3D Media Research Articles

Design approaches for 3D cell culture and 3D bioprinting platforms.

The natural habitat of most cells consists of complex and disordered 3D microenvironments with spatiotemporally dynamic material properties. However, prevalent methods of in vitro culture study cells under poorly biomimetic 2D confinement or homogeneous conditions that often neglect critical topographical cues and mechanical stimuli. It has also become increasingly apparent that cells in a 3D conformation exhibit dramatically altered morphological and phenotypical states. In response, efforts toward designing biomaterial platforms for 3D cell culture have taken centerstage over the past few decades. Herein, we present a broad overview of biomaterials for 3D cell culture and 3D bioprinting, spanning both monolithic and granular systems. We first critically evaluate conventional monolithic hydrogel networks, with an emphasis on specific experimental requirements. Building on this, we document the recent emergence of microgel-based 3D growth media as a promising biomaterial platform enabling interrogation of cells within porous and granular scaffolds. We also explore how jammed microgel systems have been leveraged to spatially design and manipulate cellular structures using 3D bioprinting. The advent of these techniques heralds an unprecedented ability to experimentally model complex physiological niches, with important implications for tissue bioengineering and biomedical applications.

A new spectrally-invariant approach to the remote sensing of inhomogeneous clouds

Current operational satellite retrievals of cloud optical and microphysical properties go back to the Nakajima-King technique developed at the end of the 1980 s. This technique is based on library calculations for plane-parallel homogeneous clouds. It often works well for overcast skies but leads to substantial errors for inhomogeneous and broken cloud fields where the plane-parallel-geometry assumption is no longer valid. The basic concept of a new technique was first introduced in nuclear physics to quantify the critical conditions of reactors. Based on the eigenvalues of the radiative transfer equation, their approach provides a powerful means to parameterize the structure of 3D media. This parameterization was later successfully applied to relate surface reflectance spectra to 3D canopy structure and is known as the spectrally-invariant approximation. The proposed approach adapts this technique to the remote sensing of cloud properties such as droplet single scattering albedo and the average number of scatterings (which are the fundamental parameters in radiative transfer theory), with an emphasis on quantifying the associated errors and uncertainties. This retrieval is free from the plane-parallel homogeneous cloud assumption.

KOMIK 3D NUSANTARA BERBASIS TECHNOLOGY PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN ARITMETIKA SOSIAL SISWA TUNAGRAHITA

The aim of this research is to overcome the problem of mental retardation in developing mathematical potential and talent, especially abilities in social arithmetic by providing learning media adapted to the characteristics of mentally retarded students in the form of 3D comics with Indonesian cultural nuances based Technology Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) assisted by money pyramid media. This is because 11 of the 13 students are still not familiar with the new currency issued by Bank Indonesia, making it difficult for them to spend money. 3D comic media contains stories about traveling to three places in the archipelago which include Bali, Yogyakarta and Bogor, the embossed effect on the paper gives a three-dimensional impression so that it attracts the attention of mentally retarded students to learn using 3D Comics. The money pyramid media is used as the initial foundation for introducing money from one thousand to one hundred thousand denominations to mentally retarded students. The subjects in this research were 13 mentally retarded students in class X C using research methods in the form of experiments. Based on the results of research conducted using data processing, it was found that there were differences in the learning outcomes of mentally retarded students before and after being given treatment in the form of using 3D comic media with nuances of Indonesian culture and money pyramids. The amount of effectiveness in using media influences the learning outcomes of mentally retarded students by 67% in the quite effective category.

