3D Virtual Simulation Research Articles

Development and Evaluation of Path and Speed Profile Planning and Tracking Control for an Autonomous Shuttle Using a Realistic, Virtual Simulation Environment

This paper is motivated by the autonomous shuttle service that operates in the geo-fenced Linden Residential Area of Columbus, Ohio that links residents to the two nearby locations of opportunity of a community center and a transit hub. This paper focuses on path planning and path tracking of an autonomous shuttle which are its most fundamental autonomous driving functions. Path planning is based on improving efficiency of computation and smoothness of path. Velocity planning is based on obeying speed limits, limiting longitudinal acceleration along straight segments and lateral acceleration during curved segments for improved ride comfort of the passengers. Path tracking control focuses on robust implementation that keeps accuracy of path following in the presence of uncertainties and variations in speed. A realistic, 3D virtual simulation environment of the actual geo-fenced urban area used here is built for evaluating and developing the path planning and path tracking functions of this paper. The same environment can also be used for developing and evaluating other autonomous driving functions with the capability of generating complicated traffic scenarios. The path tacking control results are compared with those of the pure pursuit path tracking algorithm of the open source and publicly available Autoware autonomous driving interface for the Robot Operating System.

3D virtuelni sistem pristajanja ženske odeće

Fit is one of the major concerns for the clothing industry, and pattern development process is significant during clothing manufacturing and the way clothing is constructed. Various pattern making methods have been introduced to the industry considering clothing fit satisfaction, but it is still impossible to provide the optimized clothing pattern for mass production. The aim of this paper is practical implications about 3D virtual fit simulation technology as a fit assessment tool in the fashion industry i.e. to predict the behavior of women's pants in relation to fitting and comfort in different poses of avatar. This was done by application CAD Clo 3D fashion design software.

Autonomous PSO-DVSF<SUP align="right">2</SUP>: an optimised force field mobile robot motion planning approach for unknown dynamic environments

PSO-DVSF2 (Ziadi et al., 2016) is a PSO optimised mobile robot motion planning strategy based on the force field approach. PSO-DVSF2 has been previously developed to optimally guide the mobile robot in known dynamic environments. Autonomous PSO-DVSF2, the subject of this paper, is an improvement of PSO-DVSF2 to deal with unknown dynamic environments. In this new real-time PSO optimised mobile robot motion planning approach, the robot has to update F2 parameters all along the trajectory and not once in the beginning of the navigation as has been the case with the previous version. A comparison with the autonomous PSO-CF2 has been applied in various unknown environments (static and dynamic) using the 3D virtual Webots simulator. The robot localisation based on sensor readings with a local motion planning, and the variation of angular and linear speeds ensure the robot collision-free motion. Simulation results prove the efficiency of the autonomous PSO-DVSF2 to guide the robot along the shortest and safest path in complex unknown dynamic environments.

Computer Digital Technology‐Based Educational Platform for Protection and Activation Design of Ming Furniture

Chinese Ming‐style furniture is the first of the three major furnitures in the world, which has high artistic value and complete structural system. The protection of Ming‐style furniture and making its design show vitality that has always been a research topic in China and even in the world. Based on 3D virtual simulation technology, this paper uses 3D scanning reverse data acquisition technology and intelligent operation of computer engine to realize big data simulation and develops the design software of Ming furniture. By means of computer information technology, we interpret and present the structural thinking and design concept of Ming furniture and transform it into design program software. This has formed a system‐wide educational software operation platform for knowledge reserve, thinking training, design and application, and achievement transformation. By applying the mechanism strategy of production and teaching to the talent training plan of colleges and universities, the underlying logic of talent training, technical management, and production management that can open up the innovative industry of Ming furniture is also constructed. After experimenting with the platform software, students are able to understand the relationship between the structure and form of Ming furniture and can design new styles that fit the logic of Ming furniture shapes as they prefer.

