3D Movies Research Articles

Virtual Reality-Assisted Informed Consent for Anesthesia: A Prospective and Randomized Proof-of-Concept Study.

Background/Objectives: Informed consent for anesthesia poses both legal challenges and problems of understandable communication. Fulfilling all the requirements through anesthesiologists directly interacting with patients is a time- and staff-consuming strategy. Given today's smart technologies, notably including virtual reality (VR), we explored in a prospective randomized study whether 'VR-assisted informed consent' could improve this situation. Methods: Fifty patients scheduled for orthopedic surgery were randomized. In the control group, informed consent was obtained via patient-specialist dialogs only. The patients in the study group, wearing a head-mounted display, watched an 8 min immersive 3D movie with the standard explanations of general anesthesia, followed by a patient-specialist dialog to address open questions. The time spent on the dialogs in both groups was evaluated as the primary outcome variable. As secondary variables, we analyzed both a three-item Likert scale on patient satisfaction with the VR experience and cost differences between both groups. Results: Patient-specialist dialogs were carried on for median (IQR) durations of 93 (20-182) seconds in the study group versus 665 (261-829) seconds in the control group (p < 0.001). All the patients exposed to VR rated this experience as favorable (87.5%) or neutral (12.5%). Based on anesthesiologists' incomes in the US and UK, our approach would reduce the staff expenditure for each patient-specialist dialog by median amounts of USD ≈40 or ≈11, respectively (2 × p < 0.001). Conclusions: 'VR-assisted informed consent' for anesthesia is well accepted by patients and reduces the time requirements for patient-specialist dialogs, thus pointing out a potential avenue towards increasing the work-time efficiency of anesthesiologists.

Disturbances of thalamus and prefrontal cortex contribute to cognitive aging: A structure-function coupling analysis based on KL divergence

Normal aging is accompanied by changes in brain structure and function associated with cognitive decline. Structural and functional abnormalities, particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and subcortical regions, contributed to cognitive aging. However, it remains unclear how the synchronized changes in structure and function of individual brain regions affect the cognition in aging. Using 3D T1-weighted structural data and movie watching functional magnetic resonance imaging data in a sample of 422 healthy individuals (ages from 18 to 87 years), we constructed regional structure–function coupling (SFC) of cortical and subcortical regions by quantifying the distribution similarity of gray matter volume (GMV) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF). Further, we investigated age-related changes in SFC and its relationship with cognition. With aging, increased SFC localized in PFC, thalamus and caudate nucleus, decreased SFC in temporal cortex, lateral occipital cortex and putamen. Moreover, the SFC in the PFC was associated with executive function and thalamus was associated with the fluid intelligence, and partially mediated age-related cognitive decline. Collectively, our results highlight that tighter structure–function synchron of the PFC and thalamus might contribute to age-related cognitive decline, and provide insight into the substrate of the thalamo-prefrontal pathway with cognitive aging.

Stereo viewing upsets cinematic continuity: Filmic cuts are more salient in 3D than in 2D movies.

Stereo viewing upsets cinematic continuity: Filmic cuts are more salient in 3D than in 2D movies.

Can viewing a 3D movie improve visual function in children with a history of amblyopia and neurotypical children?: A pilot study.

The aim of this pilot study was to determine whether viewing an immersive 3D movie with large disparities in a cinema resulted in improved visual acuity (VA), stereoscopic depth perception (ST), and improved eye alignment in residual amblyopic children and children without amblyopia. A total of 24 children aged between 5 and 12 years with a history of anisometropic and/or strabismic amblyopia, that had been previously treated and who currently have residual amblyopia (N = 14), and in children with typical development without amblyopia (N = 10) viewed the movie in 3D Sing 2 in a cinema for 110 minutes. Visual acuity, stereoacuity and ocular deviation were assessed before viewing the movie, and three months later. Stereoacuity and ocular deviation were also measured immediately after viewing the movie. We observed an improvement in visual acuity in the non-dominant (amblyopic) eye 3 months after viewing the movie in the amblyopic group (P<0.001). Stereopsis improved immediately after viewing the movie (P = 0.02), and after 3 months by ≈ 40% (P = 0.01). Moreover, improvements in stereopsis were also observed in children without amblyopia (P = 0.04). No significant changes in ocular deviation were observed in either group. These pilot results suggest that brief exposure to large disparities by viewing a 3D movie in a cinema can help to improve stereopsis and visual acuity in children aged 5‒12 years with previously treated amblyopia, and provide a rationale for a randomized clinical trial.