Three-Dimensional Science Animation Implementation and Spatial Ability for Science Concept Reconstruction: A Gender-Based Education Study

Spatial abilities are essential to individual life and development, but gender differences in these abilities, especially in multimedia learning, are of concern. This research aims to examine the influence of gender and type of multimedia on learning outcomes in Natural Sciences (IPA) while still controlling for the influence of spatial abilities. This research uses a quantitative approach with experimental methods. The research sample consisted of 164 students. Data were collected through multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) techniques using SPSS software. Data analysis was conducted using the MANCOVA technique to test the influence of the independent variables (gender and type of multimedia) on the dependent variable (science learning outcomes) by controlling spatial ability as a covariate. Spatial ability has an overall significant influence on science learning outcomes. Boys consistently performed better than girls in all learning tasks, regardless of multimedia type. Girls also tend to prefer 3D learning media to understand science concepts. This research provides empirical evidence about the separate gender effects of spatial ability when learning using 2D static learning multimedia and 3D animation. The implication is that educational policymakers can pay attention to differences in gender preferences when choosing multimedia learning types to increase the effectiveness of science learning.

3D Diorama Learning Media on the History of the Independence of Indonesia to Improve Learning Outcomes in Social Studies Learning

3D Diorama Learning Media on the History of the Independence of Indonesia to Improve Learning Outcomes in Social Studies Learning

Testing memory of a VR environment: comparison with the real environment and 2D pictures

In recent years, there has been a growing trend in cognitive psychology research towards recreating experimental situations in virtual reality (VR). VR settings are thought to have higher ecological validity than laboratory settings using digital, two-dimensional (2D) pictures. Some studies have shown cognitive performance in VR settings to follow that of the real world. However, other studies obtained controversial results. The present study tested the memory performance of three groups of participants who were exposed to the same environment (a room) through different modalities: in real life, in VR, and through 2D pictures. The results highlighted that participants who were exposed to the target room in real life had an overall better memory performance, compared to participants who saw the room in VR or through 2D pictures. On the other hand, no differences in memory performance emerged between the VR and 2D picture groups, except for the non-suggestive verbal task. The results suggest that future research should be careful in assuming that performance in VR settings is comparable to real life and that VR is more ecological than traditional 2D media.

Solvable model of driven matter with pinning.

We present a simple model of driven matter in a 1D medium with pinning impurities, applicable to magnetic domains walls, confined colloids, and other systems. We find rich dynamics, including hysteresis, reentrance, quasiperiodicity, and two distinct routes to chaos. In contrast to other minimal models of driven matter, the model is solvable: we derive the full phase diagram for small N, and for large N, we derive expressions for order parameters and several bifurcation curves. The model is also realistic. Its collective states match those seen in the experiments of magnetic domain walls.

3D Hologram: An Alternative Media for Learning Science in Elementary School in the Post-COVID-19 Period

The spread of COVID-19 shifted school classes from offline to online. Online learning caused saturation in students. Innovative teaching methods help teachers make students play an active role in learning. A 3D hologram is a visual technique that utilizes reflecting objects or glass so that objects seem to be in the real world. This research aimed to develop a 3D hologram that is effectively used in the post-COVID-19 period by obtaining feasibility and response scores from users. This medium was designed using the Borg and Gall development model’s Research and Development (RnD) method. The population of this study was sixth graders of SDN Pasirhuni for a limited trial. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, media and material validation questionnaires, and responses from teachers and students. The length of the manufacturing process and the expensive manufacturing costs were refuted in this study by producing 3D hologram media that is easy to make, utilizing used goods, and fairly cheap. So that teachers, students, and the community can try to create and use their hologram 3D media at home or school. The results showed that 3D hologram media can be an effective learning medium used in the post-COVID-19 learning process.
 Keywords: 3D Hologram, Learning Science, Post-COVID-19

ANALYSIS OF THE NEED FOR VIRTUAL REALITY LEARNING MEDIA IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENTAL STRUCTURE COURSES

