3R Concept Research Articles

Implementasi Konsep Pengelolaan Sampah Ramah Lingkungan (Green Waste) di Kampus Fakultas Teknik Universitas Hasanuddin Kabupaten

Waste management in Engineering Faculty of Hasanuddin University currently adopts the conventional paradigm. This is not in line with the vision of the campus as an eco-campus. One aspect to realize an eco-campus is the management of environmentally friendly and sustainable waste. The aim of this research is to identify existing conditions of waste management in case studies and to provide guidance on the application of environmentally friendly waste management based 3R concept (green waste). This research was conducted from September 2019 to April 2020 (8 months). Data collection methods were literature studies, observations and questionnaires. The analysis techniques used were literature synthesis, scoring analysis, and comparative analysis. The results showed that waste in case studies was in the moderate category with a percentage of 52.2%. The concept directives that can be applied were increasing the types of sorting and compartmenting into 4 types, collecting garbage using disaggregated facilities, procuring 3R TPS in the campus area, and increasing the participation of the academic community through waste sorting from its source.

Recycle Household Waste For Resident of Karang Tengah Village Bogor West Java

Several local government agencies have made efforts to empower the community in the use of householdwaste, however, due to the vastness and complexity of internal problems resulting not all areas can be reached. The State University of Jakarta requires lecturers to carry out community service or Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) every year. The purpose of PKM is to provide understanding, skills, and enrichment to the community to utilize household waste so that residents of Karang Tengah Village, Bogor, West Java can play an active role in creating economic independence for residents by utilizing waste with the 3R concept (Reuse, Reduce and Recycle). This activity was held on Monday, September 28, 2020, at the Head Office of Karang Tengah Village, Babakan Madang District, Bogor, West Java. The activity was opened by representatives from the Sub-district and attended by around 50 participants. The output of this activity was the publication in the PosKota and Suara Karya ewspapers on October 3, 2020, the Activity Poster, and the Tutorial Video on Making Candles from Used Cooking Oil.

A fast and reliable method for monitoring genomic instability in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans

The identification of genotoxic agents and their potential for genotoxic alterations in an organism is crucial for risk assessment and approval procedures of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Classically, testing strategies for DNA or chromosomal damage focus on in vitro and in vivo (mainly rodent) investigations. In cell culture systems, the alkaline unwinding (AU) assay is one of the well-established methods for detecting the percentage of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). By establishing a reliable lysis protocol, and further optimization of the AU assay for the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), we provided a new tool for genotoxicity testing in the niche between in vitro and rodent experiments. The method is intended to complement existing testing strategies by a multicellular organism, which allows higher predictability of genotoxic potential compared to in vitro cell line or bacterial investigations, before utilizing in vivo (rodent) investigations. This also allows working within the 3R concept (reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal experiments), by reducing and possibly replacing animal testing. Validation with known genotoxic agents (bleomycin (BLM) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH)) proved the method to be meaningful, reproducible, and feasible for high-throughput genotoxicity testing, and especially preliminary screening.

Nanomaterials induce different levels of oxidative stress, depending on the used model system: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo effects

The immense diversity and constant development of nanomaterials (NMs) increase the need for a facilitated risk assessment, which requires knowledge of the modes of action (MoAs) of NMs. This necessitates a comprehensive data basis, which can be obtained using omics. Furthermore, the establishment of suitable in vitro test systems is essential to follow the 3R concept and to cope with the high number of NMs.In the present study, we aimed to compare NM effects in vitro and in vivo using a multi-omics approach. We applied an integrated data analysis strategy based on proteomics and metabolomics to four silica NMs and one titanium dioxide-based NM. For the in vitro investigations, rat alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN) and rat alveolar macrophages (NR8383) were treated with different doses of NMs, and the results were compared with the effects on rat lungs after short-term inhalations and instillations.Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been described as a critical biological effect of NMs, we focused on different levels of oxidative stress. Thus, we found opposite changes in proteins and metabolites related to the production of reduced glutathione in alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, demonstrating that the MoAs of NMs depend on the model system used. Interestingly, in vivo, pathways related to inflammation were more affected than oxidative stress responses. Hence, the assignment of the observed effects to levels of oxidative stress was also different in vitro and in vivo.However, the overall classification of “active” and “passive” NMs was consistent in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that both cell lines tested are suitable for the assessment of NM toxicity. In summary, the results presented here highlight the need to carefully review model systems to decipher the extent to which they can replace in vivo assays.