Possibility of Bridge Inspection through Drive-By Vehicles

Based on virtual simulations of vehicle–bridge interactions, the possibility of detecting stiffness reduction damages in bridges through vehicle responses was tested in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) settings. Short-Time Fourier Transformation (STFT) was used to process vehicles’ acceleration data obtained through the 2D and 3D virtual simulations. The energy band variation of the vehicle acceleration time history was found strongly related to damage parameters. More importantly, the vehicle’s initial entering conditions are critical in obtaining correct vehicle responses through the vehicle bridge interaction models. The offset distance needed before executing the vehicle–bridge interaction (VBI) modeling was obtained through different road profile roughness levels. Through the above breakthroughs in VBI modeling, the presented study provides a new and integrated method for drive-by bridge inspection.

Virtuel 3D simulering vs. traditionel anatomiundervisning

Fremskridt inden for IT-baseret medicinsk billedrekonstruktion har gjort billedbehandling i såvel 2D som 3D til en vigtig del af billeddiagnostikken. Dette stiller særlige krav til faggrupper som f.eks. radiografer. I dette projekt har vi kvantitativt målt radiografstuderendes læring af 3D-anatomi ved virtuel 3D simulering på Sectra Table og sammenlignet denne med læringsudbyttet ved traditionel anatomiundervisning. To kohorter radiografstuderende udgjorde studiepopulationen. 1. kohorte gennemgik et undervisningsforløb baseret på simulering i 3D. 2. kohorte gennemgik et forløb af tilsvarende længde med traditionel holdundervisning. De studerendes viden om 3D-anatomi blev testet før og efter intervention. Ændringer i testresultater sammenlignedes mellem de to kohorter. Studiet har ikke påvist statistisk signifikante forskelle i radiografstuderendes læringsudbytte af 3D-anatomi mellem de to undervisningsmetoder. Undersøgelsens resultater tyder dog på, at Sectra Table kan være et udmærket supplement til traditionel holdundervisning, når hensigten er, at radiografstuderende skal lære 3D-anatomi.

Intelligent MOL(Middle-Of-Line) Design Methodology for 3D FinFET Manufacturability

This research is an outstanding first study on the intelligent design methodology of the core MOL scheme. It can maximize the manufacturability of 3D FinFET technology that is mainly used for foundry AP products ranging from 10nm to 5nm.In order to realize various MOL structures, 3D virtual process simulation considering plasma and surface reaction was implemented, and based on this, the generation of gate to contact short, a chronic defect in FinFET MOL scheme, could be detected without decap. Futhermore, for the feature selection, the process factor sensitivity analysis was performed with the Monte carlo algorithm, which is one of the representative reinforcement learning techniques, and it was found that the key factors of defect were gate to contact misalign and contact etch angle. In the Gate-to-Contact 3D minimum distance probability distribution function generated by millions of samplings based on this intelligent algorithm, the failure criteria can be obtained by mapping with the number of fail bits detected in the wafer.As the device's scaling limit was reached, SCE-driven FEOL(Front-End-Of-Line) characteristics as well as the MOL parasitics' portion became very huge in the 10 nm or less FinFET technology, but all studies have been limited to the effects of device performance via RC(Resistance-Capacitance) analysis.On the other hand, our methodology provides a 3D minimum distance 5.7nm specification for a defect-free MOL structure for the first time, and provides conditions to meet Gate to CNT short zero at the current process capability level when improving M/A 4.5nm and etch ang 1.5o. In silicon, the same result was obtained as predicted. Figure 1

Use of a Low-Cost Portable 3D Virtual Reality Simulator for Psychomotor Skill Training in Minimally Invasive Surgery: Task Metrics and Score Validity.

