3D TV Research Articles

A Study of Deep CNN-Based Classification of Open and Closed Eyes Using a Visible Light Camera Sensor.

The necessity for the classification of open and closed eyes is increasing in various fields, including analysis of eye fatigue in 3D TVs, analysis of the psychological states of test subjects, and eye status tracking-based driver drowsiness detection. Previous studies have used various methods to distinguish between open and closed eyes, such as classifiers based on the features obtained from image binarization, edge operators, or texture analysis. However, when it comes to eye images with different lighting conditions and resolutions, it can be difficult to find an optimal threshold for image binarization or optimal filters for edge and texture extraction. In order to address this issue, we propose a method to classify open and closed eye images with different conditions, acquired by a visible light camera, using a deep residual convolutional neural network. After conducting performance analysis on both self-collected and open databases, we have determined that the classification accuracy of the proposed method is superior to that of existing methods.

3-3 組合せレンズ系を用いたカラーホログラフィ3D TV の視野拡大に関する一提案

3-3 組合せレンズ系を用いたカラーホログラフィ3D TV の視野拡大に関する一提案

A volumetric full-color display realized by frequency upconversion of a transparent composite incorporating dispersed nonlinear optical crystals

Popular three-dimensional (3D) TV or film media primarily relies on misleading our visual system by presenting our two eyes with spatially offset two-dimensional (2D) images. In comparison, volumetric displays generate moving objects in three physical dimensions with unlimited viewing angles. In a static volumetric display, voxels instead of pixels are usually addressed by luminescence, scattering or deflection. Although various prototype volumetric display technologies have been developed, the generation of full-color moving objects remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the generation of voxels by frequency upconversion based on second-harmonic generation (SHG) in nonlinear optical crystals that are dispersed in solid-state composite materials that serve as a transparent solid display. Notably, voxels that radiate all colors with near-monochromatic color purity can be created by pumping at different near-infrared wavelengths and thus enable a simple solution to realize a full-color display. A computer-controlled scanner allows the generation of moving 3D objects that are viewable from any direction in a prototype device at a 25 × 25 × 25 mm3 scale, and larger displays that are based on the colloidal dispersion of SHG crystals are envisioned. Our methodology may have important implications for the application of the transparent crystal-in-glass composites in both 3D and 2D display technologies.

Efficacy of Three-Dimensional Transvaginal Sonography in Diagnosis of Uterine Cavity Abnormalities Among Infertile Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of three-dimensional transvaginal sonography (3D-TVS) in diagnosis of uterine cavity abnormalities among infertile women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study at Royan Institute, Tehran, from April 2012 and March 2013. All infertile women who were booked for hysteroscopy during this period of time were recruited in the study. Patients underwent preoperative 3D-TVS by an expert radiologist and hysteroscopy was performed by an expert surgeon. Patients history, 3D-TVS findings and hysteroscopy results were assessed to collect data. Agreement between sonography findings and hysteroscopy results, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and efficacy of 3D-TVS in diagnosis of congenital and acquired uterine disorders were calculated by SPSS18 software using Cross-tabs, Kappa test, and other statistic analysis. Results: Totally, 153 women were recruited in the investigation. Patients aged 30.78 4.79 years in average and the duration of infertility was 4.2 2.91 years among them. Uterine abnormalities were grouped as congenital and acquired. Overall efficacy of 3D TVS in diagnosis of uterine disorders was calculated 92.8% with Kappa value of 82.3, indicating a good agreement between ultrasound findings and hysteroscopy results. Efficacy of 3D TVS in diagnosis of congenital and acquired uterine lesions was calculated 92.1% and 87.6% respectively. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that 3D TVS has a good efficacy and reliable agreement with hysteroscopy in diagnosis of uterine lesions among infertile women. Therefore, it can decrease the number of diagnostic hysteroscopies.