Modeling resilient factors of the supply chain

PurposeThis paper aims to study the concept, characteristics and factors of the resilient supply chain (RSC) and develop a hierarchical structural model and classify the factors based on their interrelationships.Design/methodology/approachThis paper has used a mixed-approach of literature review and expert opinion to identify the factors of RSC. For the development of the structural model and clustering of the factors, this paper has used the total interpretive structural modeling approach with Matrice d’Impacts Croises-Multiplication Applique and Classment and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory analysis.FindingsIn total, this study has identified 17 factors that enable the 3R capability of the RSC. The result shows that the factors have a close dependence relationship with supply chain (SC) risk management culture as the most influencing factor. Further, this study classifies the factors into enablers and strategies.Research limitations/implicationsThis research work is the theoretical contribution to the RSC concept and helps the experts to develop and improve the resilient ability in the SC. This research is based entirely on subjective expert feedback; thus, the results are sensitive to the expert’s judgment.Practical implicationsThis research will help the decision-makers in allocating the resources and policies to develop or improve the SC capabilities.Originality/valueThis research work is the first kind of research in the field of the RSC that considers the 3R concept to identify and model the resilient factors of the SC. Along with the theoretical concept, this research provides empirical evidence for the importance ranking of the factors.

A Study to Improve Effectiveness of the Solid Waste Management in the City of Banjar, West Java Province

The purpose of this study is to assess the development of the municipal solid waste management in the City of Banjar, West Java Province. Municipal solid waste management in the City of Banjar has been developed as a system that is expected to implement the 3R concept of reduce, reuse, recycle. However, implementation of the 3R concept through solid waste sorting and composting as well as the service coverage are still very low. Effectiveness of the municipal solid waste management in the City of Banjar could be improved by gradually increasing solid waste sorting, organic waste composting, and the level of service. Improving solid waste sorting from 5% to 70% will produced recycled goods from 16 to 687 ton/month in 2030. Increasing the level of organic waste composting from 5% to 90% will increase the compost production from 35 to 1,905 ton/month, respectively. As a result, the volume of solid waste hauled to final disposal site which increases from 1,129 to 1,440 ton/month in 2026, will gradually decrease to 1,008 ton/month in 2030. It can be concluded that improving effectiveness will result sustainable solid waste management in the City of Banjar.

Willingness to participate analysis of urban waste management in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Waste management shares the same purposes with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target in 2030. This program encourages all countries to substantially reduce waste through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse its waste so that the sustainability of development can be achieved. The success rate of sustainable waste management is largely determined by the participation and behavior of people, households, and citizens in managing their waste. This study analyzes socio-economic factors and the role of social capital in affecting households' willingness to participate in waste management in West Sumatra’s urban areas. This study used National Socio-Economic Survey data in the Social Resilience module. The sample in this study is 1011 households spread across the urban areas of West Sumatra. Using logistic regression, this study found that per capita household expenditure, homeownership status, knowledge, and household involvement in mutual cooperation activities to clean up their environment significantly affect the probability of households participating in urban waste management. The relevant policy, such as implementing the 3R concept, namely reduce, reuse, and recycling is needed for the Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved.