Film and Television Special Effects AI System Integrating Computer Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Technology

Particle systems can achieve many scenarios that are difficult to achieve in the field or expensive in reality. In this paper, the requirements of 3D film special effects and the design process of particle systems are studied. Unity3D engine was used to simulate 3D movie special effects. Then, the motion trajectory planning of 3D video group animation characters based on particle swarm optimization is proposed. Then, the system models the animated characters’ moving track to achieve the realism’s dynamic effect. This project intends to use the gravity optimization method for particle swarm optimization. The aim is to overcome the optimization difficulty caused by particle swarm optimization, which is easy to fall into local extreme values. Finally, the generated trajectory information is input into the 3D simulation system for conflict detection and clustering tests. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can effectively render memorable scenes such as movies and TV. The picture has a high real-time frame rate and is realistic.

CREATIVE RESURGENCE: THE POPULARITY OF 2D ANIMATION AFTER THE CRISIS

The animation industry, like many other sectors, experienced significant shifts during the pandemic. While 3D and CGI animation have dominated previous decades, the post-pandemic era has renewed interest in 2D animation. This thesis talks about the origin and evolution of animation from the 1920s, the rise of Disney, and the origin of feature-length animated movies. With this study, we can have a closer look at the production process of both 2D and 3D animation, by going through the traditional medium of animation with the use of hand-drawn images over celluloid to modern age 3D animated rendering. With the rise of 3D animation in the late 90s and its dominance in the industry for over two decades. The main focus of this study is to show the decline in the popularity of 3D animated movies and shows among wider audiences and the rise of 2d animation in more recent years. Animation is a medium used in many industries, but eventually, it has become one of the most important pillars of the entertainment industry. Animation has evolved and changed its form over time.

The Technological Landscape and Artistic Illusion: A Case Study of Avatar

In recent years, with the increasingly mature digital technology, 3D movies are everywhere, and the sense of presence created by 3D technology makes the audience marvel at the visual enjoyment brought by technology. The science fiction film Avatar is one of the most influential and well-received films in 3D movies. Whether it’s the strong visual impact on the screen or the overwhelming auditory sensation, 3D movies allow the audience to experience the excitement of being there, making themselves witnesses to this battle-like spectacle.

Stereo Vision Conversion from Planar Videos Based on Temporal Multiplane Images

With the rapid development of 3D movie and light-field displays, there is a growing demand for stereo videos. However, generating high-quality stereo videos from planar videos remains a challenging task. Traditional depth-image-based rendering techniques struggle to effectively handle the problem of occlusion exposure, which occurs when the occluded contents become visible in other views. Recently, the single-view multiplane images (MPI) representation has shown promising performance for planar video stereoscopy. However, the MPI still lacks real details that are occluded in the current frame, resulting in blurry artifacts in occlusion exposure regions. In fact, planar videos can leverage complementary information from adjacent frames to predict a more complete scene representation for the current frame. Therefore, this paper extends the MPI from still frames to the temporal domain, introducing the temporal MPI (TMPI). By extracting complementary information from adjacent frames based on optical flow guidance, obscured regions in the current frame can be effectively repaired. Additionally, a new module called masked optical flow warping (MOFW) is introduced to improve the propagation of pixels along optical flow trajectories. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can generate high-quality stereoscopic or light-field videos from a single view and reproduce better occluded details than other state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. https://github.com/Dio3ding/TMPI

Multiscale drainage dynamics with Haines jumps monitored by stroboscopic 4D X-ray microscopy.

Slow multiphase flow in porous media is intriguing because its underlying dynamics is almost deterministic, yet depends on a hierarchy of spatiotemporal processes. There has been great progress in the experimental study of such multiphase flows, but three-dimensional (3D) microscopy methods probing the pore-scale fluid dynamics with millisecond resolution have been lacking. Yet, it is precisely at these length and time scales that the crucial pore-filling events known as Haines jumps take place. Here, we report four-dimensional (4D) (3D + time) observations of multiphase flow in a consolidated porous medium as captured in situ by stroboscopic X-ray micro-tomography. With a total duration of 6.5 s and 2 kHz frame rate, our experiments provide unprecedented access to the multiscale liquid dynamics. Our tomography strategy relies on the fact that Haines jumps, although irregularly spaced in time, are almost deterministic, and therefore repeatable during imbibition-drainage cycling. We studied the time-dependent flow pattern in a porous medium consisting of sintered glass shards. Exploiting the repeatability, we could combine the radiographic projections recorded under different angles during successive cycles into a 3D movie, allowing us to reconstruct pore-scale events, such as Haines jumps, with a spatiotemporal resolution that is two orders of magnitude higher than was hitherto possible. This high resolution allows us to explore the detailed interfacial dynamics during drainage, including fluid-front displacements and velocities. Our experimental approach opens the way to the study of fast, yet deterministic mesoscopic processes also other than flow in porous media.