Robust stereo matching with trinary cross color census and triple image-based refinements

For future 3D TV broadcasting systems and navigation applications, it is necessary to have accurate stereo matching which could precisely estimate depth map from two distanced cameras. In this paper, we first suggest a trinary cross color (TCC) census transform, which can help to achieve accurate disparity raw matching cost with low computational cost. The two-pass cost aggregation (TPCA) is formed to compute the aggregation cost, then the disparity map can be obtained by a range winner-take-all (RWTA) process and a white hole filling procedure. To further enhance the accuracy performance, a range left-right checking (RLRC) method is proposed to classify the results as correct, mismatched, or occluded pixels. Then, the image-based refinements for the mismatched and occluded pixels are proposed to refine the classified errors. Finally, the image-based cross voting and a median filter are employed to complete the fine depth estimation. Experimental results show that the proposed semi-global stereo matching system achieves considerably accurate disparity maps with reasonable computation cost.

Assessment of vectorial total variation penalties on realistic dual-energy CT data

Vectorial extensions of total variation have recently been developed for regularizing the reconstruction and denoising of multi-channel images, such as those arising in spectral computed tomography. Early studies have focused mainly on simulated, piecewise-constant images whose structure may favor total-variation penalties. In the current manuscript, we apply vectorial total variation to real dual-energy CT data of a whole turkey in order to determine if the same benefits can be observed in more complex images with anatomically realistic textures. We consider the total nuclear variation () as well as another vectorial total variation based on the Frobenius norm () and standard channel-by-channel total variation (). We performed a series of 3D TV denoising experiments comparing the three TV variants across a wide range of smoothness parameter settings, optimizing each regularizer according to a very-high-dose ‘ground truth’ image. Consistent with the simulation studies, we find that both vectorial TV variants achieve a lower error than the channel-by-channel TV and are better able to suppress noise while preserving actual image features. In this real data study, the advantages are subtler than in the previous simulation study, although the penalty is found to have clear advantages over either or when comparing material images formed from linear combinations of the denoised energy images.

Effect of Illumination on Ocular Status Modifications Induced by Short-Term 3D TV Viewing.

Objectives. This study aimed to compare changes in ocular status after 3D TV viewing under three modes of illumination and thereby identify optimal illumination for 3D TV viewing. Methods. The following measures of ocular status were assessed: the accommodative response, accommodative microfluctuation, accommodative facility, relative accommodation, gradient accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, phoria, and fusional vergence. The observers watched 3D television for 90 minutes through 3D shutter glasses under three illumination modes: A, complete darkness; B, back illumination (50 lx); and C, front illumination (130 lx). The ocular status of the observers was assessed both before and after the viewing. Results. After 3D TV viewing, the accommodative response and accommodative microfluctuation were significantly changed under illumination Modes A and B. The near positive fusional vergence decreased significantly after the 90-minute 3D viewing session under each illumination mode, and this effect was not significantly different among the three modes. Conclusions. Short-term 3D viewing modified the ocular status of adults. The least amount of such change occurred with front illumination, suggesting that this type of illumination is an appropriate mode for 3D shutter TV viewing.

Symptoms analysis of 3D TV viewing based on Simulator Sickness Questionnaires

Stereoscopic 3D TV viewing puts different visual demands on the viewer compared to 2D TV viewing. Previous research has reported on viewers’ fatigue and discomfort and other negative effects. This study is to investigate further how severe and what symptoms may arise from somewhat longish 3D TV viewing. The MPEG 3DV project is working on the next-generation video encoding standard and in this process, MPEG issued a call for proposal of encoding algorithms. To evaluate these algorithms a large scale subjective test was performed involving Laboratories all over the world [(MPEG 2011; Baroncini 2012)]. For the participating Labs, it was optional to administer a slightly modified Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) before and after the test. One of the SSQ data sets described in this article is coming from this study. The SSQ data from the MPEG test is the largest data set in this study and also contains the longest viewing times. Along with the SSQ data from the MPEG test, we have also collected questionnaire data in three other 3D TV studies. We did two on the same 3D TV (passive film pattern retarder) as in the MPEG test, and one was using a projector system. As comparison SSQ data from a 2D video quality experiment is also presented. This investigation shows a statistically significant increase in symptoms after viewing 3D TV primarily related to the visual or Oculomotor system. Surprisingly, 3D video viewing using projectors did not show this effect.