Perencanaan Teknis Operasional Pengelolaan Sampah Di Permukiman Padat Penduduk (Kelurahan Kota Bambu Selatan)

In 2019 the West Jakarta Administrative City was recorded to be able to produce 700 tons of waste per day. The existence of a high level of population density causes problems in waste management operations to also increase. Especially in the procurement of land, facilities and infrastructure for waste management. The purpose of this planning is to plan an effective and efficient waste management system through the 3R concept (Reuse, Reduce, Recyle) in densely populated residential areas. The method used is based on SNI 19-3964-1994 concerning Methods for Taking and Measuring Samples of Generation and Composition of Municipal Waste. Waste management planning which includes packaging, collection, removal, processing, and final transportation will be planned for 20 years (2020-2040) through three stages of planning. Based on the sampling results, the amount of waste generated in Kelurahan Kota Bambu Selatan was 152 liters/day with a waste generation rate of 1.5 liters / person / day. The composition of the waste consists of 64.97% organic and 35.03% non organic. The planned waste reduction potential is 70% with a target of 30% of the amount of waste entering the TPST. The main components in 3R-based planning are reducing waste at the source and increasing the potential for waste reduction through waste banks and 3R TPS.

Household Waste Management towards a New Normal Era (Study at Suzuki Residents, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District)

This research was conducted to (1) analyze the household waste management system, and (2) develop a strategy for household waste management in Suzuki Resident, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District, getting in the era of "New Normal". This research uses quantitative methods with SWOT and AHP ((Analytical Hierarchy Process) techniques. The results show that the Waste Management system has Strength, such as the efforts to apply the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle), waste management fees, and improvement, facilities and infrastructure, strengthening public understanding, support from local government and APBD (Local Government Budget) of North Minahasa Regency. The waste management system has several weaknesses, such as (1) lack of facilities and infrastructure for trash bins, the absence of 3R Landfill in residential areas, and limited human resource capacity toward waste management Opportunities which is faced by the waste management system including support for provincial government policies, facilitating the marketing of waste management products that are economically valuable. Threats which are faced are the increasing volume of waste, not optimal waste management and sorting, people behavior of littering. Based on these conditions, the priority of the Household Waste Management Strategy is to improve facilities and infrastructure to support waste management. The current strategy for developing a household waste management system is in quadrant IV that is diversifying the use of force and creating more opportunities. Strategic steps in managing household waste in Suzuki Resident, Watutumou III Village, Kalawat District, getting in the era of "New Normal, are improving existing facilities and infrastructure and adding to those that do not exist, optimizing waste retribution to support waste management costs, gathering support from stakeholders who related, strengthening public understanding of household waste management, and promoting efforts to apply the 3R concept in household waste management.

Pembelajaran Cinta Lingkungan Berdasarkan Pembentukan Karakter dan Penerapan Konsep 3R

Environmental conditions in Indonesia and even in the world continue to deteriorate over time. The application of community education, especially for children to love the environment, is considered to be a positive thing that needs to be applied. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore child-friendly methods by applying the 3R (reuse, reduce, recycle) concept which has an impact on the formation of good character for children, especially in the fields of creativity and love for the environment. In its implementation, this project takes place in collaboration with YFCC Indonesia and the CCE Community and takes place in the Kebagusan area with a total of 20-25 children. The analysis technique used is descriptive analytic obtained from observation and documentation during the learning process. The results of this study indicate that the learning method that is easy to understand by children and attractive in its presentation gives a positive impression and gets high enthusiasm from the children. In addition, the increase in creativity can also be seen due to the absence of restrictions in doing the assigned tasks so that children can be creative.