Oxidative stress responses of virtual reality use in refugee children undergoing elective surgery: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundWith the Virtual Reality (VR) technique, 3D movies can be made for refugee children for pre-operative stress. The study aims to reveal the oxidative responses of the VR technique in pre-operative anxiety in elective surgery in children aged 5–12 years. MethodsThe Study was designed according to the CONSORT checklist with a randomized controlled parallel design. The whole sample (n = 23), VR experimental group (n = 12), and control group (n = 11) were determined according to the total count method prospectively in 6 months. Oxidative stress parameters (Cortisol, Malondialdehyde, Nitric oxide, Glutathione) were measured in blood samples from the first hospitalization (beginning) and before the intervention (pre-operative) in the experimental and control groups. FindingsMDA, NO, and cortisol levels (p < 0.05), which indicate the stress level, are high in all groups. In pre-operative measurements, oxidative parameters were lower in the VR experimental group than in the control group. At the same time, the anti-stress antioxidant factor Glutathione was higher in the VR experimental group in pre-operative measurements. DiscussionThe application of 3D film as a VR technique reduces stress parameters in pre-operative stress, and its antioxidant system activating effect has been determined. Application to practiceIt can be applied to refugee child groups for pre-operative stress by shooting 3D movies in different languages.

A Study on the Color of Alibrihe&amp;apos;s Character in Coco Animation

The family-oriented animation film Coco is the best animation work of all time, receiving rave reviews from audiences and critics for its universal themes that people across the world, beyond Mexico and Latin America, can sympathize with. In the play, Alibrije occupies the largest proportion in the Coco animation after the skeleton character, and is not a simple aesthetic device in the movie, but a traditional Mexican art. While he is very famous in the West, Alibrije's existence is still unfamiliar in the East. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to help refer to the color scheme of animation characters by studying the country's cultural colors through color image research in Mexico and applying this to the analysis of Alibrije's characters. The extracted colors were derived using the color analysis program provided by the KSCA Korean Standard Color Analysis Institute for Technology and Standards, and the research results are as follows. The common characteristic of the colors derived from Miguel's Dante, Mama Imelda's Pepita, Ernesto de la Cruz's Chihuahua, and Frida Kahlo's Monkey is red (R). Blue (B), orange (YR), and light green (GY) colors were used repeatedly as main colors, which matched Mexico's traditional colors. It was confirmed that the symbolic meaning of Mexico's traditional colors was projected onto the Alibrije character to make it lively and stand out, and that the characteristics of the character design were highlighted by mainly using harmonious and contrasting colors. In addition to existing analysis, as color media develops, 4D movies that can express fluorescent light, a special effect, and can be enjoyed by all five senses in addition to audiovisual are becoming popular, so research on 3D color design should be conducted.

The application of virtual reality in art

Virtual reality (VR) is an important technology applied in the field of art in recent years. VR has revolutionized the field of art with its unique immersion and interactivity. At present, there are very few articles that focuses on and discusses the development and limitations of the use of VR in the field of art. This paper will give readers a full understanding of the application of VR in art. Paper summarizes the application of VR in art, including VR exhibitions, VR scenic spots and historical sites, and 3D movie. We have cited the most representative examples in each field, discussed in detail how they are combined with VR, and demonstrated the advantages of VR in these fields. Then, this paper concludes some limitations of the use of VR in art and ends up with a discussion on the future development direction of VR in the art field.

