3D Printing Technology Research Articles

Progress in the Application of Porous Tantalum Metal in Hip Joint Surgery.

Porous tantalum metal is a new orthopedic implant material made of tantalum metal that has been processed by porous treatment. This material has various advantages, including high hardness, good ductility, good biocompatibility, and strong bone integration ability. Porous tantalum metal has performed well in clinical application, demonstrating excellent medium- to long-term curative effects. The use of implant products made of porous tantalum metal, such as porous tantalum rods, porous tantalum hip prostheses, and porous tantalum augments (MAs), is gradually increasing in the clinical application of hip surgery, and these products have achieved excellent therapeutic effects in the middle and late stages of various hip diseases. In recent years, the combined application of porous tantalum metal and three-dimenional (3D) printing technology to create personalized 3D-printed porous tantalum metal has led to new development directions for the treatment of complex hip joint surgical diseases. This review presents a summary of the application of porous tantalum metal in hip surgery in recent years, including clinical treatment effects and existing problems. In addition, the prospect of progress in this field is promoted.

Current Applications of the Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Neurosurgery: A Review.

In the recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a transformative tool, particularly in health care, offering unprecedented possibilities in neurosurgery. This review explores the diverse applications of 3D printing in neurosurgery, assessing its impact on precision, customization, surgical planning, and education. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus, identifying 84 relevant articles. These were categorized into spine applications, neurovascular applications, neuro-oncology applications, neuroendoscopy applications, cranioplasty applications, and modulation/stimulation applications. 3D printing applications in spine surgery showcased advancements in guide devices, prosthetics, and neurosurgical planning, with patient-specific models enhancing precision and minimizing complications. Neurovascular applications demonstrated the utility of 3D-printed guide devices in intracranial hemorrhage and enhanced surgical planning for cerebrovascular diseases. Neuro-oncology applications highlighted the role of 3D printing in guide devices for tumor surgery and improved surgical planning through realistic models. Neuroendoscopy applications emphasized the benefits of 3D-printed guide devices, anatomical models, and educational tools. Cranioplasty applications showed promising outcomes in patient-specific implants, addressing biomechanical considerations. The integration of 3D printing into neurosurgery has significantly advanced precision, customization, and surgical planning. Challenges include standardization, material considerations, and ethical issues. Future directions involve integrating artificial intelligence, multimodal imaging fusion, biofabrication, and global collaboration. 3D printing has revolutionized neurosurgery, offering tailored solutions, enhanced surgical planning, and invaluable educational tools. Addressing challenges and exploring future innovations will further solidify the transformative impact of 3D printing in neurosurgical care. This review serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers navigating the dynamic landscape of 3D printing in neurosurgery.

An RFID smart structure using inkjet-printed additive manufacturing technology for metal crack characterization

Abstract Developing an indicator for metal materials to characterize cracks is urgent. However, traditional sensor-based technology has drawbacks such as high costs for installation and maintenance when using wired connections. In this paper, we studied the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors created through 3D printing technology to characterize surface cracks in metals, this approach simplifies the manufacturing process, silver nanoparticles are printed layer by layer on substrate to form the sensor pattern. The functionality of the sensor is verified through simulations and experiments involving samples with various crack sizes. Our findings demonstrate that when cracks pass over the sensor, there is a distinct response in terms of a shift in resonant frequency, moreover, the sensor offers a reading range greater than 0.7 m at resonance frequency without requiring power supply or wired connection for data transmission purposes. This research showcases the design of a smart structure that is compact, easy-to-fabricate, and potential for applications related to structural health monitoring (SHM) and crack sensing.

Tight focusing of fractional-order topological charge vector beams by cascading metamaterials and metalens

Vector beams have attracted widespread attention because of their unique optical properties; in particular, their combination with tight focusing can produce many interesting phenomena. The rise of 3D printing technology provides more possibilities for exploration. In this work, a cascading method involving a metamaterial and a metalens is used to generate a tightly focused field of vector beams in the terahertz band, which is prepared via 3D printing. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, a series of metamaterial modules capable of generating states of different orbital angular momentum are proposed by cascading with a metalens. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results, fully verifying the feasibility of the scheme. The proposed design and fabrication strategy provides a new idea for the tight focusing of terahertz vector beams.