BackgroundThe high cost and low availability of virtual reality simulators in surgical specialty training programs in low- and middle-income countries make it necessary to develop and obtain sources of validity for new models of low-cost portable simulators that enable ubiquitous learning of psychomotor skills in minimally invasive surgery.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to obtain validity evidence for relationships to other variables, internal structure, and consequences of testing for the task scores of a new low-cost portable simulator mediated by gestures for learning basic psychomotor skills in minimally invasive surgery. This new simulator is called SIMISGEST-VR (Simulator of Minimally Invasive Surgery mediated by Gestures - Virtual Reality).MethodsIn this prospective observational validity study, the authors looked for multiple sources of evidence (known group construct validity, prior videogaming experience, internal structure, test-retest reliability, and consequences of testing) for the proposed SIMISGEST-VR tasks. Undergraduate students (n=100, reference group), surgical residents (n=20), and experts in minimally invasive surgery (n=28) took part in the study. After answering a demographic questionnaire and watching a video of the tasks to be performed, they individually repeated each task 10 times with each hand. The simulator provided concurrent, immediate, and terminal feedback and obtained the task metrics (time and score). From the reference group, 29 undergraduate students were randomly selected to perform the tasks 6 months later in order to determine test-retest reliability.ResultsEvidence from multiple sources, including strong intrarater reliability and internal consistency, considerable evidence for the hypothesized consequences of testing, and partial confirmation for relations to other variables, supports the validity of the scores and the metrics used to train and teach basic psychomotor skills for minimally invasive surgery via a new low-cost portable simulator that utilizes interaction technology mediated by gestures.ConclusionsThe results obtained provided multiple sources of evidence to validate SIMISGEST-VR tasks aimed at training novices with no prior experience and enabling them to learn basic psychomotor skills for minimally invasive surgery.

Discuss the Application and Presentation of 3D Visualization Technology in Data Center

The 3D visualization virtual simulation technology performs professional 3D modeling of scenes and equipment at all levels in an enterprise data center. It is driven by the bottom of the 3D engine technology and presents data center infrastructure information on a large screen. Seamlessly integrate various monitoring systems and asset libraries, diversified charts customized to show the running trend and health status. With the new characteristic concept of operation and maintenance combined with 3D scene display and 2D data elements, we strive to make 3d visual virtual simulation technology better serve the operation and maintenance personnel of the data center. Supports the highlighting of alarm special effects in the equipment room scene, click the device alarm quick positioning, and handles the alarm event. Output the real-time operation data of the equipment in the form of three-dimensional curve charts to intuitively grasp the operating trend of the equipment. IT equipment loading and unloading in the cabinet does not require operation and maintenance personnel to visit the equipment room to check the distribution of equipment. 3D visualization technology supports the retrieval of the space, electricity, load bearing and information points in the cabinet as query conditions to generate construction orders, Solve the inefficient way of inquiring account books and planning by operation and maintenance personnel through scientific and technological means. Through human-computer interaction, the traditional tedious and boring single operation mode of operation and maintenance has been changed, and the operation and maintenance management level of enterprise data centers has been effectively improved.

Feasibility of virtual surgical simulation in the head and neck region for soft tissue reconstruction using free flap: a comparison of preoperative and postoperative volume measurement

In the head and neck region, preoperative evaluation of the free flap volume is challenging. The current study validated preoperative three-dimensional (3D) virtual surgical simulation for soft tissue reconstruction by assessing flap volume and evaluated fat and muscle volume changes at follow-up in 13 head and neck cancer patients undergoing anterolateral craniofacial resection. Patients received 3D virtual surgical simulation, and the volume of the planned defects was estimated by surgical simulation. Following en bloc resection of the tumor, the defect in the skull base was covered using a rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. Following surgery, computed tomography scans were acquired at day 1 and at 6 and 12 months. Virtual planned defect was on average 227 ml (range, 154–315) and was 10% smaller than the actual flap volume in patients without skin involvement of the tumor. Between day 1 and 12 months post-surgery, the volume of fat and muscle tissue in the free flap dropped by 9% and 58%, respectively. Our results indicate that 3D virtual surgical simulation provides essential information in determining the accurate volume of the required free flap for surgical defect repair and may thus help improve surgical planning and functional and esthetic outcome.