Biology learning on the Animal Development Structure-2 (SPH 2) course, mostly contains material of an abstract nature, and is difficult for students to understand. The difficulties of understanding the concept are supposed to be a contributing factor in the low graduation rate of students, so it requires a 3D visualization media instrument to make learning more active and meaningful. The study aims to reveal the needs of lecturers and students towards the use of virtual reality learning media in SPH-2 subject. The research data was collected using a questionnaire to analyze the percentages, while the qualitative data describe the responses of lecturers and students. The Questionnaires are distributed openly using google form, then the data cleansing process is carried out. The research instrument was developed utilizing five indicators; teaching preparedness, respondent knowledge, respondent experience, media advantages and shortcomings, and general user responses. The research results based on indicators show that (1) lecturers' teaching readiness is categorized as high (≥70%); (2) lecturers' knowledge of virtual reality was 92.9% and students' knowledge was 86.8%; (3) the experience of respondents as many as 71.43% of lecturers and 39.47% of students who have used VR; (4) the main obstacle in creating and using VR is expensive costs (36.54%); (5) the topics chosen by respondents were Gametogenesis (36.49%) and Fertilization (28.38%). A total of 95% of respondents felt happy and assisted when learning using virtual reality, and 86.8% of students stated that virtual reality learning media can be applied to SPH-2 subjects. The results of this study can be used as a preliminary test at the stage of development of virtual reality learning media for the students

Dynamic imaging of force chains in 3D granular media

Granular media constitute the most abundant form of solid matter on Earth and beyond. When external forces are applied to a granular medium, the forces are transmitted through it via chains of contacts among grains-force chains. Understanding the spatial structure and temporal evolution of force chains constitutes a fundamental goal of granular mechanics. Here, we introduce an experimental technique, interference optical projection tomography, to study force chains in three-dimensional (3D) granular packs under triaxial shear loads and illustrate the technique with random assemblies of spheres and icosahedra. We find that, in response to an increasing vertical load, the pack of spheres forms intensifying vertical force chains, while the pack of icosahedra forms more interconnected force-chain networks. This provides microscopic insights into why particles with more angularity are more resistant to shear failure-the interconnected force-chain network is stronger (that is, more resilient to topological collapse) than the isolated force chains in round particles. The longer force chains with less branching in the pack of round particles are more likely to buckle, which leads to the macroscopic failure of the pack. This work paves the way for understanding the grain-scale underpinning of localized failure of 3D granular media, such as shear localization in landslides and stick-slip frictional motion in tectonic and induced earthquakes.

Abstract 1705: 3D growth modulates the competition between STAT3 and STAT5 in breast cancer

Abstract Approximately 13% of women are diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that is often inappropriately activated in breast cancer and is frequently associated with Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). STAT5 can also be activated and inappropriate activation of STAT5 alone or with STAT3 is generally correlated with a more favorable prognosis, a lower grade tumor, and a better response to therapies compared to inappropriate activation of STAT3 alone. Therefore, knowing the activation status of STAT5 and understanding how STAT5 activation can attenuate STAT3-driven breast cancers could help guide therapeutic choices and patient treatment. STAT3 and STAT5 can regulate a set of overlapping target genes. For example, STAT3 and STAT5 can regulate BCL6 expression, where STAT5 represses expression and STAT3 enhances it. Importantly, STAT5 outcompetes and preferentially binds in the presence of activated STAT3. This suggests that the overlapping target genes could play an important role in understanding how activation of STAT5 can lead to a more favorable breast cancer compared to activation of STAT3 alone. This previous work was conducted in a 2D cell culture model; however, 3D models can better mimic clinical settings and the use of 3D models can help bridge the gap. Therefore, understanding the relationship between STAT3 and STAT5 in 3D is important. SK-BR-3 cells (HER2+ cells with low basal STAT3 activity) and MDA-MB-231 cells (TNBC cells with constitutive STAT3 activity) are being compared between 2D cell culture and 3D media suspension. We have shown using chromatin immunoprecipitation that STAT3 DNA-binding is enhanced in 3D at certain binding sites, whereas STAT5 is not. STAT5 has reduced dominance and preferential binding over STAT3 for BCL6 in 3D compared to 2D. In other cases, STAT3 binding is decreased upon STAT5 activation in 3D but not 2D. To begin to understand these differences, we analyzed phosphorylation of these STATs in 2D and 3D. Phospho-STAT3 levels were similar between 2D and 3D in SK-BR-3 cells when activated with LIF stimulation but were higher in 3D in the MDA-MB-231 cells which contain constitutive STAT3 activity. STAT5 activation by prolactin stimulation did not directly affect STAT3 phosphorylation in 2D or 3D but does affect STAT3 binding in 3D growing cells. However, prolactin induced phospho-STAT5 seems to be reduced in 3D in both cell lines. We are currently analyzing additional binding sites to better define the differences between STAT3 and STAT5 mediated gene regulation in 2D and 3D since STAT phosphorylation does not fully address it. Overall, our data suggests that differences between 2D and 3D breast cancer models will be important for translation to patient tumors and understanding the relationship between STAT3 and STAT5 will help elucidate how STAT5 activation status can be used when treating patients with breast cancer. Citation Format: Alexandra Elizabeth Temple, Sarah R. Walker. 3D growth modulates the competition between STAT3 and STAT5 in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1705.