Research progress on femoral attachment positioning during medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction

To review research progress on femoral attachment positioning during medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, so as to provide a reference for accurate positioning in clinic. The literature at home and abroad on femoral attachment positioning during MPFL reconstruction was extensively reviewed and summarized. MPFL is the main ligament that restricts patellar outward migration, so MPFL reconstruction is the main treatment for patellar dislocation, but the accuracy of intraoperative femoral attachment positioning will significantly affect the effectiveness. At present, there are three main methods for femoral attachment positioning in MPFL reconstruction, including imaging positioning, bony landmark positioning, and new technology. Among them, the main imaging positioning method is the "Schöttle point" method, but it has high requirements for fluoroscopic positioning, and can only be accurately positioned under standard lateral fluoroscopy of the femur. The bony landmark positioning method mainly locates the femoral attachment by touching or dissecting the bony landmarks such as adductor tubercles and medial epicondyle of femur, but its disadvantages are that the positioning is not accurate enough, the intraoperative visual field exposure requirements are high, and a large incision is required. In order to avoid the problem that the simple bony landmark positioning method, in recent years, the combination of bony landmarks combined with arthroscopy, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, and robot-assisted positioning methods have begun to be used in clinical practice. New technology localization methods have shown good results by preparing guides before operation, planning positioning paths in advance, or directly using robots to assist positioning during operation. The accurate positioning of the femoral attachment in MPFL reconstruction is crucial, and the method of accurate and rapid intraoperative determination needs to be further improved and optimized. In the future, it is expected that the combination of computer image recognition correction technology and intraoperative position assistance will solve this problem.

A new path planning strategy driven by geometric features and tensile properties for 3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (C-FRTP), capable of rapid manufacturing of lightweight components with intricate geometric features, has emerged as one of the most promising technologies in the field of advanced composite manufacturing. Path planning is a crucial step for determining the fabrication quality of C-FRTP components. This study proposed a new 3D printing path planning strategy driven by the geometric features and tensile properties of C-FRTP components. The strategy employed the properties of the Euler graph to generate the continuous full-field filling paths, ensuring the geometric features of the target components. The intersections were scattered along the printing path to enhance the tensile strength. The feasibility and advantages of the new path planning strategy were validated by comparative experiments with different printing paths. The results indicated that the new strategy not only achieved the geometric features of the target components but significantly enhanced their tensile strength. Using the printing path generated by the new path planning strategy, the tensile strength of specimens featuring mounting holes reached 349.4 MPa, which was only about 4.1 % lower than the tensile strength of continuous fibers at straight paths. Compared to the existing contour-parallel path, the new strategy in this work improved the tensile properties by about 40.9 %. The new path planning strategy proposed in this study shows great potential to design and fabricate C-FRTP components with enhanced mechanical properties for practical applications.

AI in plastic surgery: customizing care for each patient

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) involve the usage of complex algorithms to identify patterns, predict future outcomes, generate new data, and perform other tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI tools have been progressively adopted by multiple disciplines of surgery, enabling increasingly patient-specific care, as well as more precise surgical modeling and assessment. For instance, AI tools such as ChatGPT have been applied to enhance both patient educational materials and patient-surgeon communication. Additionally, AI tools have helped support pre- and postoperative assessment in a diverse set of procedures, including breast reconstructions, facial surgeries, hand surgeries, wound healing operations, and burn surgeries. Further, ML-supported 3D modeling has now been utilized for patient-specific surgical planning and may also be combined with 3D printing technologies to generate patient-customized, implantable constructs. Ultimately, the advent of AI and its intersection with surgical practice have demonstrated immense potential to transform patient care by making multiple facets of the surgical process more efficient, precise, and patient-specific.

Four-Dimensional Printing of Multi-Material Origami and Kirigami-Inspired Hydrogel Self-Folding Structures.