3D virtual reality simulation in radiography education: The students' experience

IntroductionSimulation forms a key element of undergraduate Radiography education as it enables students to develop their clinical skills in a safe environment. In this study, an immersive three-dimensional (3D) virtual radiography simulation tool was piloted in an undergraduate Radiography curriculum and user feedback retrieved. MethodsThe 3D virtual simulation tool by Virtual Medical Coaching Ltd was introduced to first year radiography students (n = 105). This technology guided students through a comprehensive process of learning anatomy, radiographic positioning and pathology. Students then X-rayed a virtual patient in the VR suite using HTC Vive Pro™ headsets and hand controllers. Instant feedback was provided. An online survey was later disseminated to students to gather user feedback. Thematic and descriptive statistical analyses were applied. ResultsA response rate of 79% (n = 83) was achieved. Most respondents (58%) reported enjoying VR simulation, whilst some felt indifferent towards it (27%). Ninety-four percent would recommend this tool to other students. The mean length of time it took for students to feel comfortable using the technology was 60 min (10–240 min). Most respondents (58%) desired more VR access. Students attributed enhanced confidence in the areas of beam collimation (75%), anatomical marker placement (63%), centring of the X-ray tube (64%) and exposure parameter selection (56%) to their VR practice. Many students (55%) advocated the use of VR in formative or low stakes assessments. Issues flagged included technical glitches, inability to palpate patient and lack of constructive feedback. ConclusionStudent feedback indicates that 3D virtual radiography simulation is a valuable pedagogical tool in radiography education Implications for practice3D immersive VR simulation is perceived by radiography students to be a valuable learning resource. VR needs to be strategically implemented into curricula to maximise its benefits.

Use of a Low-Cost Portable 3D Virtual Reality Gesture-Mediated Simulator for Training and Learning Basic Psychomotor Skills in Minimally Invasive Surgery: Development and Content Validity Study.

BackgroundSimulation in virtual environments has become a new paradigm for surgeon training in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). However, this technology is expensive and difficult to access.ObjectiveThis study aims first to describe the development of a new gesture-based simulator for learning skills in MIS and, second, to establish its fidelity to the criterion and sources of content-related validity evidence.MethodsFor the development of the gesture-mediated simulator for MIS using virtual reality (SIMISGEST-VR), a design-based research (DBR) paradigm was adopted. For the second objective, 30 participants completed a questionnaire, with responses scored on a 5-point Likert scale. A literature review on the validity of the MIS training-VR (MIST-VR) was conducted. The study of fidelity to the criterion was rated using a 10-item questionnaire, while the sources of content-related validity evidence were assessed using 10 questions about the simulator training capacity and 6 questions about MIS tasks, and an iterative process of instrument pilot testing was performed.ResultsA good enough prototype of a gesture-based simulator was developed with metrics and feedback for learning psychomotor skills in MIS. As per the survey conducted to assess the fidelity to the criterion, all 30 participants felt that most aspects of the simulator were adequately realistic and that it could be used as a tool for teaching basic psychomotor skills in laparoscopic surgery (Likert score: 4.07-4.73). The sources of content-related validity evidence showed that this study’s simulator is a reliable training tool and that the exercises enable learning of the basic psychomotor skills required in MIS (Likert score: 4.28-4.67).ConclusionsThe development of gesture-based 3D virtual environments for training and learning basic psychomotor skills in MIS opens up a new approach to low-cost, portable simulation that allows ubiquitous learning and preoperative warm-up. Fidelity to the criterion was duly evaluated, which allowed a good enough prototype to be achieved. Content-related validity evidence for SIMISGEST-VR was also obtained.

How Accurate Is Computer-Assisted Orbital Hypertelorism Surgery? Comparison of the Three-Dimensional Surgical Planning with the Postoperative Outcomes.