Evaluating the viewer experience of interactive virtual reality movies

Significant advances in virtual reality (VR) technology have called into question the traditional methods of cinema storytelling and dissemination. New VR devices, such as the Meta (Oculus) Quest, have expanded the possibilities for viewing movies. The purpose of this study is to compare the emotional and cognitive impacts of VR and traditional 2D movies. In this study, sixty volunteers were divided into two groups and presented a movie (Gala) in 2D or VR format. We employed a multimodal method to assess the cognitive and emotional effects of the film both during and after watching. Our technique combined self-reports, interviews, questionnaires, and objective heart rate and EEG brain activity data. After quantitative and qualitative evaluation, it was discovered, that regardless of media, there was a substantial influence of the movie on the emotional state of the participant’s mood. Moreover, compared to the traditional 2D-movie, the VR movie led to more consistent and robust positive effect on all aspects of self-rated affect. The difference in self-reported mood was corroborated by reduced EEG amplitudes in the beta frequency band, indicating higher levels of positive affectivity, which was only observed for the VR movie. Lastly, the VR movie also leads to overall higher self-rated immersion and engagement than the 2D version. Our results highlight the potential of VR movies to engage and emotionally affect audiences beyond traditional cinema. Moreover, our study highlights the value of using a multidisciplinary method for analysing audience impacts.

The Development of 3D Movie Animation Industry in the New Media Art Era

With the continuous progress of technology and the increasing diversification of supporting tools, the penetration and application of 3D film and television special effects technology in the animation industry is also deeper, thus playing an irreplaceable role. By studying the development of 3D film and television animation industry in the era of new media art, new media art has become the new mainstream of world art at this stage. The use of network media to achieve information dissemination has greatly improved the speed and coverage of communication, and the application of Internet communication platform has also provided conditions for the interactive exchange of works. Not only has great commercial value, but also has potential value that can be tapped. The new media art is greatly different from the traditional art form in both its internal characteristics and its external manifestations. However, 3D film and television special effects technology is an important technology to promote the development of animation film and television, which makes the production of animated films more sophisticated, can bring the audience an immersive feeling, and enables the audience to get a better sense of experience. Better promote the deep integration of technology and film, and bring more rich experiences and enjoyment to the public.

Bacterial Flora on Mist Outlet Surfaces in 4D Theaters and Suspended Particle Concentration Characteristics during 4D Movie Screenings.

In this study, we measured suspended particle concentrations during the screening of 4D movies (3 screens and 15 movies) and 2D movies (9 screens and 9 movies) in 3 movie theaters to obtain a more detailed understanding of the situation of suspended particle concentrations and adherent bacterial flora in 4D movie theaters, which have been introduced in increasing numbers in recent years. The adherent bacterial flora on the floor and mist outlet surfaces in the 4D movie theaters were collected and analyzed. During the movie showings, the concentrations of suspended particles in 4D movie theaters were significantly higher than those in 2D movie theaters (p < 0.001). A significant increase in suspended particle concentrations due to 4D movie effects was also observed. The results of the α-diversity and β-diversity analyses indicate that the bacterial flora on the surfaces of mist outlets in 4D movie theaters are similar. Moreover, there are many closely related species, and the bacterial flora are rich and contain rare bacterial species. Many of the bacterial genera that are dominant in 4D theaters are suited to aqueous environments, and bacteria in the water supply system may have an impact on the indoor environment.

Three-Dimensional Visualization of Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests

Some of the most devastating crop diseases and insect pests can be transmitted by wind over extremely long distances. These low-probability but high-impact events can have severe consequences for crop production and food security by causing epidemic outbreaks or devastating insect infestations in previously uninfected geographic areas. Two prominent examples that have recently caused substantial damage to agricultural production are novel strains of wheat rusts and desert locust swarm infestations. Whilst quantitative estimates of long-range atmospheric transport events can be obtained using meteorological transport simulations, the exact characteristics of three-dimensional spatiotemporal dynamics of crop pathogen transport and insect flight on extremely large spatial scales, over entire regions and continents, remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the feasibility and usefulness of new advanced geospatial data visualization methods for studying extremely long-distance airborne transmission of crop pathogens and insect pests. We combine field surveillance data and a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model with novel techniques from computer graphics to obtain, for the first time, detailed three-dimensional visual insights into airborne crop pathogen and insect pest transport on regional and continental scales. Visual insights into long-distance dispersal of pests and pathogens are presented as a series of short 3D movies. We use interactive three-dimensional visual data analysis for explorative examination of long-range atmospheric transport events from a selection of outbreak and infestation sites in East Africa and South East Asia. The practical usefulness of advanced 3D visualization methods for improving risk estimates and early warning is discussed in the context of two operational crop disease and insect pest management systems (for wheat rusts and desert locusts). The tools and methods introduced here can be applied to other pathogens, pests, and geographical areas and can improve understanding of risks posed to agricultural production by crop disease and insect pest transmission caused by meteorological extreme events.