Hybrid ASIC/FPGA System for Fully Automatic Stereo-to-Multiview Conversion Using IDW

Recently, multiview autostereoscopic dis-plays (MADs), which enable a limited glasses-free 3D experience, have become commercially available. The main problem of MADs is that they require several (typically eight or nine) views, while most of the 3D video content is in stereoscopic 3D today. In order to bridge this gap, the research community started to devise automatic multiview synthesis (MVS) methods. These algorithms require real-time processing and should be portable to end-user devices to develop their full potential. To this end, we revisit an algorithmic solution based on image domain warping (IDW) and devise a hardware architecture of a complete synthesis pipeline, provide insights into where the computationally challenging parts are, and present implementation results of a hybrid field programmable gate array/application-specific integrated circuit prototype, which is the first hardware implementation of a complete IDW-based MVS system. Based on these results, we also estimate the complexity and energy efficiency of a fully integrated solution in 65- and 28-nm CMOS technology and show that a full-high-definition real-time solution on a single chip is within reach. The proposed architecture could be used as a coprocessor in a system-on-chip targeting 3D TV sets, thereby enabling efficient content generation with limited user interaction (e.g., depth range adjustment) in real time.

A robust and synthesized-unseen watermarking for the DRM of DIBR-based 3D video

Digital watermarking is an effective technique for the digital rights management (DRM) of depth-image-based rendering (DIBR)-based 3D videos, which is still a crucial issue in the 3D TV industry. However, the existing watermarking schemes for DIBR-based 3D videos either cause irreversible distortions in the synthesized 3D videos or are not robust against some of the typical video attacks. In this paper, a novel robust and synthesized-unseen watermarking scheme is proposed for the DRM of DIBR-based 3D videos. This scheme embeds watermarks into the pseudo-3d-discrete cosine transform (3D-DCT) domain of the depth maps based on quantization index modulation (QIM) and determines the embedding strength based on a novel self-adaptive mechanism. Our analysis and experiments demonstrate that our proposed scheme not only avoids distortion in the synthesized 3D videos but also is sufficiently robust against various attacks, with average normalized correlations (NCs) between original and extracted watermarks higher than 0.9819 and average bit error rates (BERs) lower than 0.0196. Therefore, the proposed scheme offers a better solution for the DRM of DIBR-based 3D videos than the current state-of-the-art watermarking schemes.

Three dimensional transvaginal sonography and power Doppler angiography in the differentiation between endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of 3D transvaginal sonography and power Doppler in the differentiation between endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. Patients and methodsForty-two women suffering from abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) were examined by 3D TV sonography and power Doppler angiography and all the sonographic findings and Doppler indices were recorded and evaluated.Lesions were then classified as benign or malignant according to imaging findings and the results were then correlated with histopathology results. ResultsSignificant improvement of the sensitivity and specificity was found in differentiating between endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma when we combined the imaging findings of 3DTV sonography and the indices of power Doppler. ConclusionAdding power Doppler to 3D TV sonography has added value in the differentiation between endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia.

Pursuit of stereopsis

3D movies and TV are demanding pediatric ophthalmologists to promote, preserve, and restore binocular vision more effectively. The goal is not just 20/20 vision in each eye but good stereopsis. Can we rise to the occasion?

Visual Discomfort While Viewing Three-dimensional Television as a Screening Tool for Pediatric Eye Diseases in Children