Four-dimensional printing refers to a process through which a 3D printed object transforms from one structure into another through the influence of an external energy input. Self-folding structures have been extensively studied to advance 3D printing technology into 4D using stimuli-responsive polymers. Designing and applying self-folding structures requires an understanding of the material properties so that the structural designs can be tailored to the targeted applications. Poly(N-iso-propylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was used as the thermo-responsive material in this study to 3D print hydrogel samples that can bend or fold with temperature changes. A double-layer printed structure, with PNIPAM as the self-folding layer and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the supporting layer, provided the mechanical robustness and overall flexibility to accommodate geometric changes. The mechanical properties of the multi-material 3D printing were tested to confirm the contribution of the PEG support to the double-layer system. The desired folding of the structures, as a response to temperature changes, was obtained by adding kirigami-inspired cuts to the design. An excellent shape-shifting capability was obtained by tuning the design. The experimental observations were supported by COMSOL Multiphysics® software simulations, predicting the control over the folding of the double-layer systems.

Avascular Necrosis of the Talus: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Modern Reconstructive Options.

Talar avascular necrosis (AVN) is a devastating condition that frequently follows type III and IV talar neck fractures. As 60% of the talus is covered by hyaline cartilage, its vascular supply is limited and prone to trauma, which may eventually lead to AVN development. Early detection of AVN (Hawkins sign, MRI) is crucial, as it may prevent the development of the irreversible stages III and IV of AVN. Alertness is advised regarding non-obvious conditions that may cause this complication (sub chondroplasty, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes mellitus). Although, in stages I-II, AVN may be treated with non-surgical procedures (ESWT therapy, non-weight bearing) or joint-sparing techniques (core drilling, bone marrow aspirate injections), stages III-IV require more advanced procedures, such as joint-sacrificing procedures (hindfoot arthrodesis/ankle arthrodesis), or replacement surgery, including total talar replacement (TTR) or combined total ankle replacement (TAR). The advancement of 3D-printing technology and increased access to implant manufacturing are contributing to a rise in the production rates of third-generation total talar prostheses. As a result, there is a growing frequency of alloplasty procedures and combined total ankle replacement (TAR) surgeries. By performing TTR as opposed to deses, the operator avoids (i) delayed union, (ii) a shortening of the limb, (iii) a lack of mobility, and (iv) the stiffening of adjacent joints, which are the main disadvantages of joint-sacrificing procedures. Simultaneously, TTR and combined TAR offer (i) a brief period of weight-bearing restriction, (ii) quick pain relief, and (iii) preservation of the length of the limb. Here, we summarize the most up-to-date knowledge regarding AVN diagnosis and treatment, with a special focus on the role of TTR.

Experimental Analysis of Terahertz Wave Scattering Characteristics of Simulated Lunar Regolith Surface

This study investigates terahertz (THz) wave scattering from a simulated lunar regolith surface, with a focus on the Brewster feature, backscattering, and bistatic scattering within the 325 to 500 GHz range. We employed a generalized power-law spectrum to characterize surface roughness and fabricated Gaussian correlated surfaces from Durable Resin V2 using 3D printing technology. The complex dielectric permittivity of these materials was determined through THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Our experimental setup comprised a vector network analyzer (VNA) equipped with dual waveguide frequency extenders for the WR-2.2 band, transmitter and receiver modules, polarizing components, and a scattering chamber. We systematically analyzed the effects of root-mean-square (RMS) height, correlation length, dielectric constant, frequency, polarization, and observation angle on THz scattering. The findings highlight the significant impact of surface roughness on the Brewster angle shift, backscattering, and bistatic scattering. These insights are crucial for refining theoretical models and developing algorithms to retrieve physical parameters for lunar and other celestial explorations.