Soft, miniaturized, wireless olfactory interface for virtual reality

Recent advances in virtual reality (VR) technologies accelerate the creation of a flawless 3D virtual world to provide frontier social platform for human. Equally important to traditional visual, auditory and tactile sensations, olfaction exerts both physiological and psychological influences on humans. Here, we report a concept of skin-interfaced olfactory feedback systems with wirelessly, programmable capabilities based on arrays of flexible and miniaturized odor generators (OGs) for olfactory VR applications. By optimizing the materials selection, design layout, and power management, the OGs exhibit outstanding device performance in various aspects, from response rate, to odor concentration control, to long-term continuous operation, to high mechanical/electrical stability and to low power consumption. Representative demonstrations in 4D movie watching, smell message delivery, medical treatment, human emotion control and VR/AR based online teaching prove the great potential of the soft olfaction interface in various practical applications, including entertainment, education, human machine interfaces and so on.

Binocular vision therapy for the treatment of Amblyopia—A review

Amblyopia is a monocular or binocular reduction in visual acuity that results from prolonged visual deprivation in the early years of life. It is second only to refractive error as a cause of poor vision in children. The gold standard treatment of amblyopia includes patching and, less commonly, atropine penalization and filters. These therapies are aimed at improvements in the visual acuity of the amblyopic eye alone. They have compliance and psychosocial issues and gains are accrued after prolonged periods. Experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of binocular cortical communication even in amblyopes and neural plasticity in late childhood as well as adulthood. On this basis, binocular vision therapy aimed at the stimulation of both eyes rather than forced use of the amblyopic eye was developed. Such therapies involve visual tasks designed in such a way that they can be completed only by binocular viewing. These tasks vary from simple game play using red-green glasses, to engaging 3D games and movie viewing. Preliminary data suggest that binocular vision therapy has led to lasting improvements in visual acuity and can be a useful adjunct, if not replacement, to the conventional treatment of amblyopia. In this article, we aim to describe the various binocular vision therapies and review the available literature on the same.

P‐4.12: Overview of 3D Display Industry and Challenges for the Near Future

The evolution of 3D display technology as we know it has been a long time coming. In particular, 《 Avatar》, the first 3D movie, became popular worldwide in 2009, and then, opened up a whole new world of 3D display. 3D display is not an independent technology system. From content creation, storage and transmission to the final display in front of the end consumers, 3D display not only relies on but also benefits from the iterative development and innovative breakthroughs of many basic links in the information industry. This paper focuses on the development status of naked eye 3D display. The overall industry is still in a dilemma. For the 3D market, many users are still expecting more content, while content providers need to rely on better 3D terminals, and terminal brand manufacturers are still waiting for more market demand space to start new projects. Before the arrival of a better tomorrow, we should calmly face the current market challenges today and beyond. In the future, companies that can lead the way need to work together to promote the prosperity and development of the entire 3D display industry.

Near-Eye Holographic 3D Display and Advanced Amplitude-Modulating Encoding Scheme for Extended Reality

Electronic holographic displays can reconstruct the optical wavefront of object light, exhibiting the most realistic three-dimensional (3D) images, in contrast to conventional stereoscopic displays. In this paper, we propose a novel, near-eye holographic 3D display (NEHD) applicable to AR/MR/holographic devices and experimentally demonstrate the proposed module’s performance with 360° full-viewed holographic 3D movie at 30 fps. To realize high-quality of reconstructed holographic 3D (H3D) images, we also propose an advanced amplitude-modulating (AM) encoding scheme suited for the proposed amplitude-modulating NEHD. We experimentally verify that the new hologram-encoding approach can improve the image quality of H3D reconstructions through quantitative statistical analyses, by using evaluation methods for H3D images that are suggested in the paper. Two holograms at different viewing directions of the same 3D scene are designed to be displayed onto the proposed NEHD prototype for two eyes of an observer, respectively. The presented techniques for the proposed NEHD enable the observer to experience the depth cue, a realistic accommodation effect, and high-quality H3D movies at each eye.