Importance: Surgery of orbital hypertelorism (ORH) remains an imprecise surgical procedure depending on the experience and habits of the craniofacial surgical teams. Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) has developed dramatically in craniofacial surgery, but there is no current study assessing its accuracy for ORH surgery. Objective: This study aimed to assess the input of CAS and especially the accuracy of the cutting guide-based procedures. The authors presented the computer-assisted box osteotomy or facial bipartition techniques and compared the preoperative surgical planning with the postoperative results. Design, Setting, and Participants: A monocentric retrospective study included the patients who underwent surgical correction of ORH from 2016 to 2019 at the University Hospital Center of Tours, France. All the patients had a computer-assisted orbital hypertelorism surgery (CAOHS) using cutting guides and tailored fixation plates. Of 10 patients included, 7 were treated by box osteotomies and 3 by facial bipartitions. Intervention: Each patient had a preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan enabling a virtual simulation of the reconstruction and the manufacturing of patient-specific cutting guides and customized osteosynthesis plates. The postoperative CT scans were compared with the three-dimensional (3D) virtual simulation using the distances between the sagittal plane and orbital and infraorbital reference points, and from the measurement of the orbital advancement (i.e., 10 reference measurements). Results: All patients had satisfactory clinical and aesthetical outcomes with a mean interorbital distance of 22.8 ± 2.8 mm. The postoperative measurements were significantly higher than for the surgical planning (p < 0.0001). The average absolute differences between the 3D virtual planning and the postoperative CT scans were <1.30, 1.90, and 0.80 mm for the orbital, infraorbital, and orbital advancement measurements, respectively. The overall accuracy of the CAOHS (root mean square deviation) was 1.39 mm. Conclusions: The use of computer-assisted design and computer-aided manufacturing device, such as cutting guides and tailored plates, facilitates the bony surgical correction of ORH using box osteotomy or facial bipartition and allows for valuable, reproducible, and satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Midface distraction osteogenesis using a modified external device and 3D virtual simulation: technical note.

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) with an external distraction device such as the rigid external distraction frame has become an established method for treating midface hypoplasia in faciocraniosynostosis. It allows for greater advancement of the midface in comparison with traditional Le Fort III osteotomies, associated or not with fronto-orbital osteotomies (Le Fort IV). However, the forward movement of the bone segments may not always be performed obeying an ideal distraction vector, resulting in asymmetries, anterior open bite, and loosening of screws. In addition, the cost of the distraction devices is significant and may preclude their routine use in developing countries. We present an alternative device and method for craniofacial advancement in a clinical case of Crouzon's syndrome. A 3D virtual simulation of the distraction vector and a modified external device were used in the current case. The alternative external device in this case proved to be safe, effective, and reliable.

Tourism demonstration system for large-scale museums based on 3D virtual simulation technology

Purpose The purpose of this study is to enhance audience experience in museum by using three-dimensional (3D) virtual simulation technology. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a large space museum building tourism demonstration system based on 3D virtual simulation technology was proposed. Starting from the concept of virtual reality (VR), the characteristics of VR and the classification of VR systems were introduced, and the research status of VR technology at home and abroad and the application of 3D virtual simulation were discussed. Then the key technologies of 3D modeling, 3D scene optimization and 3D simulation driving of 3D virtual simulation were expounded, and the characteristics and application scope of different technical methods were analyzed. Finally, an example of the Hongzhou Kiln 3D network museum was listed. Findings The research results showed that 3D virtual simulation has a wide range of applications in the field of VR. Different elements need to be considered for different types of applications, and different contents need to be integrated to achieve the corresponding interaction modes. Originality/value Virtual image; multimedia; large space museum; tourism demonstration system; 3D virtual simulation technology.

An exploratory study of fit and size issues with mass customized men's jackets using 3D body scan and virtual try-on technology

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential for mass customization with fit and size issues using 3D technology in men's jacket development. The study tested a fit mass customization process that employed 3D body scanning and 3D virtual simulation technology and the results are summarized as follows. First, the fit evaluation for the final virtual jacket was improved from the first virtual jacket. Second, during the virtual jacket evaluation process, the participants made various requests to change the fit of their virtual jacket. The large-size group made more requests for alterations to their virtual jackets than the medium- and small-size groups. Third, the study underlines certain improvements needed before the technology can be used for apparel mass customization. The chest circumference, back width, and sleeve length of the real jacket each tended to be slightly tighter or shorter than that of the virtual jacket. Fourth, the study suggests that the jacket made from the mass customization process was satisfactory to potential male consumers, as the actual jacket from the mass customization scenario in this study was evaluated as being better than a ready-to-wear jacket. 3D technology is identified as an innovative tool for future tailors and the menswear industry, particularly aimed at young male consumers. The current study shows the potential for the use of this technology for menswear development.