Temperature tunable ultra-wideband absorber based on ionic liquid

Abstract In this paper, a temperature tunable ultra-wideband absorber based on ionic liquid is proposed for the microwave frequency band. The absorber consists of a band-resistive frequency selective surface (FSS), a 3D resin cavity vessel, and an ionic liquid ([EMIm][N(CN)2]) layer. Numerical simulation analysis shows that the absorptivity is more than 90% and a relative bandwidth is 113.04% in the range of 7.5-27 GHz. Meanwhile, the absorber absorptivity has different tuning effects in different frequency bands with the change of temperature. Along with the temperature going up, the absorptivity decreases in the low-frequency band of 6.5-14 GHz, the absorptivity increases in the high-frequency band of 28 GHz to 40 GHz. It is worth mentioning that the proposed ionic liquid-based absorber has the characteristics of wide incidence angle and polarization insensitivity. Finally, the temperature tunable absorber model based on ionic liquid is fabricated by 3D printing technology. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results, demonstrating that the absorber is practically feasible. In summary, the absorber achieves a wide frequency tuning range, which gives it great potential application prospects in fields such as frequency-selective thermal radiators.

Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing of Hydrogels Embedding Metal-Organic Frameworks for Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy.

Given the variability in wounds based on the underlying causes, personalized medicine and tailored care for patients with wounds are required to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes. With the emergence of high-precision and high-efficiency photocuring 3D printing technology, there is the potential for its use in customizing precise shapes that can match complex wound sites, thereby providing better treatment for patients with wound infections. In this work, porphyrinic metal-organic framework (MOF) crystals, serving as the functional filler, were incorporated into gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) as a photocurable composite resin to investigate the capabilities of producing customizable wound dressings through vat photopolymerization 3D printing. The embedded MOF crystals allow for better control of the photopolymerization process due to photon competition with the photoinitiator, enabling the precise printing of complex structures. In addition, these crystals impart photothermal and photodynamic capabilities to the printed object. The antibacterial assay confirms the potent photothermal and photodynamic bactericidal properties of the printed GelMA/MOF hydrogels. The hydrogel with the highest MOF content exhibited over 99.99% antibacterial efficiency against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli after 30 min of light exposure (∼30 mW/cm2, λ ≥ 420 nm). Simultaneously, hemolysis and cytotoxicity evaluations validated their excellent biocompatibility. The findings presented here introduce a strategy for integrating photosensitive MOF and 3D printing to fabricate size-adjustable photothermal/photodynamic monoliths and patches, opening perspectives toward personalized treatment for wound management.

Development and mechanical properties of nano SiO2 modified photosensitive resin for high-strength and high-brittleness 3D printing in rock reconstruction

3D printing technology, as a rapid prototyping method, can accurately reconstruct the internal structural characteristics of samples, making it highly promising for rock engineering applications. However, current 3D printing materials used to reconstruct rocks suffer from low strength and high ductility, which is inconsistent with the high strength and brittleness of natural rocks. This paper explores the use of silane coupling agents KH550 (γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane) and KH570 (γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane) to modify nano SiO2 powder. Through sample preparation and uniaxial compression tests, the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of the modified nano SiO2 powder were analyzed. The results indicate that, using the preparation method with a mass ratio of E-44 epoxy resin, KH550 modified nano SiO2 powder, and 593 curing agent at 80:40:26, the samples achieved an uniaxial compressive strength of up to 30.55 MPa without enhanced brittle post-processing. The failure characteristics exhibited significant axial tensile damage. Additionally, combining CT scanning technology demonstrated that the structural and mechanical properties of the samples can be effectively reproduced. Therefore, the 3D printing materials discussed in this paper provide a viable reference for accurately reconstructing high-strength and high-brittleness rock masses.

Bio-inspired powder bed fusion 3D printed surfaces for enhanced critical heat flux and boiling heat transfer

The thermal performance and sizing of two-phase heat exchangers employed in various industries can be significantly improved by modifying the surface topology of tubes. The advancement in metal 3D printing technology enables the modification of surfaces to generate distinct patterns that enhance the heat transfer coefficient. This study aligns with these advances by investigating the boiling heat transfer performance of 3D printed surfaces using methanol as the working fluid. The enhanced surfaces studied include four bio-inspired 3D printed surfaces (Mushroom, Cactus, Petal, and Torus), each strategically designed to improve the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and delay the onset of critical heat flux (CHF). The primary objective of this research is to discuss and analyze the heat transfer mechanism in terms of bubble dynamics, particularly focusing on the interaction between surface morphology and bubble behavior. Experimental results reveal significant enhancements in CHF and HTC for 3D printed surfaces compared to plain surfaces. Among the 3D printed surfaces, the Mushroom surface exhibits the highest enhancement in CHF of 88 % compared to the plain surface. Similarly, the maximum HTC enhancements are 138 %, 86 %, 65 %, and 46 % for the Mushroom, Cactus, Petal, and Torus surfaces, respectively, compared to the plain surface. The methodologies and findings of this study are poised to have a lasting impact on the field, potentially opening new avenues for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of various two-phase heat exchangers.