ABSTRACTPurpose: To investigate the efficacy of evaluating 3D asthenopia and 3D perception difficulty for screening of binocular vision abnormalities in children.Methods: Patients aged 6–12 years with abnormal binocularity, including strabismus, amblyopia, and anisometropia, were included. Age-matched normal subjects without any ophthalmologic abnormality other than a refractive error were also recruited. The best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error, angle of strabismus, and stereopsis were measured. Presenting visual acuity (PVA) was measured as the uncorrected visual acuity for subjects without glasses and spectacle-corrected visual acuity for those with glasses. After watching 3D TV for 30 min, a survey was administered to evaluate the 3D perception and 3D asthenopia. Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the survey for detecting abnormal binocularity and poor PVA.Results: One hundred subjects were enrolled in this study. Among them, 59 had abnormal binocularity (strabismus, anisometropia, or amblyopia), and 41 were normal control. Among the entire subjects, the number of subjects with a PVA of 20/40 or worse in one or both eyes was 24 (7 from the normal control and 17 with abnormal binocularity). ROC curve analysis revealed that the survey did not effectively detect strabismus, anisometropia, or amblyopia. However, for detection of PVA 20/40 or worse in the subjects with abnormal binocularity, the total score of the survey yielded an area of 0.714 under the ROC curve (p = 0.010). The sensitivity was 88.2% and specificity was 61.9% with a cutoff at 0.50.Conclusion: The degree of 3D asthenopia and 3D perception while watching 3D TV were not effective for screening of abnormal binocularity. However, evaluation of the severity of 3D asthenopia and the quality of 3D perception can help screen of decrease in PVA that requires correction.

CSS3 extensions for setting web content in a 3D view volume and its stereoscopic 3D display

Over recent years, the development of electronic devices such as mobile devices and smart TVs has been remarkable; meanwhile, the emergence of 3D TV has given rise to a rapid increase of the demand for 3D expressions. The objective of this study is the use of a CSS stylesheet for the reconstruction of the web content that is typically expressed in formats like HTML into 3D space. To this end, the basic information that is required for the defining of the 3D graphics of 3D space must first be identified, and the remaining information that cannot be covered by the genuine CSS3 specifications can be set in the view volume through the extension of the 3D-viewpoint and 3D-view-volume specifications; therefore, the specifications were extended so that the contents of the 3D view volumes can be placed at any user-selected location. A preprocessor that can convert the genuine specifications into the extended specifications could then be implemented using the javascript, enabling a viewing of the extended-specifications contents on the current browser. A rendering-engine emulator was also implemented for the checking of the demonstration results and for the evaluation of the stereoscopic-display expression that is one of the various 3D-content-application fields. If the extended CSS3 specifications that are proposed by this study become the W3C standards, the 3D expression of web content will become more unconstrained and more convenient.

특허분석을 이용한 기술전략수립

3D TV의 보급으로 인해 무안경식 3차원 디스플레이 기술에 대한 중요성이 강조되고 있고 현재 무안경식 3차원 디스플레이 기술은 특정한 기술이 주도하고 있지 않기 때문에 차별화된 고유한 기술을 개발하고 확보함으로써 경쟁력을 확보할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 무안경식 3차원 디스플레이 기술에 대한 기술경영전략, 즉 R&D 방향을 제시하기 위해 특허 분석을 실시하였다. 특허 출원 동향과 특허지수를 이용한 기업-기술 매트릭스 분석을 통해 효과적인 R&D를 위한 유망 기술 분야를 도출하고 유망 기술 분야에서 중요하고 구체적인 R&D 방향을 제시해 줄 수 있는 핵심 특허를 도출한다. 마지막으로 핵심 특허를 인용한 특허들을 시간의 흐름에 따라 나열한 기술 발전도를 통해 최종적으로 R&D 방향을 제시한다. By occasion of propagation of 3D TV, technology of glassless 3D display is increasingly important. Currently, there was no lead technology In this technology. Thus it is important to develop differentiated technology for secure competitiveness. In this paper, We analyze patents for R&D strategy about glassless 3D display. Through Company-Technology matrix analysis and Patent trend analysis, We extract promising technology field and core technology. Lastly We suggest R&D strategy by using patent road map.

