8±7.1mL and 4.5±0.6mL/s (80kV); 53.6±8.6mL and 5.7±0.6mL/s (90kV). Overall mean HU was >300HU in 98.2% (112/114) of patients. Overall mean attenuation was below 300HU in two scans (70kV) due to late scan timing. Of 1.661 segments, 95.4% was assessable. Mean CNR was 14±4(70kV), 13±3(80kV) and 14±4(90kV); mean SNR was 10±2(both 70kV+80kV) and 9±2(90kV). Objective IQ was comparable between kV settings, protocols and sex. Subjective IQ was diagnostic in all scans and excellent-sufficient in 95.4% of segments.ConclusionsPersonalisation of CCTA CM injection protocols to BV and ATVS is a promising technique to tailor CM administration to the individual patient, while maintaining diagnostic IQ.

Aortic root evaluation prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation-Correlation of manual and semi-automatic measurements.

BackgroundPre-procedural TAVI planning requires highly sophisticated and time-consuming manual measurements performed by experienced readers. Semi-automatic software may assist with partial automation of assessment of multiple parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences between manual and semi-automatic measurements in terms of agreement and time.MethodsOne hundred and twenty TAVI candidates referred for the retrospectively ECG-gated CTA (2nd and 3rd generation dual source CT) were evaluated. Fully manual and semi-automatic measurements of fourteen aortic root parameters were assessed in the 20% phase of the R-R interval. Reading time was compared using paired samples t-test. Inter-software agreement was calculated using the Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in a 2-way mixed effects model. Differences between manual and semi-automatic measurements were evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis.ResultsThe time needed for evaluation using semi-automatic assessment (3 min 24 s ± 1 min 7 s) was significantly lower (p<0.001) compared to a fully manual approach (6 min 31 sec ± 1 min 1 sec). Excellent inter-software agreement was found (ICC = 0.93 ± 0.0; range:0.90–0.95).The same prosthesis size from manual and semi-automatic measurements was selected in 92% of cases, when sizing was based on annular area. Prosthesis sizing based on annular short diameter and perimeter agreed in 99% and 96% cases, respectively.ConclusionUse of semi-automatic software in pre-TAVI evaluation results in comparable results in respect of measurements and selected valve prosthesis size, while necessary reading time is significantly lower.

Optimized energy of spectral coronary CT angiography for coronary plaque detection and quantification

BackgroundTo optimize spectral coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) for quantification of coronary artery plaque components. Materials and methodsFifty-one subjects were prospectively enrolled (88.2% male) (NCT02740699). Dual energy coronary CTA was performed at 90/Sn150 kVp using a 3rd generation dual-source CT scanner (SOMATOM Force, Siemens Healthcare). Dual energy images were reconstructed with a) linear mixed blending of 90 and Sn150 kVp data, b) virtual monoenergetic algorithm from 40 to 150 keV (at 10- keV intervals), and c) noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic algorithm from 40 to 150 keV. Image noise, iodine signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for calcified and non-calcified plaque were measured. Qualitative readings of image quality were performed. Semi-automated software (QAngioCT, Medis) was used to quantify coronary plaque. Linear mixed-models that account for within-subject correlation of plaques were used to compare the results. Results100–150 keV noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic images had lower image noise than linear mixed images (all P < 0.05). The highest iodine SNR was achieved in 40 keV noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic images (33.3 ± 0.6 vs 23.3 ± 0.7 for linear mixed images, P < 0.001). 40–70 keV noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic images and 70 keV virtual monoenergetic images had superior coronary plaque CNR versus linear mixed images (all P < 0.01) with a maximum improvement of 20.1% and 22.7% for calcified plaque and non-calcified plaque (38.8 ± 2.2 vs 32.3 ± 2.3 and 17.3 ± 1.3 vs 14.1 ± 1.4, respectively). Using 90/Sn150 kVp linear mixed images as a reference, the plaque quantity was similar for 70 keV noise-optimized virtual monoenergetic images whereas low keV images (e.g. 40 keV) yielded significantly higher coronary plaque volumes (all P < 0.001). ConclusionSpectral coronary CTA with low energy (40–70 keV) post-processing can improve the CNR of coronary plaque components. However, low energies (such as 40 keV) resulted in different absolute volumes of coronary plaque compared to “conventional” mixed 90/Sn150 kVp images.

CT pulmonary angiography in patients with acute or chronic renal insufficiency: Evaluation of a low dose contrast material protocol

Adverse effects of intravenous contrast media (CM) in patients with renal risk factors and acute kidney injury are still controversially discussed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dual-energy (DE) pulmonary CT angiography (CTPA) in combination with a noise optimized virtual monoenergetic imaging algorithm allows for a reduction of CM. This IRB-approved study comprised 150 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (78 male; mean age 65 ± 17years). 50 patients with acute/chronic renal failure were examined on a 3rd generation dual-source CT with an optimized DE CTPA protocol and a low CM injection protocol (5.4 g iodine). 100 further patients were either examined with a standard CTPA protocol or a standard DE CTPA (32 g iodine). For the DE CTPA virtual monoenergetic spectral datasets (40–100 keV) were reconstructed. Main pulmonary arteries at 50 keV and peripheral pulmonary arteries at 40 keV datasets provided the highest contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) for both the standard DE CTPA and the optimized protocol, with significantly higher CNR values for the standard DE CTPA protocol (p < 0.05). No pulmonary embolism was missed on the optimized CM protocol. DE CTPA utilizing image reconstruction at 40/50 keV allowed for a reduction of 84% in iodine load while maintaining CNR, which is especially important in patients with acute/chronic renal failure.

