Abstract
Objectives. This study aimed to compare changes in ocular status after 3D TV viewing under three modes of illumination and thereby identify optimal illumination for 3D TV viewing. Methods. The following measures of ocular status were assessed: the accommodative response, accommodative microfluctuation, accommodative facility, relative accommodation, gradient accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, phoria, and fusional vergence. The observers watched 3D television for 90 minutes through 3D shutter glasses under three illumination modes: A, complete darkness; B, back illumination (50 lx); and C, front illumination (130 lx). The ocular status of the observers was assessed both before and after the viewing. Results. After 3D TV viewing, the accommodative response and accommodative microfluctuation were significantly changed under illumination Modes A and B. The near positive fusional vergence decreased significantly after the 90-minute 3D viewing session under each illumination mode, and this effect was not significantly different among the three modes. Conclusions. Short-term 3D viewing modified the ocular status of adults. The least amount of such change occurred with front illumination, suggesting that this type of illumination is an appropriate mode for 3D shutter TV viewing.
Highlights
Despite improvements in modern 3D viewing techniques, several studies have shown that prolonged exposure to 3D TV can temporally modify ocular status [1], including the conflict between accommodation and convergence while viewing stereo displays [2], a reduction in accommodation velocity [3], transient myopia [4], a reduction in pupillary movement in the near reflex [5], and microfluctuation in human adults [6], indicating some degree of visual plasticity in adults
To save time and reduce the potential discomfort from ocular examinations of the observers, we assessed all the ocular status measures prior to the start of the experiment, except for the accommodative response and accommodative microfluctuation. We set these measures as previewing baselines for all three illumination modes. This arrangement made sense according to our pilot study, in which we asked five normal healthy adults to view 3D TV on different days and assessed their ocular status before 3D viewing for each day; we found that all of the above-mentioned measures of ocular status, except for the accommodative response and accommodative microfluctuation, were stable across different time points
The accommodative responses at measuring distances of 25 cm, 40 cm, and 6 m before and after 3D viewing are plotted in Figure 3 for the three illumination modes
Summary
Despite improvements in modern 3D viewing techniques, several studies have shown that prolonged exposure to 3D TV can temporally modify ocular status [1], including the conflict between accommodation and convergence while viewing stereo displays [2], a reduction in accommodation velocity [3], transient myopia [4], a reduction in pupillary movement in the near reflex [5], and microfluctuation in human adults [6], indicating some degree of visual plasticity in adults. Appropriate illumination and image brightness of visual display terminals (VDT) may decrease discomfort from the flicker of the display [12] It is unclear which commonly used illumination mode leads to the least amount of ocular status modulation when watching a 3D display in a living room. The lowest degree of ocular modulation occurred with front illumination
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