Reduction, reuse and recycle of spent Li-ion batteries for automobiles: A review

The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, as well as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long period and to recycle useful materials. The reduction, reuse, and recycle (3R) of spent LIBs is an important consideration in constructing a circular economy. In this paper, a flowsheet of the 3R of LIBs is proposed and methods to reduce the utilization of valuable rare metals and the amount of spent LIBs by remanufacturing used parts and designing new batteries considering the concept of 3R are described. Next, several technological processes for the reuse and recycling of LIBs are introduced. These technologies include discharge, sorting, crushing, binder removal, physical separation, and pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing. Each process, as well as the related physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are discussed. Finally, the problem of developed technologies and future subjects for 3R of LIBs are described.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH SEBAGAI UPAYA PENANGANAN KAWASAN KUMUH DI KAWASAN PECANGAAN KABUPATEN JEPARA

Increased urbanization and the increase in the number of housing areas or settlements that are less organized, accompanied by increasing slums. Slum settlement is defined as a residential area that is unfit for habitation with irregular building conditions, has a high level of building density, with the quality of buildings and facilities and infrastructure that do not meet the requirements. The problem of this research is the low coverage of solid waste services and the increasing volume of non-organic waste that is difficult to recycle and the level of public awareness about cleanliness is the main problem of waste management. The purpose of this research is to solve the problem of solid waste as an effort to prevent settlements from slums and to create a community that cares about waste management. The conclusion of this research is the need for regular waste transportation services to TPS / TPA so that the Pecangaan area becomes cleaner, the procurement of trash bins for each RT so that the waste can be well accommodated and the infrastructure for the process of transporting waste, socializing to the community at community meetings about the importance of waste management that is carried out in a sustainable manner, providing incentives for communities / groups / areas that are able to manage their waste properly as pilot areas, providing training to residents on waste management with the 3R concept (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle).

Mindfulness and Sufficiency Economy: Framework for Waste Management Reform

Due to increase in population, economic expansion, growth and expansion of the city, more waste problems are increasing and becoming a global problem that every country encounters. Only waste management policies from government and waste management campaigns from private sectors cannot keep up with the excessive waste amount unless all people in societies become aware that their cooperation in waste reduction can make a great contribution. This paper provides an overview of waste management in Thailand, how private sectors take part in waste management, and how consumers in communities can contribute in waste reduction. It also suggests the framework of mindfulness and Sufficiency Economy Philosophy for waste management reform. Documentary study and literature review were used for data collection. The results showed that consumers can be a big producer of waste due to their overconsumption behavior, so they can take the major role in waste reduction with moderate consumption. Mindfulness can conduct consumers to stay awake and aware of waste problems and have a sense of caring towards other people, their communities and environment. Sufficiency Economy philosophy can work as a guideline for consumers to make ethical choice with moderation, reasonableness, and prudence. With the framework of mindfulness and sufficiency economy philosophy, waste management reform can be conducted at the beginning stage for waste reduction before it is generated. With the care of environment and their communities, consumers will be willing to work together with government and private sectors in following 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) concept for sustainability.

A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF WASTE MANAGEMENT: SMART BIN DEPLOYMENT IN SURABAYA SMART CITY

Waste has been always considered a notable issue in urban dwelling. The number of wastes produced by urban citizens grows ever larger including in the big cities in Indonesia. Surabaya can produce a big amount of waste around 9.896 metric cubic each day by which it is higher compare to Jakarta. Owing to the people’s habit of waste treatment, yet the implementation of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) concepts is still far from the expectation. Moreover, waste selection and sorting are yet not performed properly at the lowest level. This study aims to propose a conceptual design of a smart waste bin that connected through the IoT systems. Thus, it can be monitored remotely and may assist the truck to pick up the fully loaded waste bin. The study employs a qualitative approach to build the conceptual model of which divided into three steps: 1) collecting and categorizing the data, 2) indentifiying concepts, 3) establishing the concept model. A case study of Surabaya district is provided to show the practical usage of the proposed framework. Herein, the map of Surabaya is divided spatially into 31 districts and the data of waste, which is generated randomly, then projected into the corresponding district. The proposed concept appears to be useful as a basis of waste management systems and has flexibility for which it would provide a significant implication for those cities that implementing a smart city project. As a preliminary study, this research possesses a limitation to the fact that there is no evidence of the versatility and the verification of the concept. This study offers a conceptual design of a smart waste bin that can be deployed in the urban city. By means of spatial analysis, policymakers possess an extensive point of view in accordance with environmental trends that are not readily apparent in raw data.