Optimizing Low-Cost Gas Analysis with a 3D Printed Column and MiCS-6814 Sensor for Volatile Compound Detection.

This paper explores an application of 3D printing technology on the food industry. Since its inception in the 1980s, 3D printing has experienced a huge rise in popularity. This study uses cost-effective, flexible, and sustainable components that enable specific features of certain gas chromatography. This study aims to optimize the process of gas detection using a 3D printed separation column and the MiCS-6814 sensor. The principle of the entire device is based on the idea of utilizing a simple capillary chromatographic column manufactured by 3D printing for the separation of samples into components prior to their measurement using inexpensive chemiresistive sensors. An optimization of a system with a 3D printed PLA block containing a capillary, a mixing chamber, and a measuring chamber with a MiCS-6814 sensor was performed. The optimization distributed the sensor output signal in the time domain so that it was possible to distinguish the peak for the two most common alcohols, ethanol and methanol. The paper further describes some optimization types and their possibilities.

Controlling Directional Liquid Transfer over a Ratchet-like Surface with Oriented Open-Wedges

Directed transfer of liquids is widely used as an important mass transfer strategy in the nature biology, industry, agriculture, and medical fields. Based on the bionic concept, researchers have constructed various forms of surface structures to realize controlled transport of liquids. However, current methods for preparing surfaces with directional liquid transport often suffer from cumbersome preparation processes, complexity of the prepared structures, and high costs. In this paper, we prepared a topological structure surface capable of precisely controlling liquid transport by a facile method. By utilizing 3D printing technology, we designed and fabricated a wedge-shaped surface with a periodic tilting scale arrangement. We accomplished the precise regulation of liquid transport on the surface of the structure, which not only realized the bi-directional transport of liquid anisotropically to the uni-directional transport on the surface but also achieved the precise regulation of the distance and speed of liquid transport through adjusting the opening angle formed by the open-wedges. We expect that the as-prepared wedge-shaped surface will provide a facile and efficient strategy for directional liquid transport.

The effectiveness of 3d printing technology course on attitudes of occupational therapy students-a controlled study

There is interest in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, but views on the integration of these technologies into business and education vary. It is crucial to determine how the introduction of new technologies will impact the attitudes of occupational therapy undergraduate students. Hence, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of using this technology in the assistive technology (AT) lesson on the attitudes and acceptance of technology among students. This study was designed as a non-randomized controlled pretest and posttest control group study. The intervention group consisted of second-year undergraduate students (n = 50) enrolled in a compulsory “AT course,” while the control group consisted of third-year undergraduate students (n = 41) who had completed the AT course in the previous academic year. The intervention involved participants attending a 3D printing course in combination with an 8-week AT course. A Modified Technology Acceptance Model (M-TAM) questionnaire was used to assess students’ acceptance of 3D printing technology. The related study observed that experiencing and practicing new technologies, such as 3D printing and modeling course in the intervention group AT lesson effectively increased the acceptability of these new technologies that students encountered. The pre-post test analysis of the intervention group was statistically significant in all categories of the M-TAM questionnaire (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the effect size was small and moderate in all categories (p < 0.05). This course has increased student acceptance of this technology. Future studies should examine the long-term effects of such courses on student attitudes.

3D Polymeric Lattice Microstructure-Based Microneedle Array for Transdermal Electrochemical Biosensing.