Research on the Application of Smart Site Management for Cross-regional Power Grid Project Based on the Basic Framework of Digital Power Grid

In order to further improve the infrastructure management level of power grid projects and promote the fine management and scientific organization of power grid projects. Based on the basic framework of digital power grid, this paper uses UAV remote sensing, geographic information system, 3D virtual simulation, mobile Internet, Internet of things, intelligent sensor and other technical means to build a intelligent management and control platform integrating monitoring, early warning, command and emergency response. Exploring the application scenarios in terms of project schedule, quality, safety, special project, and on-site Internet of things perception. Practice shows that the construction of the platform can effectively improve the overall control of the power grid construction site and all kinds of information control level and risk prevention and control capabilities..

A simulation method of three-dimensional cloud over WRF big data

Nowadays, due to the expansion of people’s living ranges and the impact of human life on the natural environment, climate changes fiercely than before. In order to observe the changing climate environment accurately, multi-modal sensors are used to collect the various data around us, and we could analyze and predict the weather based on these collected data. One of the applications is 3D visualization simulation, and the 3D visualization simulation of cloud data has always been the research hotspot in the field of computer graphics and meteorology. Currently, it is a key challenge to resolve the problems of 3D cloud simulation, such as reducing complexity of modeling and computation and improving the real-time performance. Technically, a method for data modeling and optimizing based on Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) is proposed in this paper, aiming to solve the problems of the existing 3D cloud simulation and realize 3D virtual simulation of real-world cloud data. According to the characteristics (e.g., color, size, shape) of the cloud, the spherical particle system is designed to model, and the initial color, size, shape, and other attributes are given to these spherical particles to realize the modeling of WRF cloud data. From the perspective of new particles’ generation, the level of detail (LOD) technique, based on the relationship between the quantity of new generated spherical particles and the distance of the viewpoint, is used to change the quantity of new particles generated in real time according to the distance of the simulated scene distance. Finally, illumination model is introduced to render and simulate the modeling particles. Experimental simulation results verify the effectiveness of this method in improving the modeling and rendering speed of cloud data as well as the fidelity of the 3D virtualization model.

A framework for generating thermal performance envelope

Throughout the last decade, environmental topics in architecture start to gain interest to preserve natural resources, and to improve the performance of designs. One of the great problems facing architects, is checking whether their designs compromise with the environmental needs or not. Thermal performance is one of the main issues related to environmental design. This research proposes a framework for thermal design of envelopes, by simulation and optimization of building envelopes based on computer algorithms and environmental simulation programs. Through analytical methodology, main optimization algorithms and thermal design parameters are analyzed to achieve the framework. It explains the essential concepts of computer programming, and how it is integrated into the architectural design process to achieve thermally efficient envelope. Designer is introduced to computer programming from a theoretical point of view, with an explanation of the types of input needed by the algorithms. In order to achieve this, different types of algorithms and their output, how to define the optimization problem and its variables, the different types of 3D virtual modelling and environmental simulation programs and their role in the process, are discussed. The framework can be summarized in the following steps: building envelope analysis in terms of geometry and its categorization, determining the thermal criteria and target performance, modelling and simulation of the building envelope, and finally applying algorithm and optimization of the envelope’s thermal performance.

Numerical study of heat transfer between impinging gas jets and solid surfaces

When two spaces of different gas pressure are connected through a nozzle forming and spreading a gas jet with certain energetic characteristics is observed in the region of the lower pressure. If a solid body is located in the region of the jet spreading, then this case is defined as an impinging gas jet. The aim of this work is to consider a specific case of this heat transfer method using 3D virtual simulation models known as Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD. The simulations were performed in the commercial solver Star-CCM+ version 6.04.014 using two turbulence models: Shear Stress Transport - SST and v2f Low-Reynolds Number (Re) k-ɛ model. The obtained results are represented by a dimensionless Nusselt number (Nu) and its local validation determines the accuracy of the solver when using a digital twin describing a real measurement set-up with known empirical measurements in digital format.