How three-dimensional sketching environments affect spatial thinking: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of virtual reality.

Designers rely on sketching to visualize and refine their initial ideas, and virtual reality (VR) tools now facilitate sketching in immersive 3D environments. However, little research has been conducted on the differences in the visual and spatial processes involved in 3D versus 2D sketching and their effects on cognition. This study investigated potential differences in spatial and visual functions related to the use of 3D versus 2D sketching media by analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. We recruited 20 healthy, right-handed students from the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture with at least three years of experience in freehand landscape drawing. Using an Oculus Quest VR headset controller and a 12.9-inch iPad Pro with an Apple Pencil, we tested participants individually with 3D and 2D sketching, respectively. When comparing 2D and 3D sketches, our fMRI results revealed significant differences in the activation of several brain regions, including the right middle temporal gyrus, both sides of the parietal lobe, and the left middle occipital gyrus. We also compared different sketching conditions, such as lines, geometrical objects (cube), and naturalistic objects (perspective view of a tree), and found significant differences in the spatial and visual recognition of brain areas that support visual recognition, composition, and spatial perception. This finding suggests that 3D sketching environments, such as VR, may activate more visual-spatial functions during sketching compared to 2D environments. The result highlights the potential of immersive sketching environments for design-related processes and spatial thinking.

3D Media in the Transversal Era

Transversal media move. They move with ease across a variety of interfaces, formats, materials, software, hardware, uses, and communities of practice.1 In this article, transversal media is an umbrella term used to classify media objects with the same underlying form that takes shape across a variety of materialities through freeze and flow states. Specific to 3D data, 3D transversal media are a distinct media type that have emerged from the development and proliferation of 3D media technologies, specifically the 3D printer, 3D scanner, and extended reality (XR) devices. The central characteristic of 3D transversal media is the ability to move back and forth across digital and atomic forms. Transversality offers an alternative to understanding and speaking of the digital and atomic as opposites, while also acknowledging the differences and similarities across those material transmutations. For instance, the same 3D transversal media object can be many things simultaneously: an animation on a screen, an object inside a virtual reality experience, a 3D-printed plastic figurine, a projected hologram, and more. This article tracks the complexities of 3D transversal media when they move across their individual and networked states, and moreover, the linked cultural and technological significance of that movement. This approach reveals how technology and media can inherit and reproduce hegemonic cultural ideologies and practices—whether intentional or not. To concretize this, the article concludes with a case study on Thutmose’s well-known bust of Nefertiti, now a 3D transversal object, and how its transversal affordances converge and interact with global cultural politics—specifically in this case, those related to colonialism and imperialism.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Fisika Berbantuan 3D Application Scratch Pada Topik Rotasi Dan Revolusi Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik

Physics requires an innovative learning approach so that students can understand abstract concepts. This research aims to develop physics learning media assisted by 3D Application Scratch on the topic of rotation and revolution to improve students' learning outcomes. Using the 4D development research approach, this research involves four stages: Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. In the Define stage, physics learning needs and problems were identified. The Design stage includes learning scenario planning and media design using Scratch. Next, at the Develop stage, the 3D learning media prototype is implemented and then validated. The last stage, Disseminate, is conducted through journal publications. The results of the feasibility test validation score show that Scratch learning media can improve students' learning outcomes, namely for the display aspect of 3.4; the access aspect of 3.0 and the language aspect of 3.75. As obtained from the validation score, Scratch learning media on the topic of rotation and revolution is feasible to use. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of innovative learning media to improve the effectiveness of physics learning.

Fictitious Point Technique Based on Finite-Difference Method for 2.5D Direct-Current Resistivity Forward Problem

With the widespread application of the direct-current resistivity method, searching for accurate and fast-forward algorithms has become the focus of research for geophysicists and engineers. Three-dimensional forward modeling can be the best way to identify geo-electrical anomalies but are hampered by computational limitations because of the large amount of data. A practical compromise, or even alternative, is represented by 2.5D modeling characterized using a 3D source in a 2D medium. Thus, we develop a 2.5D direct-current resistivity forward modeling algorithm. The algorithm incorporates the finite-difference approximation and fictitious point technique that can improve the efficiency and accuracy of numerical simulation. Firstly, from the boundary value problem of the electric potential generated by the point source, the discrete expressions of the governing equation are derived from the finite-difference approach. The numerical solutions of the discrete electric potential are calculated after the approximate treatment of the boundary conditions with a finite-difference method based on a fictitious point scheme. Secondly, through the simulation of a homogeneous half-space model and a one-dimensional model, and compared with the analytical results, the correctness and stability of the finite-difference forward algorithm are verified. Lastly, through the numerical simulation for a two-dimensional model, 2.5D direct-current sounding responses are summarized, which can provide a qualitative interpretation of field data.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured in a 3D Microgel Environment Containing Platelet-Rich Plasma Significantly Modify Their Chondrogenesis-Related miRNA Expression.

The aim of this work is to study the effect of platelet factors on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to hyaline cartilage chondrocytes in a three-dimensional environment. MSCs were cultured in a microgel environment with a chondrogenic medium. The microgel consisted of microspheres that combine gelatin and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The gelatin/PRP microdroplets were produced by emulsion. The gelatin containing the microdroplets was enzymatically gelled, retaining PRP and, just before seeding the cells, platelets were activated by adding calcium chloride so that platelet growth factors were released into the culture media but not before. Platelet activation was analyzed before activation to rule out the possibility that the gelatin cross-linking process itself activated the platelets. The gene expression of characteristic chondrogenic markers and miRNA expression were analyzed in cells cultured in a differentiation medium and significant differences were found between gelation/PRP microgels and those containing only pure gelatin. In summary, the gelatin microspheres effectively encapsulated platelets that secreted and released factors that significantly contributed to cellular chondrogenic differentiation. At the same time, the microgel constituted a 3D medium that provided the cells with adherent surfaces and the possibility of three-dimensional cell-cell contact.