Microneedles (MNs) or microneedle arrays (MNAs) are critical components of minimally invasive devices comprised of a single or a series of micro-scale projections. MNs can bypass the outermost layer of the skin and painlessly access microcirculation of the epidermis and dermis layers, attracting great interest in the development of personalized healthcare monitoring and diagnostic devices. However, MN technology has not yet reached its full potential since current micro- and nanofabrication methods do not address the need of fabricating MNs with complex surfaces to facilitate the development of clinically adequate devices. This work presents a new approach that combines 3D printing technology based on two-photon polymerization with soft lithography for cost-effective and time-saving fabrication of complex MNAs. Specifically, this method relies on printing complex 3D objects efficiently replicated into polymeric substrates via soft lithography, resulting in a free-standing polymeric lattice (PL) membrane that can be transferred onto gold-coated MNs and used for electrochemical biosensing. This platform shows excellent electrochemical performance in detecting metabolite (glucose) and protein (insulin) biomarkers with a dynamic linear range sufficient for detecting biomarkers in healthy individuals and patients. The approach holds great potential for fabricating next-generationMNs, including their transfer into clinically adequate devices.

3D printing, leakage-proof, and flexible phase change composites for thermal management application

Phase change composites (PCCs) have attracted much attention in the fields of thermal management due to their high latent heat. However, their risk of leakage and poor shape designability greatly limit their industrial applications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop leakage-proof and customizable PCCs to meet the emerging requirements of thermal management applications. Some scholars have proposed the concept of preparing PCCs by 3D printing technology, aiming to meet customized thermal management requirements of various electronic devices. Nevertheless, the phase change material leaking of PCCs under high temperature is still a tough problem to solve. In this study, expanded graphite (EG) is used as the carrier for paraffin wax (PW), which names as EP can tightly enveloping PW in its porous structure. Then, an innovative carbomer gel ink is prepared for 3D printing using EP and short carbon fiber (SCF) as thermal conductive fillers. Freeze-drying and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) infiltrating procedures are furtherly performed to ensure the flexibility of final PCCs samples. A maximum thermal conductivity of 2.89 W/(m·K) is obtained when the content of SCF/EP filler is 10 wt%. Importantly, the flexible PCCs prepared through this method effectively prevent the PW leaking during thermal management applications, thereby avoiding the consequent safety risks and enhancing the lifespan of electronic devices. This work opens up a promising pathway for the rapid fabrication of leakage-proof, customizable and flexible PCCs.

3D Printed Ordered Hierarchically‐Porous Electrodes for Developing High‐Performance Quasi‐Solid‐State Aqueous Nickel‐Iron Batteries

AbstractStructural engineering offers a viable and broadly applicable approach for further enhancing the energy density of aqueous nickel‐iron (Ni‐Fe) batteries without changing the fundamental battery chemistries. Herein, the synthesis of 3D printed low‐tortuosity and ultra‐thick ordered hierarchically porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based microlattice electrodes for high‐performance aqueous Ni‐Fe batteries through direct writing (DIW) 3D printing technology is presented. Significantly, the areal specific capacitance of the 3D printed electrodes scales positively with electrode thickness, whereas the gravimetric capacitance remains relatively constant, indicating that the capacitive performance is not constrained by ion diffusion and exhibits rapid kinetic behavior, even at elevated mass‐loading levels and in the context of ultra‐thick electrodes. Based on a 3 m KOH aqueous electrolyte, the 3D printed aqueous Ni‐Fe cell (thickness: ≈2 mm) exhibits high areal specific capacity (≈0.353 mAh cm−2), high volumetric energy/power density (≈1.15 mWh cm−2 at 48.00 mW cm−2), and excellent long‐term cycling performance (≈81.25% capacitance retained after 5000 cycles). As a micro‐battery device, 3D printed quasi‐solid‐state Ni‐Fe battery (3DP QSS Ni‐Fe) device with 4 mm thickness still exhibits a high areal capacity of 0.525 mAh cm−2, and excellent cycle stability with ≈81.1% capacity retention after 10000 cycles. The promising 3D printed strategy provides a novel avenue for the controllable assembly of higher‐dimensional architectures, thereby paving the way for the advancement of next‐generation materials and devices.