Analysis of land requirements of Temesi final disposal facility, Gianyar Regency with 3R waste management scenario

Based on waste generation projection in 2040, the total waste generation in Gianyar Regency was approximately about 1,208.88 m3/day from a total occupant of 593,436 inhabitants in Gianyar Regency. The existing supporting capacity of Temesi Final Disposal (Temesi Landfill) was 51,500 m3; meanwhile, the total waste generation in Gianyar Regency in 2020 is up to 146,356 m3 consequently Temesi Landfill was overloaded by untreated solid waste since 2020. To reduce waste generation and decrease the treatment burden in Temesi Landfill, solid waste management using 3R methods from household clusters needs to be applied. Using 3R concept, eventually, the waste generation that is disposed into Temesi Landfill can be reduced significantly by 63%, from 1,208.88 m3/day into 446 m3/day with a total weight of 148 tonne/day in 2040. Within the 3R waste management from households, the land requirement could be reduced to only 1.08 Ha in 2020 and 14.35 Ha in 2040 from previously about 3 Ha and 39 Ha. Within the forecast results, it is concluded that the upstream 3R scenario has a significant impact on reducing waste generation; thus, it will also lead to fewer landfill area demands.

AIoT-Based Smart Bin for Real-Time Monitoring and Management of Solid Waste

In the current time, the immense growth in population creates unhygienic environment for the citizen of a society with respect to waste generation. This rapid generation of waste leads to various infectious diseases in the environment. As followed by the traditional municipal system, in our surroundings, we can see over flooding of solid waste in the garbage bins. Solid waste management is a pivotal aspect in traditional systems and it is becoming dangerous in most populated areas. Arduous labor works and costs are required to manage and monitor garbage bins in real time. To maintain the cleanliness of a city and for real-time monitoring of trash bins, a smart bin mechanism (SBM) for smart cities is proposed in this paper, which is based on Artificial Intelligent of Things (AIoT). The SBM works on the 3R concept, that is, Reduce, Recycle, and Reuse. The SBM has the access to get real-time information about each bin and avoid overloading of these bins. The proposed framework reduces the labor cost and saves time and energy of the system. It also reduces the rate of disease infections by keeping the cities clean. Fuzzy logic is used for decision-making in selecting appropriate locations in the cities to install trash bins. The framework is implemented in the multiagent modeling environment, that is, NetLogo.

Impact of three commonly used blood sampling techniques on the welfare of laboratory mice: Taking the animal's perspective.

Laboratory mice are the most frequently used animals in biomedical research. In accordance with guidelines for humane handling, several blood sampling techniques have been established. While the effects of these procedures on blood quality and histological alterations at the sampling site are well studied, their impact on the animals’ welfare has not been extensively investigated. Therefore, our study aimed to compare three commonly used blood sampling techniques regarding their effects on different indicators of animal welfare, including physiological and behavioural response stress parameters, including pain measures, home-cage behaviour and nest-building as well as exploratory activity and neophobia. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a single blood collection from either the vena facialis, the retrobulbar sinus or the tail vessel, or were allocated to the respective control treatment. While all blood sampling techniques led to an acute increase in plasma corticosterone levels, the response was strongest in animals that underwent sampling from the vena facialis and the retrobulbar sinus. Similar results were observed when the time-course of adrenocortical activity was monitored via corticosterone metabolites from faecal samples. Blood collection from the vena facialis and the retrobulbar sinus also decreased exploration of novel stimuli, resulted in decreased nest-building activity and induced higher scores in the Mouse Grimace Scale. Moreover, locomotor activity and anxiety-related behaviour were strongly affected after facial vein bleeding. Interestingly, tail vessel bleeding only induced little alterations in the assessed physiological and behavioural parameters. Importantly, the observed effects in all treatment groups were no longer detectable after 24 hours, indicating only short-term impacts. Thus, by also taking the animal’s perspective and comprehensively assessing the severity of the particular sampling procedures, the results of our study contribute to Refinement within the 3R concept and allow researchers to objectively select the most appropriate and welfare-friendly blood sampling technique for a given experiment.