Design and Validation of a Virtual Reality Mental Rotation Test

Mental rotation, a common measure of spatial ability, has traditionally been assessed through paper-based instruments like the Mental Rotation Test (MRT) or the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations (PSVT:R). The fact that these instruments present 3D shapes in a 2D format devoid of natural cues like shading and perspective likely limits their ability to accurately assess the fundamental skill of mentally rotating 3D shapes. In this paper, we describe the Virtual Reality Mental Rotation Assessment (VRMRA), a virtual reality-based mental rotation assessment derived from the Revised PSVT:R and MRT. The VRMRA reimagines traditional mental rotation assessments in a room-scale virtual environment and uses hand-tracking and elements of gamification in attempts to create an intuitive, engaging experience for test-takers. To validate the instrument, we compared response patterns in the VRMRA with patterns observed on the MRT and Revised PSVT:R. For the PSVT:R-type questions, items requiring a rotation around two axes were significantly harder than items requiring rotations around a single axis in the VRMRA, which is not the case in the Revised PSVT:R. For the MRT-type questions in the VRMRA, a moderate negative correlation was found between the degree of rotation in the X direction and item difficulty. While the problem of occlusion was reduced, features of the shapes and distractors accounted for 50.6% of the variance in item difficulty. Results suggest that the VRMRA is likely a more accurate tool to assess mental rotation ability in comparison to traditional instruments which present the stimuli through 2D media. Our findings also point to potential problems with the fundamental designs of the Revised PSVT:R and MRT question formats.

FABRICATION OF REALISTIC TRANSPARENT POROUS MEDIA FOR 3D OBSERVATION OF INTERNAL MASS TRANSPORT

A new experimental system was developed to observe the migration of colloidal particles in saturated porous media in 3D, which is important in engineering processes such as contaminant migration and filtration. The system enables the observation of internal migration that is invisible from the outside by fabricating a porous body using a transparent material and a 3D printer. Non-artificial media with arbitrarily controlled internal pore sizes were fabricated by designing the porous media based on the results of numerical analysis on phase-separation phenomena. The refractive indices of the porous media and the interstitial liquid were matched, and a laser sheet was used to extract cross sections of the media. By reconstructing multiple cross-sectional images, it was possible to visualize the 3D migration of suspended particles. The developed system was then applied to the collective gravitational settling of fine particles in saturated porous media. The results showed that the particles selectively settled in the pore networks while repeatedly branching in the lateral direction.

Revolutionizing Language Learning: Exploring the Efficacy of Augmented Reality Technology Through Assemblr Studio

The use of AR in education has garnered attention as an innovative method to enhance engagement and effectiveness of learning. This study focuses on integrating Augmented Reality (AR) into language improve student motivation, it can learning communication skills, and writing proficiency. The research aims to explore and analyze the impact of implementing AR technology using Assemblr Studio in language learning contexts. The research methodology employs a mixed methods approach, with data collected through surveys, language proficiency tests, interviews, and participatory observations. The study involves students at Muhadi Setiabudi University learning with AR-based educational media tailored for language learning. Results show that implementing Augmented Reality (AR) using Assemblr Studio produces innovative learning media, particularly in writing and speaking skills. Three-dimensional (3D) media using AR is found effective in learning, with students responding positively to its use. Furthermore, AR technology can enhance the quality of language learning by providing engaging, interactive, and personalized learning experiences, fostering better understanding and authentic language use in real-world contexts.

Diversity of expression in 3D digital media animation creation

Abstract At present, the theoretical research on the creation of 3D animation in the digital media era is in the ascendant. In this paper, starting from the grid model of 3D animation, a 3D animation intermediate frame interpolation algorithm based on the 3D grid model is proposed. The deformation gradient vector is extracted through the triangular slice when calculating the affine transformation between neighboring keyframes. Using the system of super-definite equations to solve the intermediate frame mesh, the interconversion equations are constructed, and the intermediate frame deformation scale vectors are computed to generate the corresponding 3D animation sequences. Using the OpenGL 3D graphics method, the image model, color and light of the animation are processed, and combined with the rotating animation design, the all-around construction of 3D animation is realized. Digital media technology is being explored through its diverse expressions. The characteristics of animation creation and the actual presentation effect of animation creation applied in movies are analyzed through experiments, and the influence of the animation audience’s willingness to watch is investigated. The results show that the mean value of color saturation of animated films ranges between [0.1, 0.8], and the mean value of color saturation is higher than that of non-animation. The starting value of the quantile coefficient of the rotated animation presentation was 0.85, and subsequently remained around 0.5, and there was significance at 1% level for the whole stage, which had a positive effect on the presentation of the animated movie.