입체 시력이 양호한 사람과 불량인 사람간의 입체시 융합 가능 영역 비교

Purpose: This study investigated differences in stereoscopic fusional area between those with good and poor stereoacuity in viewing stereoscopic displays. Methods: Stereo acuity of 39 participants (18 males and 21 females, 23.6±3.15years) was measured with the random dot stereo butterfly method. Participants with stereo-blindness were not included.Stereoscopic fusional area was measured using stereoscopic stimulus by varying the amount of horizontal disparity in astereoscopic 3D TV. Participants were divided into two groups of good and poor stereo acuity. Criterion for good stereoacuity was determined as less than 60 arc seconds. Measurements arising from the participants were statisticallyanalyzed. Results: 26 participants were measured to have good stereo acuity and 13 participants poor stereo acuity. Incase of the stereoscopic stimulus farther than the fixation point, threshold of horizontal disparity for those with poorstereo acuity were measured to be smaller than the threshold for those with good stereo acuity, with a statisticallysignificant difference. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups, in caseof the stereoscopic stimulus nearer to the fixation point. Conclusions: In viewing stereoscopic displays, the boundary ofstereoscopic fusional area for the poor stereo acuity group was smaller than the boundary of good stereo acuity grouponly for the range behind the display. Hence, in viewing stereoscopic displays, participants with poor stereo acuity wouldhave more difficulty perceiving the fused image at farther distances compared to participants with good stereo acuity.Key words: Stereo acuity, Stereoscopic fusional area, Stereoscopic display

Next Generation Television

We are blessed with UHD 4K curved TV, choremecast, 3D TV and various breakthrough services. A story with no illustration leads us to imagination, eventually we end up penetrating to a larger depth. Still , Television = idiot box. We portray here big and small ideas on how our next generation TV. can cope up with injustice, corruption, blues, provide advertisement pleasure, cartoon creation, gesture feedback, data storage and awareness, disaster help, festival togetherness, past pattern , ingredients love, magnificent features of entertainment and rejuvenation coupled with dictionary effect.

The asymmetric connection between money and material vs. experiential purchases

We examined the relationship between having a monetary mindset and the pursuit of material goods over experiences and found that people tend to think of their material purchases more in monetary terms than their experiential purchases. Purchase price correlated more highly with participants’ satisfaction with their material goods than their experiences (Study 1) and participants reported that the amount spent on significant components of a purchase (Study 2) would have more impact on their satisfaction with material goods than with experiences, as would a change in purchase price (Study 3). When the same purchase (a 3D TV) was framed in material terms (vs. experiential terms), participants reported that a price change would have a greater impact on their satisfaction. These findings suggest experiences suffer less than material possessions from the extrinsic psychology that comes with thinking about purchases in monetary terms.

Viewing 3D TV over two months produces no discernible effects on balance, coordination or eyesight

With the rise in stereoscopic 3D media, there has been concern that viewing stereoscopic 3D (S3D) content could have long-term adverse effects, but little data are available. In the first study to address this, 28 households who did not currently own a 3D TV were given a new TV set, either S3D or 2D. The 116 members of these households all underwent tests of balance, coordination and eyesight, both before they received their new TV set, and after they had owned it for 2 months. We did not detect any changes which appeared to be associated with viewing 3D TV. We conclude that viewing 3D TV does not produce detectable effects on balance, coordination or eyesight over the timescale studied.Practitioner Summary: Concern has been expressed over possible long-term effects of stereoscopic 3D (S3D). We looked for any changes in vision, balance and coordination associated with normal home S3D TV viewing in the 2 months after first acquiring a 3D TV. We find no evidence of any changes over this timescale.

Novel corrective machining method to fine-tune groove widths

Using lenticular lenses to realize auto-stereoscopic displays has become increasingly popular in the TV industry, especially in the area of developing multi-view glasses-free 3D TV. Each lenticular lens has many sublenses through which the light is diverted in different directions. A multi-view TV display projects a vertically rotated 3D image to a viewer that seamlessly matches his or her sideways movement. To do so, it poses a very stringent requirement on machining lenticular lens mold. Using a tailor-made cutting tool, the profile of the lenticular grooves can be machined very precisely, and in a very efficient manner; however, the groove width might vary due to elastic bouncing. Such variation of the groove width leads to disparity in the light intensity entering the left and right eye of the viewer. The 3D perception would then unavoidably deteriorate. Thus, a corrective machining method must be developed to fine-tune the groove width. In this paper, a method involving transverse cutting perpendicular to the axes of the lenticular grooves is proposed, in which the cutting is done transversely across the grooves using a single point diamond tool. The depth of corrective cut is 1 μm, and the errors in the groove widths can be corrected to ±200 nm.