Discussion on Green Interior Design Creativity Based on 3R Concept

In recent years, the speed of economic development has accelerated. It has also brought a great impact on the global environment, especially the global warming, which has made people pay more attention to ecological and environmental protection issues. The awareness of environmental protection has increased significantly, which also puts forward new requirements for interior design. In recent years, green engineering has become the mainstream form. In addition, some scholars have put forward the 3R concept, which is committed to using the least resources and generating the least pollution to create a more comfortable and safe living space and reduce the impact of the construction industry.

TRAINING FOR FASILITATOR (TFF) DESA BERSIH DAN PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH 3R (BANK SAMPAH) DI DESA CIBODAS, KECAMATAN PASIRJAMBU, KABUPATEN BANDUNG

Cibodas Village, Pasirjambu District, Bandung Regency is a Partner Village for the Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Technology (FALTL) which has a vision of making Cibodas Village an Eco-Village. Waste management is one of the main activities to create an Eco-Village. One of the main problems in waste management is the use of the collect, transport and throw concept that has been entrenched in our society. The community, as a waste producer, is not yet disciplined in disposing of waste in its place and is not accustomed to implementing the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). Activities ranging from preparation to implementation and writing of reports were carried out from June 2020 to August 15, 2020. The forms of activities were counselling and training. The activity took place on time and was attended by around 30 participants. The activity could run well and was followed by extension participants, namely the village youth who were assigned to be facilitators. Surveys conducted on June 2nd, 2020, discussed for training preparation, training material and participants. From outreach activities that focus on Counselling on Waste Management and Environmental Cleanliness as Efforts to Prevent Transmission of Infectious Diseases that have been carried out by the PKM Team of the Environmental Engineering Department, FALTL, Trisakti University can broaden facilitators' insights regarding waste management and prevention of transmission of infectious diseases and PKM activities are initial efforts to realize Eco-Village through community empowerment starting with independent waste management through 3Rs and waste banks.

3D printable biomaterials for orthopedic implants: Solution for sustainable and circular economy

In the last few years, 3d printable biomaterials has been tremendously utilized in the fabrication of orthopaedic implants because of its light weight, minimum material wastage, porous structure for tissue growth, ease of making patient specific and any complex topology implants. The sustainability of 3D printing technique along with using sustainable biomaterials made the development of implants more accurate, compatible with human body along with 3 R's i.e. reduce, reuse and recyclable. This R-framework includes three methods of rising circular economy which make orthopedics healthcare more capable beyond the limits of traditional strategies and results on demand patient specific implant production with increased durability Operation Management apart from 3R concept also use ReSOLVE framework i.e. Regenerate, Share, Optimize, Loop, Virtualize and Exchange to organize circularity principles in business model. In this work, 3D printable and traditional materials are classified on the basis of sustainability and circularity concept. The permanent metallic biomaterials and the resorbables biomaterials have been comprehensively reviewed with the emphasis on reutilization, biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The 95% of the orthopaedic implants still using metallic biomaterials because of their high ultimate tensile strength (UTS), fatigue strength, durability and toughness. Advance surface treatments are needed to make metallic materials implants biocompatible. It is observed that bioresorbable implants are the solution for sustainability as compare to permanent biomaterials. The main concern of the bioresorbable implants is the low UTS, which limits its usage only for soft bones and not for long bones where higher UTS is a necessity. The 3D printed implants have low fatigue strength because of imperfections. For longer bones, more 3D printable bioresorbable materials need to be developed with higher UTS, toughness and fatigue strength so as to broaden their application base. These 3D printable bioresorbable materials will make orthopaedic industry more sustainable and oriented towards circular economy.