Effect of reduced z-axis scan coverage on diagnostic performance and radiation dose of neck computed tomography in patients with suspected cervical abscess.

PurposeTo evaluate the effect of reduced z-axis scan coverage on diagnostic performance and radiation dose of neck CT in patients with suspected cervical abscess.MethodsFifty-one patients with suspected cervical abscess were included and underwent contrast-enhanced neck CT on a 2nd or 3rd generation dual-source CT system. Image acquisition ranged from the aortic arch to the upper roof of the frontal sinuses (CTstd). Subsequently, series with reduced z-axis coverage (CTred) were reconstructed starting at the aortic arch up to the orbital floor. CTstd and CTred were independently assessed by two radiologists for the presence/absence of cervical abscesses and for incidental and alternative findings. In addition, diagnostic accuracy for the depiction of the cervical abscesses was calculated for both readers. Furthermore, DLP (dose-length-product), effective dose (ED) and organ doses were calculated and compared for CTred and CTstd, using a commercially available dose management platform.ResultsA total of 41 abscesses and 3 incidental/alternative findings were identified in CTstd. All abscesses and incidental/alternative findings could also be detected on CTred resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 1.0 for both readers. DLP, ED and organ doses of the brain, the eye lenses, the red bone marrow and the salivary glands of CTred were significantly lower than for CTstd (p<0.001).ConclusionsReducing z-axis coverage of neck CT allows for a significant reduction of effective dose and organ doses at similar diagnostic performance as compared to CTstd.

Dose reduction techniques in coronary calcium scoring: The effect of iterative reconstruction combined with low tube voltage on calcium scores in a thoracic phantom

ObjectivesTo define a dose-reduced coronary calcium CT protocol that provides similar calcium score values as a conventional 120kVp protocol. MethodsA thorax phantom containing 100 calcifications was scanned with the reference protocol (120kVp, 90 ref mAs, FBP) and 30 dose-reduced protocols (70–110kVp, 90 ref mAs, FBP and iterative reconstruction (IR) levels 1–5) with 3rd generation dual-source CT. For protocols that yielded similar detectability and calcium scores as the reference protocol, additional scans were acquired at reduced ref mAs. Kendall’s τb and independent-samples-median test were used to determine trends and differences in contrast/signal-to-noise ratio (CNR and SNR), dose and calcium scores. ResultsThe detectability and calcium scores decreased at increasing IR levels (τb<−0.825, p<0.001) and increasing tube voltage (τb<−0.679, p<0.001). For 90kVp-IR3 and 100kVp-IR1, similar detectability and calcium score was found compared to the reference protocol (p>0.206). For these protocols, lower tube currents did not affect the detectability and Agatston score (p>0.206), while CNR and SNR were similar/higher compared to the reference protocol (0.008<p<0.206). Dose reduction was 60.6% (90kVp-IR3) and 43.6% (100kVp-IR1). ConclusionsThe protocol of 90kVp-IR3 and 100kVp-IR1 yielded similar calcium detectability, Agatston score and image quality as the reference protocol, with dose reduction up to 60.6%.

Coronary CT angiography in the emergency department utilizing second and third generation dual source CT

BackgroundCoronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA) allows efficient triage of low to intermediate risk patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency department (ED). Techniques for coronary CTA acquisition in the ED continue to evolve with the establishment of standardized scan protocols and the introduction of newer generations of CT hardware. ObjectivesTo evaluate qualitative and quantitative image quality and radiation dose exposure of coronary CTA acquired on 2nd versus 3rd generation dual source CT (DSCT) scanners using a standardized institutional scan protocol designed for the ED. MethodsA retrospective observational case-control study was performed of 246 ED patients referred to coronary CTA with suspicion of ACS (56.5% male; mean age 53.3 ± 11.6 years) between October 2013 and August 2015.123 consecutive patients were scanned on 3rd generation DSCT, and a cohort of 123 patients matched by age, BMI and heart rate were identified who had undergone 2nd generation DSCT imaging utilizing the same standard clinical protocol. Qualitative and quantitative image quality parameters and radiation exposures were evaluated. ResultsQualitative image quality was significantly higher using 3rd generation DSCT as compared to 2nd generation (p < 0.001). Mean attenuation in the proximal coronary arteries was also significantly higher on 3rd generation DSCT than for 2nd generation (586 HU vs. 426 HU in the left main coronary artery (LM), p < 0.001). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values, however, were lower in 3rd generation DSCT than 2nd generation (SNR 11.2 [9.9–13.4] vs 13.5 [11.0–15.5] and CNR 12.4 [10.9–14.8] vs 15.2 [12.8–17.9] in the LM, p < 0.001). Median effective dose was also lower for 3rd generation DSCT than for 2nd generation (2.9 [2.3–5.0] mSv and 3.7 mSv [2.5–5.7], respectively) although this trend did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.065). ConclusionQualitative image quality and mean CT attenuation values of the assessed coronary segments were significantly higher using 3rd generation DSCT. SNR and CNR were lower on 3rd generation DSCT, however this was accompanied by a trend toward lower radiation dose exposure when using the same standard institutional protocol.